Artificial Milk Formulas Research Articles

Sustainable Breastfeeding: A State-of-the Art Review.

Disparities in breastfeeding rates and exclusivity exist across regions and countries despite multifaceted breastfeeding promotion efforts in recent decades. Markets for artificial milk formula continue to grow as its substitution for breastfeeding is common. A new approach is needed for breastfeeding promotion strategies. This state-of-the-art review aimed to describe the implications of not-breastfeeding on the environment within the context of food system sustainability. A total of 19 peer-reviewed articles within a 20-year timeframe were included in this review. Authors searched five databases for articles including Science Direct, GreenFILE, Springer Link, ProQuest, and PubMed. The demand for artificial milk formula production as a replacement for breastfeeding results in increased greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and waste, thereby aggravating problems with freshwater scarcity. A short duration of breastfeeding and limited exclusivity have been associated with close birth spacing and contributing to global population growth. Breastfeeding is a healthy, sustainable diet, and a culturally acceptable first food. It advances health equity and food security. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life can be promoted with emphasis on total carbon footprint reduction, prevention of waterway degradation, and natural birth spacing, thereby sustaining food systems at large. It is important to reform food, nutrition, and environmental policies to protect exclusive breastfeeding while decarbonizing artificial milk formula production. More research is needed to provide directions for new breastfeeding promotion strategies connecting breastfeeding with environmental stewardship.

Obesity and overweight in Children below 5 years of age: Environmental, Behavioural and Social Factors and Their Active Use in Prevention and Management

Introduction: Early childhood is a critical time for obesity prevention. Children are developing taste preferences, learning to walk and play. They eagerly mimick both the healthy and unhealthy behavior of their parents, siblings and caregivers. Obesity during early childhood is a major health concern of the developed world and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Unfortunately, overweight, and obese children often stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop many non-communicable diseases at a younger age. Important environmental and socioeconomic factors play a significant role in the initiation and progression of early childhood obesity. In this minireview, we try to shed light on the published data exploring various relevant issues, including possible etiologic factors in this target population at risk (children below 5 years) that may enable the initiation of early and effective policy and tactics for the prevention and management of this problem, particularly in high-risk communities.
 Methods: We examined the English language literature (Pubmed, Google scholar, and Cochrane library ) on the environmental and socioeconomic factors that appeared to be important in the pathogenesis of early obesity in children for the past 20 years. Inclusion criteria were obesity and overweight in young children below 5 years of age. 
 Results: Education, income, and urbanization, food environments and increased energy intake through consumption of fatty foods and a high sugar diet as well as parental effects through conveying their behaviors, attitudes, and feeding styles to their children appear to be among the most important factors that contribute to the initiation and progression of obesity in young children. Overfeeding preterms and small for gestational age infants, using artificial milk formula, and early addition of solid foods play a considerable share in inducing early obesity. In addition, lack of health education to parents and children, poor health care, and scarcity of access to physical activity are important risk factors in poor populations.
 Conclusions: Many important social and environmental factors can actively contribute to the production and progression of early childhood obesity. These factors differ considerably among different populations. Understanding these factors is essential for appropriate and early prevention as well as management of early childhood obesity, especially in high risk communities.

Positive association of breastfeeding on respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized infants: a multicenter retrospective study

BackgroundBreastfeeding reportedly reduces the overall frequency of infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common respiratory pathogen in infants, involves recurrent wheezing and has a pathogenic mechanism related to airway structural damage.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate whether breastfeeding has a beneficial effect against RSV-induced respiratory infection compared to formula feeding among infants in Korea.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of infants under 1 year of age who were admitted with RSV infection between January 2016 and February 2018 at the department of pediatrics of 4 hospitals. We investigated the differences in clinical parameters such as cyanosis, chest retraction, combined infection, fever duration, oxygen use, oxygen therapy duration, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and corticosteroid treatment of exclusive breast milk feeding (BMF), artificial milk formula fed (AMF), and mixed feeding (MF) groups.ResultsAmong the 411 infants included in our study, 94, 161, and 156 were included in the BMF, MF, and AMF groups, respectively. The rates of oxygen therapy were significantly different among the BMF (4.3%), MF (8.1%), and AMF (13.5 %) groups (P=0.042). The odds ratios (ORs) for oxygen therapy was significantly higher in the AMF group than in the BMF group (adjusted OR, 3.807; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–11.90; P=0.021). The ICU admission rate of the BMF group (1.1%) was lower than that of the MF (3.5%) and AMF (4.5%) groups; however, the dissimilarity was not statistically significant (P=0.338).ConclusionThe severity of RSV infection requiring oxygen therapy was lower in the BMF than the AMF group. This protective role of human milk on RSV infection might decrease the need for oxygen therapy suggesting less airway damage.

Use of crack in pregnancy: repercussions for the newborn.

To know the effects for the newborn of the use of crack in pregnancy. This is a qualitative study conducted in a university hospital in southern Brazil, in the first half of 2014. Fifteen mothers crack users and five grandparents participated. The data were produced through semi-structured interviews and later submitted to content analysis. It was found that the use of crack in pregnancy leads to repercussions related to the health of the newborn and repercussions related to family restructuring. In relation to the newborn, prematurity, congenital malformation, hospitalization in an intensive care unit, use of care and feeding technologies through artificial milk formulas were mentioned. In the family context, it was evidenced the occurrence of abandonment of the child by the mother, causing the adoption of the newborn by relatives of the family nucleus or their institutionalization due to lack of family structure. It was found that the use of crack in pregnancy leads to repercussions related to the health of the newborn and repercussions related to family restructuring. In this sense, the recruitment of pregnant users of crack by health/nursing professionals and referral for high-risk prenatal care, as well as early identification of the peculiarities of the newborns of these women, and the development of actions that minimize the repercussions of crack are imperative.

Functional assessment of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) activity during bovine oocyte meiosis

Feeding of neonates with artificial milk formulas is a popular trend toward early weaning of newborn dairy calves. These milk replacers (MR) should accelerate the rumen development, determining early solid feed intake and leading to better performances in cattle. Previous research demonstrated that sodium butyrate supplementation in MR can affect both small intestine and rumen development. Also acetate and propionate showed similar properties, while only a few studies indicate some potential benefit of monoglycerides on gut functions. The present study is aimed to determine the effect of the supplementation of a blend containing short and medium chain fatty acids monoglycerides (SMCFA) in milk replacer on rumen papillae development and growth performances in weaning calves.Twenty bull calves (about 2 weeks old, weighing around 43 kg) were randomly allocated into two groups: control (C) and treated (T). Besides MR and starter diet, the latter offered at libitum, T calves received 0.2% SMCFA in MR. Animals were slaughtered after 56 days from the beginning of the trial.No difference was found between groups either in growth performances or in mean number of papillae/cm2 of mucosa, total surface of papillae (mm2)/cm2 of mucosa or papillary size. In both groups, the morphology of the rumen epithelium was typical of parakeratosis. The cells of the stratum spinosum were directly transformed into swollen, ovoid, still nucleated keratinocytes, particularly at the papillary tip, probably as a result of unphysiological osmolarities caused by high concentrate intake. Degenerated squamous horn cells covered the “balloon like” cells forming several layers, particularly in the places of the rumen mucosa more protected from an abrasive action of solid feed. This was more evident in C animals. The squamous cells covering the papillary tip showed cytoplasmic protrusion, representing remains of the attachment sites of desmosomes, which increased the total absorptive surface and were more numerous and higher in T compared to C animals. It might be hypothesized that SMCFA supplementation in MR could better regulate epithelial cell proliferation and probably have an “emollient effect” leading to an easier “peeling” that might increase efficiency for nutrient transport across the epithelium.

Effect of the supplementation with a blend containing short and medium chain fatty acid monoglycerides in milk replacer on rumen papillae development in weaning calves

Feeding of neonates with artificial milk formulas is a popular trend toward early weaning of newborn dairy calves. These milk replacers (MR) should accelerate the rumen development, determining early solid feed intake and leading to better performances in cattle. Previous research demonstrated that sodium butyrate supplementation in MR can affect both small intestine and rumen development. Also acetate and propionate showed similar properties, while only a few studies indicate some potential benefit of monoglycerides on gut functions. The present study is aimed to determine the effect of the supplementation of a blend containing short and medium chain fatty acids monoglycerides (SMCFA) in milk replacer on rumen papillae development and growth performances in weaning calves.Twenty bull calves (about 2 weeks old, weighing around 43kg) were randomly allocated into two groups: control (C) and treated (T). Besides MR and starter diet, the latter offered at libitum, T calves received 0.2% SMCFA in MR. Animals were slaughtered after 56 days from the beginning of the trial.No difference was found between groups either in growth performances or in mean number of papillae/cm2 of mucosa, total surface of papillae (mm2)/cm2 of mucosa or papillary size. In both groups, the morphology of the rumen epithelium was typical of parakeratosis. The cells of the stratum spinosum were directly transformed into swollen, ovoid, still nucleated keratinocytes, particularly at the papillary tip, probably as a result of unphysiological osmolarities caused by high concentrate intake. Degenerated squamous horn cells covered the “balloon like” cells forming several layers, particularly in the places of the rumen mucosa more protected from an abrasive action of solid feed. This was more evident in C animals. The squamous cells covering the papillary tip showed cytoplasmic protrusion, representing remains of the attachment sites of desmosomes, which increased the total absorptive surface and were more numerous and higher in T compared to C animals. It might be hypothesized that SMCFA supplementation in MR could better regulate epithelial cell proliferation and probably have an “emollient effect” leading to an easier “peeling” that might increase efficiency for nutrient transport across the epithelium.

A case study of artificial feeding of an unweaned giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) cub

There is no information available on the nutritional content of giant otter milk, nor about the amount of milk consumed by the cubs. The information presented here is intended to help ex situ institutions to raise and rehabilitate giant otter orphan cubs with an artificial milk formula and provide hand-rearing information for their management in captivity.

Changes in the Milk Metabolome of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) with Time after Birth--Three Phases in Early Lactation and Progressive Individual Differences.

Ursids (bears) in general, and giant pandas in particular, are highly altricial at birth. The components of bear milks and their changes with time may be uniquely adapted to nourish relatively immature neonates, protect them from pathogens, and support the maturation of neonatal digestive physiology. Serial milk samples collected from three giant pandas in early lactation were subjected to untargeted metabolite profiling and multivariate analysis. Changes in milk metabolites with time after birth were analysed by Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and further supported by Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis, revealing three phases of milk maturation: days 1–6 (Phase 1), days 7–20 (Phase 2), and beyond day 20 (Phase 3). While the compositions of Phase 1 milks were essentially indistinguishable among individuals, divergences emerged during the second week of lactation. OPLS regression analysis positioned against the growth rate of one cub tentatively inferred a correlation with changes in the abundance of a trisaccharide, isoglobotriose, previously observed to be a major oligosaccharide in ursid milks. Three artificial milk formulae used to feed giant panda cubs were also analysed, and were found to differ markedly in component content from natural panda milk. These findings have implications for the dependence of the ontogeny of all species of bears, and potentially other members of the Carnivora and beyond, on the complexity and sequential changes in maternal provision of micrometabolites in the immediate period after birth.

Beta-palmitate - a natural component of human milk in supplemental milk formulas.

The composition and function of human milk is unique and gives a basis for the development of modern artificial milk formulas that can provide an appropriate substitute for non-breastfed infants. Although human milk is not fully substitutable, modern milk formulas are attempting to mimic human milk and partially substitute its complex biological positive effects on infants. Besides the immunomodulatory factors from human milk, research has been focused on the composition and structure of human milk fat with a high content of β-palmitic acid (sn-2 palmitic acid, β-palmitate). According to the available studies, increasing the content of β-palmitate added to milk formulas promotes several beneficial physiological functions. β-palmitate positively influences fatty acid metabolism, increases calcium absorption, improves bone matrix quality and the stool consistency, and has a positive effect on the development of the intestinal microbiome.

Effect of Artificial Milk Formula on Germination and Biofilm Formation of Candida Albicans

Background: Bottle fed infants are prone to increased incidence of candidal colonization and infection. Objectives: The current study aimed at testing the effect of an artificial milk formula used in bottle feeding on Candida albicans germination and biofilm formation. Methodology: C. albicans ATCC 10231 was submitted for germination and biofilm formation tests under the effect of different concentrations of one of the common artificial milk formulas available in the market (AMF-A) which is both cow’s milk and soy based.Germination was tested under 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% (vol/vol) of AMF-A in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), while concentrations in biofilm tests were 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% (vol/vol) of AMF-A in yeast nitrogen base (YNB) broth. Biofilms were grown on silicone discs and quantified by crystal violet staining with determination of the optical densities (ODs) and colony forming units (CFUs) counting. The structure of the biofilms was studied by light microscopic examination after crystal violet staining. Results: All tested concentrations of AMF induced germination of the tested strain, as the germination percentages after 4 hours were 40%, 53% and 60% for AMF 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%, respectively. Both ODs and CFUs revealed that the adding of AMF to YNB has synergistic effect on biofilm formation. Microscopically, most of the formed biofilms were of low density but the density was increasing with increasing incubation time. Conclusion: The tested AMF enhanced germination and biofilm formation of C. albicans, and consequently its virulence, and although the biofilms were weak, they still can provide sources for continuous oral candidal colonization in the bottle fed infants.

P97 ‐ Characteristic of protein sensibilisation in infants

Cow milk protein sensibilisation is common in bottle-fed infants. It is known about immunological cross-reaction for cow and goat milk protein. We examined 85 infants (39 girls, 46 boys), 1.5 – 18 months old, who were fed by artificial milk formulas. Gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy were diagnosed in 45 (52.9%) children with diarrhea and in 40 (47.1%) children with constipation. The control group consisted of 25 healthy infants of the same age. The level of total IgE, cow and goat milk proteins IgE allergenspecific antibodys in coprofiltrates were measured by immunoenzymometric method using the spectrophotometer “Sunrise” (Belgium), with test-systems “Allergopharma” and “Dr. Fooke” (Germany). The highest rate of sensibilisation to cow milk protein (89%) was found in infants of 1.5-6.0 months old compared to infants of 6.5-12.0 (75%) and 12.5-18 months old (56%). Increased level of total IgE in coprofiltrates was more common in infants of 1.5-5.5 months old, too, compared to infants of other ages (33%, 25% and 22%, respectively). The sensibilisation to goat milk protein was more common in infants of 6.5-12 months old (59%) and 12.5-18.0 months old (45%) compared to younger (1.5-6.0 months old) infants (23%). In infants of any ages sensibilisation to cow milk protein was more frequent than to goat milk proteins. Increasing rate of sensiblisation to goat milk protein in bottle-fed infants more than 6 months old, probably, depends on immunological cross-reaction for cow milk protein.

Characteristics of rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized children in kosovo.

Background:Diarrhea is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Rotavirus is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea and dehydration in children. Authors reviewed epidemiological and clinical data of the rotavirus diarrhea in Kosovo.Methods:This is a prospective study carried between January 1st and December 31st 2011. All data, comprising demographics, nutrition, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, management and outcome of the rotavirus diarrhea are collected on the specially designed form.Results:116 children with rotavirus diarrhea are included in the study. The majority boys (74.4%) and children aged 0 – 12 months (82.75%). Mean age of children in the study was 16.38 months. Almost every third child in the study was hypotrophic (29.2%). More than half of the infants (55.2%) were on mixed food, somewhat more than every third was breast feeding (36.45%), and every twelfth (8.33%) was on artificial milk (animal or formula). Apart from diarrhea, present in all patients, vomiting (97.41%) and fever (43.96%) were characteristics of the clinical presentation of the diarrhea. Two thirds of the children had mild grade dehydration (70.7%). All patients recovered with no sequels.Conclusion:Rotavirus continues to be responsible for a significant portion of acute diarrhea in Kosovo. Clinical features, epidemiological data and the agglutination test are safe enough to establish the diagnosis. Treated correctly rotavirus diarrhea has a favorable outcome.

Position of folic acid in fortification of nutrition in neonatal period

Folic acid is an essential vitamin which has been known in recent 50 years. It plays an important role in period of neurogenesis. The substitution of folic acid is one of the important parts in the complex treatment of anaemia in premature newborns. It is also a component of artificial milk formulae or breast milk following mother’s intake. Fortification of foods with folic acid for population in the world is still discussed. To determine optimal dose of folic acid in premature newborns is difficult. Daily recommended doses of folic acid in infants under the six months were identified. The needs of folic acid in newborns vary. It depends upon the gestational age, body reserves at birth or maternal status of folates during gravidity. On the other hand there is a risk of accumulation of unmetabolised folic acid in circulation of newborns after mandatory folic acid fortification in some countries, which were reported in some studies. The safe upper limits of folic acid intake in premature newborns are not known. In this review article authors inform about the clear positive effect of folic acid in prenatal and neonatal period, but excessive doses of folic acid could present risk of accumulation and possible adverse effects. To follow up these notions further studies are required.

LATENT RISK OF INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL MILK FORMULAS INTO INFANTS’ DIET: THE WAYS TO MINIMIZE NEGATIVE INFLUENCE

Breast feeding has protective effect against certain diseases both in short and long-term prospects. On the contrary, artificial milk formulas (AMF) and especially when early introduced, is associated with increased risk of infectious diseases and also is a risk factor for development of metabolic syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders in further life. The role of cow milk protein intolerance in transformation of alimentary allergy into other forms of atopic disorders («atopic» or «allergic march») is actively discussed in the article. Protective role of prolonged breast feeding is a subject of wide speculation in this article; the authors also open a question of significance of early diet for human health at the population level and consider possible ways to minimize negative influence of AMF introduction. It is well-known that different AMF are tolerated by children in different ways, in spite of the adjacency of «table» compositions. This fact most often is associated to protein components of milk formulas, as it is the most susceptible during processing of raw materials . Under the influence of high temperature and pressure, which are used by all manufacturers during AMF production, proteins are denatured. Denatured protein obtains certain characteristics, which can change its assimilation and tolerability. Awareness of these characteristics allows the key manufacturers to produce AMF with protein components of a high quality.

EXPERIENCE OF ADAPTED PROBIOTIC MILK FORMULAS IN FEEDING OF INFANTS OF THE 1ST YEAR OF LIFE

Aim: to assess the influence of probiotic milk formula on the functional and nutritive status as well as the microbiocenosis of 32 infants of the 1st year of life. Patients and methods: 32 infants (15 — younger than 6 months and 17 — older than 6 moths) fed with artificial milk formulas were under the observation. The majority of mothers were primipara, with various pregnancy disorders. The infants were followed-up in out-patient clinics with different diseases: cerebral ischemia, perinatal injure of the nervous system, anemia and others. As a main basic food the children received powder adapted formula. In order to achieve the aim, from 2 to 3 feedings in infants’ diet have been changing to the powder adapted formula during 4 weeks. To assess the results the data of clinical examination and characteristics of coprological and microbiological tests were used. Results : weight gain in the majority of infants was more than 700 g for 1 month. In 8 children the symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders were arrested. Control coprolocical and microbiological tests in 1 month after the formula administration showed positive pre- and probiotic effects as increase of bifidobacteria titer in all the patients who had had their decreased levels, as well as decrease of the amount of patients with associations of conditionally-pathogenic flora. Conclusions : the investigated product has positive effect on the intestinal microbiota and contributes to arresting of various types of gastrointestinal disorders.

THE ROLE OF PROTEIN INTAKE OPTIMIZATION IN STRENGTHENING OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH

This study covers the problem of the optimization of protein intake by infants, the development of prolonged effects of inappropriate nutrition, comparative assessment of breast and cow milk protein, as well as the modern modifications of protein components of artificial milk formulas.

DIETOTHERAPY OF FUNCTIONAL DIGESTION DISORDERS IN CHILDREN OF THE FIRST SEVERAL MONTHS OF LIFE

The authors discuss the questions of functional digestion disorders dietotherapy with artificial milk formula «CELIA DIGEST» enriched with probiotics in infants. During the study the composition and the properties of afore-mentioned formula as well as the special features of its usage in dietotherapy of functional digestion disorders in children were examined. The results of the clinical evaluation of this formula efficacy in infants at the age from 0 to 2 months old in comparison to the course of functional digestion disorders symptoms in breast-fed children are represented in the article.

SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF ADDITIONAL FOOD INTRODUCTION, STATED IN THE NATIONAL PROGRAM OF THE INFANTS FEEDING OPTIMIZATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. PART II

The article contains the results of the study of clinical and biochemical blood markers of iron metabolism in infants. This study represents a part of the research, aimed to scientific confirmation of the statements associated with additional food introduction and stated in the «National program of the infants feeding optimization in the Russian Federation». In controlled conditions the children were divided into 2 main groups: feeding with breast milk and with artificial milk formulas. Each group was divided into sub-groups according to the age of the additional food introduction: 4, 5 or 6 months. The received data suggest that the iron content was appropriate in both groups at the age of 4 months before the additional food introduction; there was a gradual decrease of several values after that, especially marked in children feeding with breast milk and later introduction of additional food. The comparative analysis showed that at the age of 9 months the lowest values were in breast-fed children with additional food introduction at the age of 6 months. This can be associated not only with late additional food introduction, but also with difficulties occurring when beginning it at this age and leading to insufficient supply with certain nutrients, including iron. The detailed analysis of diets for children of different sub-groups will be discussed in the next article.

BREAST MILK AS A GOLD STANDARD FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL MILK FORMULAS

The current data of the scientific research of breast milk composition are represented in this article. The author produces proofs of the necessity of inclusion into artificial formulas different functional components found in breast milk. There are also shown the main principles of artificial milk formulas adaptation.

CURRENCY OF THE MICROFLORA CORRECTION WHEN BEGINNING FEEDING WITH ADDITIONAL FOOD AND ARTIFICIAL MILK FORMULAS

Children feeding with breast milk have significantly lower risk of gastrointestinal infectious diseases development, than children feeding with artificial milk formulas. At the beginning of feeding with additional food influence of allogenic antigens on child’s organism is increasing, which can lead to disturbances in microbiocoenosis of the gastro-intestinal tract. This causes stool disorders, intestinal colic, dyspepsia, dermatitis, allergic reactions, immunodeficiency with recurrent relapses of infections and development of non-infectious disease and their transition into chronic condition. Forming of the malabsorption syndrome at the background of such conditions leads to growth and mental development retardation of children. Numerous clinical trials proved the beneficial effects of the probiotic Hylak Forte on intestinal microflora in disbiosis.