Artificial Flowers Research Articles

Robotic Edge Intelligence for Energy-Efficient Human–Robot Collaboration

Energy-efficient human–robot collaboration poses significant challenges to the sustainable operation of production systems. Therefore, our work proposes novel robotic edge intelligence to address the issue. First, robotic edge intelligence is proposed to fully utilize the embedded computing capabilities of edge robots, and the state transition diagrams are developed for jobs, humans, and robots, respectively. Second, a multi-objective model is designed for the energy-efficient human–robot scheduling problem to evaluate the production performance and energy efficiency as a whole. Third, a heuristic algorithm is developed to search for the optimal solutions based on an artificial plant community, which is lightweight enough to be run on edge robots. Finally, a benchmark data set is developed, and a series of benchmark experiments are implemented to test the proposed system. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively enhance energy efficiency and production performance with satisfying solution performance.

The use of visual and olfactory cues by adult Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) while foraging.

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a notorious invasive insect pest. It is very important to understand the foraging behavior of this pest to develop more effective lures to monitor the immigration of this pest. In this study, the use of visual and olfactory cues in the foraging behavior of S. frugiperda was investigated through an attraction experiment in which color (produced from 8 different colored artificial flowers), odor (produced from honey water), and odorous color (produced from artificial flowers supplemented with honey water) were used. When we used 8 different colors to elicit adult responses, S. frugiperda showed a significant color preference despite limited activity (i.e., the total number of visits to the attractant), with black being the most preferred color, followed by orange preferred by both sexes and blue and green preferred only by females. When honey water was used as an attractant, S. frugiperda had relatively greater odor activity than color activity. When we sprayed the artificial flowers with honey, S. frugiperda showed even greater activity in terms of odor color than in terms of color or odor. Compared with male S. frugiperda, female adult S. frugiperda presented greater activity in response to all types of attractants. These findings suggest that S. frugiperda adults rely primarily on olfaction for foraging, with vision as a secondary sense, and that the combined use of olfactory and visual cues increases foraging efficiency. These results provide reference data for designing trapping strategies to monitor and control S. frugiperda.

Stoichiometric and Accumulation Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Artificial and Natural Herbaceous Plants along Lakeshore Buffer Zone

Lakeshore buffer zones serve as transitional areas between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, playing a crucial role in intercepting non-point source pollutants, purifying river and lake water, and maintaining ecological system dynamics. This study focuses on the vegetation of the lakeshore buffer zone in Songhua Lake, the largest artificial lake in Northeast China. The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollutant contents and accumulation characteristics of herbaceous plants were investigated and analyzed in different regions and with different species. The study results indicate that there were no significant differences in N and P content, N: P ratio, and average accumulation among vegetation in the near-water, middle, and far lakeshores of the buffer area. The herbaceous plants with the highest N and P content and N: P ratios were Artemisia sieversiana, Sium suave, and Artemisia sieversiana, respectively. Purus frumentum planted in the middle lakeshore accumulated the highest amounts of N and P, reaching 87.97 g plant−1 and 3.86 g plant−1, respectively. The aboveground parts of plants showed significantly higher accumulation of N and P compared to the underground parts. The average enrichment coefficient for aboveground parts and underground parts for N were 4.83 and 4.35, respectively, all exceeding 1. However, their capability to enrich P was relatively weak, with only the aboveground parts of F − 3 showing some enrichment ability. Among herbaceous plants, Artemisia sieversiana and Sium suave exhibited the strongest capability for transporting N and P from underground to aboveground. Overall, harvesting aboveground biomass for the ecological removal of N and P in the study area appears feasible. Biomass is a critical factor influencing the nutrient interception capacity of vegetation, with Purus frumentum identified as an optimal restoration plant for sustainable management practices, and Artemisia sieversiana and Sium suave have the potential for rapid remediation.

Tuneable Red and Blue Emission of Bi3+-Co-Doped SrF2:Eu3+ Nanophosphors for LEDs in Agricultural Applications.

Tunable blue/red dual-emitting Eu3+-doped, Bi3+-sensitized SrF2 phosphors were synthesized utilizing a solvothermal-microwave method. All phosphors have cubic structure (Fm-3m (225) space group) and well-distinct sphere-like particles with a size of ~20 nm, as examined by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The diffuse reflectance spectra reveal a redshift of the absorption band in the UV region as the Bi3+ concentration in SrF2: Eu3+ phosphor increases. Under the 265 nm excitation, photoluminescence spectra show emission at around 400 nm from the host matrix and characteristic orange 5D0 → 7F1,2 and deep red 5D0 → 7F4 Eu3+ emissions. The red emission intensity increases with an increase in Bi3+ concentration up to 20 mol%, after which it decreases. The integrated intensity of Eu3+ red emission in the representative 20 mol% Bi3+ co-doped SrF2:10 mol% Eu3+ shows twice as bright emission compared to the Bi3+-free sample. To demonstrate the potential application in LEDs for artificial light-based plant factories, the powder with the highest emission intensity, SrF2: 10Eu, 20 Bi, was mixed with a ceramic binder and placed on top of a 275 nm UVC LED chip, showing pinkish violet light corresponding to blue (409 nm) and red (592, 614, and 700 nm) phosphors' emission.

Foraging bee species differentially prioritize quantity and quality of floral rewards.

Pollinator-plant interactions represent a core mutualism that underpins biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems, and the loss of flowering plants is a major driver of pollinator declines. Bee attraction to flowers is mediated by both quantity of resources (the number of available flowers for exploration) and quality of resources (pollen nutritional value), but whether and how bees prioritize these factors is not well understood. Here, we leveraged a unique plant system to investigate the floral factors influencing bee foraging decisions. Recombinant inbred plant lines were generated by crossing the self-fertilizing Capsella rubella and the pollinator-dependent outcrosser C. grandiflora, to produce plants that varied across floral traits. Using enclosed arenas, we evaluated the foraging behavior of two solitary bee species, Osmia cornifrons and Megachile rotundata, to the isolated inflorescences from these lines. Visits from O. cornifrons were significantly positively correlated with the number of flowers, while M. rotundata visits were significantly positively associated with pollen nutrition, with a preference for plants with higher pollen protein-to-lipid content. Further experiments using artificial flowers confirmed that M. rotundata preferred flowers with higher protein:lipid ratios, while O. cornifrons visits were unaffected by nutrition. These studies demonstrate that, although both bee species collect pollen as their sole source of protein and lipids for themselves and/or their offspring, they differentially prioritize resource quantity (number of flowers) and quality (pollen nutritional content). These studies lay the groundwork for understanding how different foraging strategies evolved, and influence, plant-pollinator ecological networks.

Assessment of the Possibility of Using the Trace Element Status of a Herbal Drug as an Additional Quality Criterion: Chamomile Flowers as a Case Study

INTRODUCTION. Herbal drugs can often be difficult to identify and distinguish from morphologically similar species, especially when fractionated. For the analysis of complex mixtures of herbal origin, it is reasonable to use additional identification methods, including hierarchical clustering of herbal drugs by their trace element content.AIM. This study aimed to assess the possibility of using hierarchical clustering by trace element content for complex biological matrices (plant mixtures), with officinal chamomile species as a case study.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Multiple morphologically similar species grow together with officinal chamomile species that are widely used in medical practice. The study examined the flowers and peduncles of Matricaria recutita L., Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip., Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch.Bip., and Matricaria suaveolens Buchenau, as well as artificial mixtures of chamomile with adulterant species (as samples non-compliant with pharmacopoeial specifi ca tions). The content of trace elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The statistical treatment of the results used Statistica 10 software with a built-in data analysis algorithm for multivariate experiments.RESULTS. Having determined the content of 56 trace elements, the authors plotted a hierarchical cluster tree using cluster analysis methods. M. recutita and M. suaveolens were shown to be the closest to each other in terms of their trace element status, which correlated with their taxonomy. Artificial plant mixtures formed intermediate clusters that were observed between different chamomile species. Moreover, according to the criterion of dissimilarity, the trace element cluster of M. recutita significantly differed from the trace element clusters of all the adulterant species and mixtures containing more than 10% of the adulterant species.CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrated the possibility of using hierarchical clustering based on the content of trace elements in a biological object to analyse complex systems, including plant mixtures, and identify differences that may have discriminative value for the quality control of herbal drugs.

Experimental elevated temperature affects bumblebee foraging and flight speed.

Global warming threatens wild bees and their interaction with plants. While earlier studies have highlighted the negative effects of elevated temperatures on bee-plant interactions, we still lack knowledge about how they impact the foraging behaviours that are central to bee pollination activities. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated how ambient temperature affected the foraging behaviours of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. We allowed the bumblebees to forage freely on artificial flowers in two climate-controlled rooms set at 24°C and 32°C. The colonies were alternated between the two temperatures every week. We recorded the flower visitation rate, flight speed, total foraging time and number of foraging trips. In addition, we measured flight metabolic rate across a range of temperatures to assess its potential as an underlying mechanism. In comparison to 24°C, at 32°C, flower visitation time decreased while flower visitation rate and flight speed increased. This is consistent with the reduction in flight metabolic rate recorded between these temperatures. At 32°C, the number of trips made by each worker decreased, suggesting that, despite the reduced energetic cost, flight in elevated temperatures may be stressful. Our results suggest that elevated temperatures affect bumblebee foraging behaviour and that this would likely disrupt plant-insect interactions.

Effects of Leafy Flexible Vegetation on Bed‐Load Transport and Dune Geometry

AbstractThe development of sustainable river management strategies requires knowledge of the effect of vegetation on hydrodynamics and sediment transport. To date, the complex physical processes involving the combined effects of leafy flexible vegetation and mobile bedforms are not completely understood. Most sediment transport models have been developed for bare bed conditions so that their performance in the presence of leafy flexible vegetation remains unclear. On the other hand, recently developed models consider vegetated conditions but they typically account only for the presence of rigid cylinders and in some cases scour at their base. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were conducted with mobile dune bed conditions and artificial flexible plants with varying Leaf Area Index to investigate the effect of flexible vegetation on bed morphology and sediment transport. Sediment transport rates and bedform characteristics such as height, wavelength and celerity, were measured in specifically designed experimental runs. The collected data show that the presence of leafy vegetation alters bed morphology, tending to reduce the average dune wavelength and leading to the formation of complex 3D geometries. Bed‐shear‐stress‐based models for predicting sediment transport were verified to be valid under conditions of low vegetation roughness density. On the contrary, the collected data emphasize that the measured bed‐load transport rate increased in the presence of leafy flexible vegetation with higher frontal area. Recent bed‐load models for vegetated channels provide a better interpretation for dense leafy vegetation but are less effective when predominant effects related to dunes are present.

Removing high strength lincomycin in pharmaceutical wastewater by a bacteria microalgae consortium co-immobilized filter

Lincomycin (LIN) in pharmaceutical wastewater would enter municipal wastewater treatment plants and decrease their performance, leading to residual LIN enter the natural environment and pose serious eco-risk. In this study, a bacterium-microalgae consortium co-immobilized filter (BMCCF) was established and used to remove LIN in artificial pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants effluents (PWWTPE). LIN removal mechanisms and degradation products’ eco-toxicity was studied, and the abundance change of class 1 integrase gene (intⅠ1) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was monitored. As a result, 98.54 % of 82 mg/L LIN was removed within 7 days, LIN removal was mainly attributed to bio-degradation by the Bacillus subtilis strain, and LIN degradation products were less toxic than their substrate. Therefore, the BMCCF established in this study provides a promising alternative for the bio-treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing high concentration of LIN.

Odour information enables patch choice by mammalian herbivores from afar, leading to predictable plant associational effects

Abstract Neighbouring plants can alter the susceptibility of high‐quality focal plants to herbivores by affecting herbivore patch choice. Herbivores can use plant odour to make patch‐scale foraging decisions from afar, but the actual information they rely on within complex plant odours is rarely defined. Revealing the information enabling patch choice by herbivores will provide the mechanistic link underpinning associational effects of plant neighbours arising from these foraging decisions. Here, our first aim was to test whether odour cues alone enable a mammalian herbivore to make patch choice decisions leading to predictable associational effects of neighbours on high‐quality focal plants. Our second aim was then to test whether artificial odour, designed to mimic the informative odour component within the whole odour profile of low‐quality neighbours, is as effective as real plants in influencing patch choice and associational refuge. We tested patch choice by African elephants, Loxodonta africana using a giant Y‐maze and real or artificial plant odours as the only cues for the neighbours of a high‐quality focal plant. We quantified the probability of various odour treatments being chosen in comparison with the odour of a focal plant alone. Compared with focal plants alone, we found that elephants were more likely to choose patches with the focal plant plus high‐quality neighbours of the same or different species, but less likely to choose patches with the focal plant plus low‐quality neighbours. We also demonstrated that an artificial subset of odours, designed to be informative, were as effective as real low‐quality neighbours in influencing patch choice and hence associational refuge to the focal plant. Our results demonstrate a key role of plant odour—and specifically informative components within complex odour profiles—in patch choice decisions by a mammalian herbivore, leading to plant associational effects on high‐quality focal plants. Understanding what olfactory information herbivores use when deciding which patches to visit or avoid, and how it affects focal plant susceptibility is important ecologically. Non‐random patch choice will not only affect individual fitness of herbivores, but also shape plant community dynamics through impacting plant survival and recruitment. Furthermore, artificially re‐creating odour information could offer a new tool to influence herbivore foraging decisions, with implications for wildlife management and conservation, including plant protection. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Artificial Flowers in the Credit Records of an Eighteenth-Century French Fashion Merchant

Abstract In recent decades, historians have acknowledged the role that women played in shaping and disseminating scientific knowledge during the Enlightenment. Current scholarship also suggests that fashion was a means through which haptic, economic, and practical knowledge was shared among women. This article focuses on one particular fashion accessory – the artificial flower – to explore its contribution to our understanding of women’s knowledge of botany in eighteenth-century France. An analysis of the receipts preserved in the credit records of France’s most famous fashion merchant, Marie-Jeanne (Rose) Bertin (1747–1813), demonstrates high levels of specificity in the flowers that women chose to adorn their outfits. Seventy-five different types of flowers are mentioned using their vernacular names, suggesting that knowledge about a wide variety of flowers was exchanged between fashion merchants and their clients during conversations about clothing. This article therefore casts the fashion merchant’s shop as a site of botanical knowledge generation and exchange.

Does bumblebee preference of continuous over interrupted strings in string-pulling tasks indicate means-end comprehension?

Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have been shown to engage in string-pulling behavior to access rewards. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether bumblebees display means-end comprehension in a string-pulling task. We presented bumblebees with two options: one where a string was connected to an artificial flower containing a reward and the other presenting an interrupted string. Bumblebees displayed a consistent preference for pulling connected strings over interrupted ones after training with a stepwise pulling technique. When exposed to novel string colors, bees continued to exhibit a bias towards pulling the connected string. This suggests that bumblebees engage in featural generalization of the visual display of the string connected to the flower in this task. If the view of the string connected to the flower was restricted during the training phase, the proportion of bumblebees choosing the connected strings significantly decreased. Similarly, when the bumblebees were confronted with coiled connected strings during the testing phase, they failed to identify and reject the interrupted strings. This finding underscores the significance of visual consistency in enabling the bumblebees to perform the task successfully. Our results suggest that bumblebees' ability to distinguish between continuous strings and interrupted strings relies on a combination of image matching and associative learning, rather than means-end understanding. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes employed by bumblebees when tackling complex spatial tasks.

Does bumblebee preference of continuous over interrupted strings in string-pulling tasks indicate means-end comprehension?

Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have been shown to engage in string-pulling behavior to access rewards. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether bumblebees display means-end comprehension in a string-pulling task. We presented bumblebees with two options: one where a string was connected to an artificial flower containing a reward and the other presenting an interrupted string. Bumblebees displayed a consistent preference for pulling connected strings over interrupted ones after training with a stepwise pulling technique. When exposed to novel string colors, bees continued to exhibit a bias towards pulling the connected string. This suggests that bumblebees engage in featural generalization of the visual display of the string connected to the flower in this task. If the view of the string connected to the flower was restricted during the training phase, the proportion of bumblebees choosing the connected strings significantly decreased. Similarly, when the bumblebees were confronted with coiled connected strings during the testing phase, they failed to identify and reject the interrupted strings. This finding underscores the significance of visual consistency in enabling the bumblebees to perform the task successfully. Our results suggest that bumblebees’ ability to distinguish between continuous strings and interrupted strings relies on a combination of image matching and associative learning, rather than means-end understanding. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes employed by bumblebees when tackling complex spatial tasks.

Ski slopes as an unrecognized source of human impact on vegetation

AbstractVarious anthropogenic activities, e.g. construction, soil disturbance, and introducing artificial plant mixtures on newly-created ski slopes after forest clearing are significant interventions in ecosystems. These drastic acts influence the species composition of vegetation cover in the landscape. Although synanthropic species are typically infrequent in mountainous areas, they tend to flourish in disturbed environments; ski slopes are no exception to this pattern. Here we assessed the composition of vascular plants in three distinct ski slope habitats across 30 Slovak ski resorts: the ski lift entrance areas, the ski lift exit areas, and the central areas of the ski slopes. To gain insights into the dynamics of the spreading of synanthropic species on ski slopes, we used selected species traits, synanthropization indices for both flora and vegetation, and considered specific disturbance criteria. The outcomes of our study confirmed that the highest richness of synanthropic species was observed in plots located at the ski lift entrance areas, while the lowest in the central areas of the ski slopes. This difference could be attributed to the proximity of anthropogenically-disturbed zones, which act as propagule sources for synanthropic species into these mountainous habitats. At the same time, elevation also plays an important role in limiting spread of synanthropic plants on ski slopes. The study of synanthropic plant species distribution on ski slopes provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between human activities and the environment.

In Situ Enzymatic Polymerization of Ethylene Brassylate Mediated by Artificial Plant Cell Walls in Reactive Extrusion.

Herein, we describe a solvent-free bioinspired approach for the polymerization of ethylene brassylate. Artificial plant cell walls (APCWs) with an integrated enzyme were fabricated by self-assembly, using microcrystalline cellulose as the main structural component. The resulting APCW catalysts were tested in bulk reactions and reactive extrusion, leading to high monomer conversion and a molar mass of around 4 kDa. In addition, we discovered that APCW catalyzes the formation of large ethylene brassylate macrocycles. The enzymatic stability and efficiency of the APCW were investigated by recycling the catalyst both in bulk and reactive extrusion. The obtained poly(ethylene brassylate) was applied as a biobased and biodegradable hydrophobic paper coating.

Analysis Hybrid Approach for Multi-Objective Optimization-based segmentation of fuzzy contours in mammogram using artificial plant optimization algorithm

It is observed that importance is given to the identification of tumor in case of medical image diagnosis. It has been found that in women breast cancer is increasing and due to which it has an impact in the death rate also. In medical domain radiologist generally uses the computer aided detection methods (CAD ). Medical image often contains the noise and some fuzziness in the picture border so the identification of the tumor is having problem and it becomes challenging task. by Owing to the noise and fuzziness of the picture border, identifying tumors on mammograms is challenging. Even though Active contour is an effective method for the segmentation but It is having problem related to local minima. The proposed method is a hybrid which is consist of multi objective optimization and Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) used for segmentation after that results are given to an Artificial plant optimization algorithm (APOA). The operations involve in this process includes some subprocesses primarily contour initialization is done for ROI followed by segmentation through GSA and multi-objective optimization and then APOA is applied. To evaluate the results two different databases are used mini-MIAS and DDSM databases. Results are also compared with other research work carried out earlier. It is observed that our proposed method gives better output then other.

A Green and Energy‐Supply‒Free Artificial Plant for Efficient and Non‐Selective Enrichment of Heavy Metal Ions Out of Soil

AbstractRemoving heavy metal (loid) s (HMs) from contaminated soil in a nonselective, highly efficient, and energy‐free manner is a major global challenge. Herein, this work synthesizes and assembles a biomimetic materials system (BMS) consisting of an artificial plant, a hemispherical glass cover, and a reflective plate, capable of non‐selective and highly efficient remediation of soil contaminated by various HM ions under sunlight. Specifically, a water cycle is driven to establish between the soil, artificial plant, and atmosphere by solar energy in the BMS, which induced water‐soluble HM ions to enrich and precipitate at the top edge of the artificial plant. The formed HM precipitate is easily removed, contributing to the extremely strong recyclability of BMS. This system has significant advantages in terms of soil properties, contamination characteristics, energy consumption, processing time, and removal amount over other representative remediation methods, demonstrating its great potential for practical application in the remediation of various HM‐contaminated soils.

Attractiveness of Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to Citrus Volatile Compounds and Flower Colors in Indoor Microclimate Conditions

Tetragonula laeviceps plays a vital role as a primary pollinator of citrus flowers for successful pollination. However, there is still a lack of understanding about how T. laeviceps can find citrus flowers. This study aimed to elucidate the factors influencing the attraction of T. laeviceps to citrus flowers, focusing on microclimate conditions, and visual and olfactory factors. For this, we conducted six-choice assays in a stingless bee house using artificial flowers as visual cues and citrus essential oils as olfactory stimuli. Three pairs of red or white artificial flowers were displayed to adult workers, with each pair placed in glass vials filled with diluted orange (Citrus reticulata) essential oil, lemon (Citrus limon) essential oil, or solvent. Simultaneously, microclimate conditions were measured, including temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity. We observed that the highest number of T. laeviceps visited the artificial flowers at 11:00, irrespective of visual and olfactory factors. We also found a positive correlation between the number of visits and both temperature and light intensity, whereas there was a negative correlation with humidity. The number of visits did not exhibit a significant difference between flower colors. In contrast, we observed the highest visitation to the orange essential oil, followed by the lemon essential oil and solvent. Gas Chromatograph – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed common terpenes in orange and lemon essential oils, while linalool and α-citral were predominantly detected in the orange essential oil. These characteristic terpenes could potentially be the attractants for T. laeviceps.

Reinforced colour preference of parasitoid wasps in the presence of floral scent: a case study of a cross-modal effect

We examined the possibility of a cross-modal effect in naïve Cotesia vestalis, a parasitoid wasp of diamondback moth larvae, by using artificial flower models of four colours (blue, green, yellow, and red) in the absence or presence of floral scent collected from Brassica rapa inflorescences. In a four-choice test, regardless of the floral scent, non-starved female wasps visited green and yellow models significantly more often than blue and red ones, although no significant difference was observed between visits to the green and yellow models. They seldom visited blue and red models. When starved, the wasps became even more particular, visiting yellow significantly more frequently than green models, irrespective of the presence of the floral scent, indicating that they preferred to use yellow visual cues in their food search. Furthermore, a factorial analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of the interaction between model colour and floral scent on the wasps’ visits to flower models. The floral scent induced starved and non-starved wasps to visit yellow and green models about twice as often as without the scent. A cross-modal effect of olfactory perception on the use of chromatic information by wasps may allow them to search efficiently for food sources.

VOC Characterization of Byasa hedistus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and Its Visual and Olfactory Responses during Foraging and Courtship.

Color and odor are crucial cues for butterflies during foraging and courtship. While most sexual dimorphic butterflies rely more on vision, our understanding of how butterflies with similar coloration use different signals remains limited. This study investigated the visual and olfactory behavioral responses of the similarly colored butterfly Byasa hedistus during foraging and courtship. While visiting artificial flowers of different colors, we found that B. hedistus exhibits an innate color preference, with a sequence of preferences for red, purple, and blue. The frequency of flower visits by B. hedistus significantly increased when honey water was sprayed on the artificial flowers, but it hardly visited apetalous branches with honey water. This proves that locating nectar sources by odor alone is difficult in the absence of floral color guides. During courtship, males are active while females hardly chase; only two models were observed: males chasing males and males chasing females. The courtship process includes four behaviors: slowing approach, straight chasing, hovering, and spinning. B. hedistus cannot distinguish between sexes based on color, as there is no significant difference in color and shape between them. Twenty-three VOCs (>1%) were identified in B. hedistus, with 21 shared by both sexes, while ketones are specific to males. These VOCs are principally represented by cineole, β-pinene, and linalool. When cineole was added to butterfly mimics, many butterflies were attracted to them, but the butterflies did not seem to distinguish between males and females. This suggests that cineole may be the feature VOC for identifying conspecific groups. Adding β-pinene and linalool to mimics induced numerous butterflies to chase, hover, spin around, and attempt to mate with them. This suggests that β-pinene and linalool are crucial cues indicating the presence of females.