Artificial Irrigation Research Articles

Water-Saving Monitoring System Design Based on LabView Simulation Platform

A water-saving irrigation monitoring system was designed based on ZigBee wireless sensor network and LabView simulation platform. This system can solve the problems of unnecessary waste caused by the traditional artificial irrigation water and wiring complex of water-saving control system. The information of each node and data acquisition can be detected by the ZigBee wireless network monitoring system. Upper machine was designed by LabView virtual design platform, and all aspects of organic characteristics of the crop water requirement rule were combined through the fuzzy control decision support system. The date of the irrigation water would be directed, and achieved a fine management of water and scientific irrigation.

Space and time dynamics of urban water demand in Portland, Oregon and Phoenix, Arizona

Critical to effective urban climate adaptation is a clearer understanding of the sensitivities of resource demand to changing climatic conditions and land cover situations. We used Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) stochastic procedures to estimate temperature and precipitation at the very small scale of urban Census Block Groups (CBGs) in Phoenix, Arizona and Portland, Oregon, and then compared average household water use patterns by climate conditions and land cover characteristics between and within the two cities. Summer household water use was positively related to maximum temperatures and dense vegetation cover in terms of grass cover and trees and shrubs; it was negatively related to precipitation amounts in both cities. Water use was more sensitive to maximum temperature, precipitation levels, and vegetation cover in Phoenix than in Portland. There was substantial intra-city variation with greater sensitivity in urban water use associated with higher densities of trees and shrubs in both cities, but in Phoenix, the highest sensitivities to maximum temperatures occurred in CBGs with the most grass cover while in Portland, high sensitivity was associated with CBGs with the least grass cover. Many of the latter are in highly built-up downtown areas of Portland where artificial irrigation is required to maintain landscapes during the hot summer season. Take-home messages are: (1) BME space/time statistics provide efficient estimates of missing precipitation and temperature data to create continuous high resolution meteorological data that improve water demand analysis and (2) use of landscaping for urban climate adaptation will have differing impacts on water use, depending on local climate conditions, urban layout, and the type of vegetation cover.

Artificial irrigation ponds and sea coast as foraging habitat for larids breeding in protected wetlands

Questions related to the preservation of foraging sites of breeding birds have received little attention, although they can be of major importance for population persistence. Here, we used stable isotopes and field observations to evaluate the relative importance of man-made irrigation ponds as foraging areas for a larid community of conservation concern. We also studied the habitat preferences of the bird species and determined whether pairs of species co-occurred or avoided each other while foraging. Six species used marine habitats preferentially, whereas three species preferred freshwater habitats, the latter being provided mainly by irrigation ponds. Larids foraged preferentially in large and vegetated ponds located close to the breeding areas, and avoided sandy areas at the coast. We propose that the European Union subsidies related to the creation and alteration of irrigation ponds should be linked to management strategies that maximise pond quality for waterbirds. A third of the species pairs examined showed strong support for the species co-occurring more often than expected by random. Our study showed that larids breeding in mixed colonies segregate spatially in their foraging niche between marine and freshwater environments. Both breeding and foraging habitats need to be addressed when analysing larid population dynamics and conservation strategies.

Evaluation of irrigation water use efficiency using remote sensing in the middle reach of the Heihe river, in the semi‐arid Northwestern China

AbstractIrrigation of agricultural oases is the main water consumer in semi‐arid and arid regions of Northwestern China. The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) on the oases is extremely important for evaluating water use efficiency so as to reasonably allocate water resources, particularly in semi‐arid and arid areas. In this study, we integrated the soil moisture information into surface energy balance system (SEBS) for improving irrigated crop water consumption estimation. The new approach fed with the moderate resolution imaging spectro‐radiometer images mapped spatiotemporal ET on the oasis in the middle reach of the Heihe river. The daily ET outputs of the new approach were compared with those of the original SEBS using the eddy correlation observations, and the results demonstrate that the modified SEBS remedied the shortcoming of general overestimating ET without regard to soil water stress. Meanwhile, the crop planting structure and leaf area index spatiotemporal distribution in the studied region were derived from the high‐resolution Chinese satellite HJ‐1/CCD images for helping analyse the pattern of the monthly ET (ETmonthly). The results show that the spatiotemporal variation of ETmonthly is closely related to artificial irrigation and crop growth. Further evaluation of current irrigation water use efficiency was conducted on both irrigation district scale and the whole middle reach of the Heihe river. The results reveal that the average fraction of consumed water on irrigation district scale is 57% in 2012. The current irrigation water system is irrational because only 52% of the total irrigated amount was used to fulfil plant ET requirement and the rest of the irrigation water recharged into groundwater in the oasis in 2012. However, in view of the whole middle reach of the Heihe river, the irrigation water use efficiency could reach to 66% in 2012. But pumping groundwater for reused irrigation wastes mostly energy instead of water. An improved irrigation water allocation system according to actual ET requirement is needed to increase irrigation efficiency per cubic meter water resource in an effort to save both water and energy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cross-sectoral impacts of climate and socio-economic change in Scotland: implications for adaptation policy

Understanding the importance of cross-sectoral implications of climate and socio-economic change in Scotland is essential for adaptation policy. This study explored the direct and indirect sectoral impacts of future change using the CLIMSAVE Integrated Assessment Platform. There is great spatial diversity in projected impacts across Scotland, and increasing uncertainty in the direction of change of impacts from the national to regional scale associated with climate uncertainty. Further uncertainty associated with socio-economic change results in 6 out of 13 indicators (artificial surfaces, biodiversity vulnerability, forest area, land-use intensity, irrigation usage and land-use diversity) with robust directions of change at the national scale and only three (artificial surfaces, forest area and irrigation usage) that are robust across all regions of Scotland. Complex interactions between socio-economic scenario assumptions (e.g. food imports, population and GDP), climatic suitability and agricultural productivity and profitability lead to significant national and regional changes in the distribution and extent of land cover types, with resultant cross-sectoral interactions with water, forestry and biodiversity. Consequently, stakeholders characterised robust adaptation policy options, within the CLIMSAVE participatory process, as those beneficial to society (and the country) in all scenarios, irrespective of the direction of change of the impacts. The integration in CLIMSAVE of a participatory scenario development process and an integrated participatory modelling framework has allowed the exploration of future uncertainty in a structured approach and better represented the importance of qualitative information and the social and institutional contexts within adaptation research.

Research on IOT-Based Smart Garden Project

For artificial irrigation in excess or deficiency, not timely and other shortcomings, the paper expounds the application in agricultural and landscape irrigation system based on the wireless sensor network and single chip computer; at the same time the paper designed system architecture of automatic irrigation system based on wireless sensor network. The hardware of the system adopts CC2430 single chip microcomputer as control core, by the real-time acquisition and processing of data in wireless sensor networks, the control data by wireless way is sent to the irrigation controller. The system can real-time monitor the soil temperature and humidity changes, r realize fine flower required and efficient use of water resources.

Effect of landscape configuration and habitat quality on the community structure of waterbirds using a man-made habitat

Species occurrence and community structure are strongly influenced by multiple factors like habitat selection, species movement capabilities, competition, or conspecific and heterospecific attractions. More specifically, in waterbird communities, previous studies have identified the importance of environmental and structural characteristics of wetlands for their occupation and use. However, the effect of the surrounding landscape configuration remains unknown. In this article, we use a large network of artificial irrigation ponds to evaluate the importance of pond features in comparison to the effect of landscape and spatial configuration on the community at three different spatial scales. Our results show that landscape configuration has relatively little influence on structure of the waterbird community. Pond features were by far the most important variables to describe waterbird abundance and richness. At the species level, we detected differences in habitat preferences relating to species-specific ecological requirements. Our results highlight the importance of using a multiscale approach to understand and predict richness and abundance in waterbird communities. Our findings emphasize the need to maintain high-quality ponds to enhance their suitability for use as breeding and foraging sites.

Diversity and Distribution of Microphytes and Macrophytes in Artificial Irrigation Ponds in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Region (SE Spain)

The seasonal diversity and distribution of microphytes and macrophytes in 40 artificial irrigationponds constructed in a semi-arid region, and the most suitable conditions to maintain these enclaves asbiodiversity spots were studied for the first time. A total of 104 species were detected. Bacillariophyta,cyanobacteria and chlorophyta dominated both pelagic and benthic microphytic communities, with dinophytaand euglenophyta also comprising a large part of the pelagic assemblages. Artificial ponds were built with lowdensity polyethylene (LDP) covered with stones and sand and were also constructed with other plasticmaterials, such as PVC or high-density polyethylene (HDP), with no natural cover. Regression tests were used to analyze the relationship between plant species diversity (Shannon index H’) and physic-chemical pond water parameters. The test showed that the species diversity from the ponds was significantly correlated with pond’s type. LDP ponds contained a significantly wider range of microphytes and macrophytes species, in summer than in winter, than HDP. These artificial irrigation ponds have led to the creation of new water habitats for plant diversity conservation within semi-arid areas.

Stemflow and soil water recharge during rainfall in a red pine chronosequence on the Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada

Summary Stemflow focusses water delivery to the forest floor in a relatively small area surrounding the tree bole, with the potential to enhance soil water contents and water recharge relative to more distal sites beneath the canopy. These stemflow fluxes may decrease as a given tree species ages due to changes in branch orientation and bark roughness, suggesting that the relative contribution of stemflow to water recharge near the bole will decline with time. The hypothesis that stemflow fluxes decline with tree age was tested in a chronosequence of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) stands in a managed forest in southern Ontario, Canada, and stemflow contributions to soil water recharge below 1 m depth were quantified. Throughfall, stemflow and sub-canopy soil water contents (0.1 m and 1.5 m from the tree bole to 1 m depth) in stands ranging from 28 to 80 years in age were studied from late-Spring to Fall in 2012, supplemented by artificial irrigations of stemflow to examine short-term soil wetting at the two distances from the bole. The hypothesized decline in stemflow with increasing tree age was not supported, and canopy cover variations and forest management exerted a greater control on inter-stand differences in stemflow fluxes. Stemflow contributions generally resulted in greater soil water recharge below 1 m depth at 0.1 m from the tree bole compared to the 1.5 m distance. This enhanced recharge was greatest for the youngest stand and differences in recharge between the 0.1 m and 1.5 m distances from the bole were likely not significant for stands between 40 and 80 years of age. Nevertheless, the relative contribution of stemflow to soil water recharge may increase in this managed forest as red pine stands give way to a mixed hardwood-conifer forest, due to greater stemflow fluxes from hardwood species in this landscape.

A Study on the Intelligent Bladder Irrigation Technology

Bladder irrigation is one of the effective measures of prevention and control of urinary tract infection in patients with long-term indwelling catheter. Based on traditional artificial bladder irrigation technology, this paper presents a kind of intelligent bladder irrigator. The control system of this irrigator includes PLC and touch screen. The irrigator uses weighing sensor to monitor the weight of infusion bag in real time and controls pinch valve to switch the infusion tube. This paper has completed the design of the mechanical structure and control system. Intelligent bladder irrigator can realize the automation of traditional bladder irrigation.

Discharge Estimation in a Lined Canal Using Information Entropy

This study applies a new method and technology to measure the discharge in a lined canal in Taiwan. An Acoustic Digital Current Meter mounted on a measurement platform is used to measure the velocities over the full cross-section for establishing the measurement method. The proposed method primarily employs Chiu’s Equation which is based on entropy to establish a constant ratio the relation between the maximum and mean velocities in an irrigation canal, and compute the maximum velocity by the observed velocity profile. In consequence, the mean velocity of the lined canal can be rapidly determined by the maximum velocity and the constant ratio. The cross-sectional area of the artificial irrigation canal can be calculated for the water stage. Finally, the discharge in the lined canal can be efficiently determined by the estimated mean velocity and the cross-sectional area. Using the data of discharges and stages collected in the Wan-Dan Canal, the correlation of stage and discharge is also developed for remote real-time monitoring and estimating discharge from the pumping station. Overall, Chiu’s Equation is demonstrated to reliably and accurately measure discharge in a lined canal, and can serve as reference for future calibration for a stage-discharge rating curve.

Inhibition of Acid Mine Drainage from a Pyrite-rich Mining Waste Using Industrial By-products: Role of Neo-formed Phases

In the present study, the potential use of the industrial waste residues, such as coal fly ash and clinker dust, was evaluated in inhibiting acid mine drainage generation from pyrite-rich wastes using non-saturated column experiments. Two columns (B and C) were filled with a mixture of industrial residues over pyrite-quartz sand (PS), while one column (A) used as the control was solely filled with PS. Artificial irrigation was maintained in each column by pouring Milli-Q water (pH 6.5). The leachate chemistry and the precipitation of neo-formed phases in the columns were examined. Based on the pH and concentration of SO4 2− in the effluent collected over a period of time, it can be inferred that pyrite dissolution was dominant in column A. In columns B and C, the addition of industrial waste produced a near neutral to alkaline leachate. At this pH, Fe released from pyrite oxidation was immediately depleted by precipitating into Fe-oxyhydroxide phases that likely coated the pyrite grains (termed as microencapsulation) which inhibited oxidation. This was supported from the scanning electron microscope observation and the geochemical modeling results. In addition, the precipitation of other neo-formed phases such as calcium carbonate and gypsum, along with the pozzolanic reactions of industrial wastes, possibly increased the cementation of fly ash particles leading to the development of a compact material, which prevented further oxidation by restricting infiltration and oxygen contact to the pyrite surface. This occurred best in column B; thus, it produced better quality of leachates than column C, though at the end both columns showed a significantly decreased concentration of Fe (up to 99.9 %) and other metals such as Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Mn (lower values than the WHO permissible limits of drinking water) compared to control.

Designs of Kings and Farmers: Landscape Systems of the Greater Angkor Urban Complex

Greater Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries a.d. The rulers of Angkor left behind magnificent temples, along with extensive, centrally planned landscapes and massive urban complexes. However, the landscape of Greater Angkor also represents a decentralized planning tradition. This article addresses the different scales of economic landscapes at Greater Angkor: from massive rice-field superstructures watered by artificial irrigation, to smaller patches of fields organized around local temples and ponds. Contrary to widely accepted views, the design of extensive cultural landscapes does not require the presence of an elite controlling authority, or the guidance of a commonly conceived plan. Within Greater Angkor, the design of extensive landscapes often occurred at the local level, most likely involving local traditions rather than abstract, centrally approved plans. The relationship between centralized and decentralized planning traditions is investigated using a topographic classification of the landscape based on extensive mapping from remote sensed imagery from 2007–2010. Covering 1000 km 2 of rice fields, and including 22,000 km of rice-field bunds, the topographic classification of the rice-field systems reveals two very different ways of building. These two systems are best described as coaxial systems and cardinal systems: both suggest dramatically different development models and socioeconomic frameworks. The two different, and extensive, development processes had a lasting physical impact on the resulting landscapes, and are still actively used today. This article discusses the evidence for both central and local plans as well as more complicated examples, where both central and local plans seem to have influenced the design of landscapes. Illustrated examples of centrally planned landscapes and local approaches to planning landscapes demonstrate this premise.

Reprodução e desenvolvimento de minhocas gigante africana (Eudrilus eugeniae) em Lodo de Esgoto produzido na cidade de Gurupi, Estado do Tocantins

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a reprodução e o desenvolvimento de minhocas (Eudrilus eugeniae) em diferentes diluições de lodo de esgoto produzido na cidade de Gurupi, Estado do Tocantins, sob condições de sombreamento natural em mata de cerrado e umidade controlada. O experimento foi realizado entre os meses de Abril a Julho de 2011. As avaliações ocorreramapós 30, 60 e 90 dias, quando se comparou as quantidades de nascimentos e mortes de minhocas em três tipos de substratos: T1 = lodo de esgoto puro; T2 = 75% lodo de esgoto + 25% de casca de arroz e T3 = 50% lodo de esgoto +50% de casca de arroz, mantidas com 80% de umidade através de irrigação artificial. A maior quantidade de nascimentos ocorreu no tratamento T2 aos 30 dias e não foram observadas diferenças nas quantidades finais de minhocas nos três tratamentos e nas três épocas avaliadas. O tratamento T3proporcionou os maiores valores médios reprodutivos. Observou-se uma tendência em aumentar a biomassa das minhocas conforme se diluiu as concentrações de lodo de esgoto.

Awassi sheep keeping in the Arabic steppe in relation to nitrous oxide emission from soil

Sheep husbandry is the main source of income for farmers in arid zones. Increasing sheep production on steppes may increase the greenhouse gas production. The objective of this study was to investigate the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the steppes for Awassi sheep keeping and feed cropping in arid zones such as Syria. The methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was used to estimate N2O emissions. A survey was conducted on 64 farms in Syria to gather data for analysis. Precipitation and crop yield data from 2001 to 2009 were also used for calculation and modelling. Sheep-keeping systems, precipitation, year and the region have significant effects on N2O emissions (p<0.05). Emissions of N2O from lands with extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems were 0.30±0.093, 0.598±0.113 and 2.243±0.187kgsheep−1year−1, respectively. Crop production was higher in regions with high precipitation levels, which helped to reduce N2O emissions. Using more residuals of wheat, cotton and soya as feed for sheep in the keeping systems evaluated may decrease the overuse of steppe regions and N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions of N2O from sheep-keeping areas can be reduced by changing sheep-keeping systems and increasing the crop production in arid zones through artificial irrigation.

Life cycle assessment of fuel ethanol from sugarcane in Argentina

Purpose The production of bioethanol in Argentina is based on the sugarcane plantation system, with extensive use of agricultural land, scarce use of fertilizers, pesticides, and artificial irrigation, and burning of sugarcane prior to harvesting. The objective of this paper is to develop a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the fuel ethanol from sugarcane in Tucuman (Argentina), assessing the environmental impact potentials to identify which of them cause the main impacts.

Development of an ex vivo retention model simulating bioadhesion in the oral cavity using human saliva and physiologically relevant irrigation media

In recent years, there has been a particular interest in bioadhesive formulations for oromucosal drug delivery as this may promote prolonged local therapy and enhanced systemic effect. Saliva plays a vital role in oromucosal drug absorption by dissolving the drug and presenting it to the mucosal surface. However, the rheological, chemical, and interfacial properties of this complex biological fluid may strongly affect the adhesion of bioadhesive formulations. There is a need for well characterized in vitro models to assess the bioadhesive properties of oral dosage forms for administration in the oral cavity. Thus we aimed at developing an advanced ex vivo buccal retention model, with focus on choosing a physiologically relevant irrigation media closely resembling human saliva. Spray dried chitosan microparticles containing metformin hydrochloride as an example of a small hydrophilic drug, were employed as bioadhesive formulations. Chewing-stimulated human whole saliva was collected and characterized for use in retention studies in comparison with four artificial irrigation media; phosphate buffer, Saliva Orthana(®), porcine gastric mucin base media (PGM3), and xanthan gum based media (XG2). Retention of metformin, applied as spray dried microparticles on porcine buccal mucosa, greatly depended on the characteristics of the irrigation media. When rheology of the irrigation media was examined, changes in retention profiles could be interpreted, as irrigation media containing mucin and xanthan gum possessed a higher viscosity than phosphate buffer, which led to longer retention of the drug due to better hydration of the mucosa and the spray dried microparticles. Metformin retention profiles were comparable when human saliva, Saliva Orthana(®), or PGM3 were used as irrigation media. Moreover, PGM3 displayed physico-chemical properties closest to those of human saliva with regard to pH, protein content and surface tension. Saliva Orthana(®) and PGM3 are therefore considered as suitable irrigation media for further retention studies.

Transport of Europium Colloids in Vadose Zone Lysimeters at the Semiarid Hanford Site

The objective of this study was to quantify transport of Eu colloids in the vadose zone at the semiarid Hanford site. Eu-hydroxy-carbonate colloids, Eu(OH)(CO3), were applied to the surface of field lysimeters, and migration of the colloids through the sediments was monitored using wick samplers. The lysimeters were exposed to natural precipitation (145-231 mm/year) or artificial irrigation (124-348 mm/year). Wick outflow was analyzed for Eu concentrations, supplemented by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Small amounts of Eu colloids (<1%) were detected in the deepest wick sampler (2.14 m depth) 2.5 months after application and cumulative precipitation of only 20 mm. We observed rapid transport of Eu colloids under both natural precipitation and artificial irrigation; that is, the leading edge of the Eu colloids moved at a velocity of 3 cm/day within the first 2 months after application. Episodic infiltration (e.g., Chinook snowmelt events) caused peaks of Eu in the wick outflow. While a fraction of Eu moved consistent with long-term recharge estimates at the site, the main mass of Eu remained in the top 30 cm of the sediments. This study illustrates that, under field conditions, near-surface colloid mobilization and transport occurred in Hanford sediments.

Durum wheat breeding in Mediterranean environments - influence of climatic&lt;br&gt;variables on quality traits

Two durum wheat trials were carried out in Mediterranean conditions during 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 growing seasons at Plant Breeding Station-Elvas (Portugal). The experiments were conducted under rainfed conditions however, in 2012, due to extreme drought it was necessary to use artificial irrigation between booting and mid grain filling stage. Thirty durum wheat genotypes were studied and six quality parameters were evaluated: thousand kernel weight (TKW), test weight, vitreousness, protein content, SDS test and pigment content through Minolta CR 300 Colorimeter (L*a*b*) analysis. ANOVA showed that all sources of variation for four quality traits were highly significant (P < 0.001) for both years, except for SDS volume and index b* that were not significant during the two years of trials. Environmental effects showed that total water input during grain filling, appears to affect negatively grain quality by reducing test weight, TKW and semolina yield. Maximum temperatures during the same period reduced test weight, TKW, semolina yield and pigment content (L*), but increased protein content. A negative correlation was found between protein content and test weight and a positive correlation between test weight and semolina yield. Technological trait associated with pasta quality pigment index (b*) was significant different among the genotypes.

棉花节水灌溉气象等级指标

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 棉花节水灌溉气象等级指标 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201207301080 作者: 作者单位: 浙江省气候中心,中国气象科学研究院,浙江省气候中心,中国气象科学研究院,山西省气象决策服务中心,陕西省经济作物气象服务台,湖北省武汉区域气候中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划课题资助项目（2011BAD32B02）；国家标准课题资助项目（20083113-T-416） Meteorological grading indexes of water-saving irrigation for cotton Author: Affiliation: Zhejiang Climate Center,Hangzhou,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing,,China,Zhejiang Climate Center,Hangzhou,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing,,China,Shanxi Meteorological Service Center for Decision Making,Taiyuan,Shanxi Meteorological Service for Decision Making,Xian,China, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:干旱是我国棉区主要的气象灾害，构建棉花不同发育期节水灌溉气象等级指标对于优化农田灌溉、指导农业生产具有十分重要的现实意义。论文基于农田水分平衡原理，利用全国347个地面气象观测站1961-2008年逐日气象资料、89个农业气象观测站1993-2008年（其中26个站为1980-2008年）逐旬土壤相对湿度、灌溉量、逐年作物产量等资料，结合FAO-1979作物产量-水分关系函数，针对全国棉区播种-现蕾、现蕾-开花、开花-吐絮和全生育期的水分亏缺率、水分亏缺量与减产率之间的关系，构建棉花不同发育期和全生育期节水灌溉气象等级指标。除发育时段不同外，其他在研究站点选择、因素选取等方面完全一致。结果表明：棉花全生育期节水灌溉气象Ⅰ-Ⅲ级水分亏缺率（D）和水分亏缺量（辅助指标）指标分别为15%≤ D < 30%、30%≤ D < 45%、≥45%和1-2水（灌溉次数1-2次）、2-4水（灌溉次数2-4次）、≥4水（灌溉次数大于4次）；播种-现蕾为20%≤ D < 40%、40%≤ D < 50%、≥50%和0.5水、1水、>1水；现蕾-开花为20%≤ D < 35%、35%≤ D < 45%、≥45%和0.5水、1水、>1水；开花-吐絮为20%≤ D < 35%、35%≤ D < 50%、≥50%和1水、1-2水、>2水。 Abstract:Cotton is an important economic crop and ranks first among economic crops in planting area in China. There are five cotton areas which are located at South China, North China, Yangtze River basin, Yellow River basin and North-West arid regions of China. The water requirement of the whole growth stage of cotton is different in different area, which is specified as 400mm to 1000mm or more. Drought is the key factor that hinders the yield and quality of cotton in the North and North-West of China. Also the frequency of drought in different growth stages is high in some regions because of the temporal mismatch between precipitation and water-consumption of cotton and local people have to irrigate in arid years. It is believed that conventional irrigation is a luxury use of water and can be reduced without much effect on economic yield. Methods that may cut down irrigation are of considerable interest and should be explored. To optimize irrigation and provide a technical guide on agricultural production,the water-saving irrigation meteorological grading indexes in different growth stages of cotton are built in this paper, based on the farmland water balance principle, the theory of insufficient irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. Multidimensional information including daily meteorological data from 347 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2008, soil moisture data every ten-day from 89 agro-meteorological stations from 1993 to 2008 (in which 26 agro-meteorological stations from 1980 to 2008),irrigation amount and yield data are collected to analyze the relationship between the moisture deficiency rates, the quantity of water deficit and yield reduction rates of sowing -jointing stage, jointing -heading, heading-mature period and the whole growth stage of cotton referring to the product-water function (FAO-1979). Results indicate that water-saving irrigation meteorological grading indexes fromⅠ-Ⅲ level of moisture deficiency rate(D)are respectively for 15%≤D < 30%, 30%≤D < 45% and ≥45%, corresponding to 1-2 irrigations(600m3/hm2 each time), 3-4 irrigations and ≥4 irrigations for the quantity of water deficit (secondary indicators) for the whole growth stage of cotton. For sowing-budding stage, the indicators are respectively for 20%≤D < 35%, 35%≤D < 50% and ≥50%, corresponding to 0.5 irrigation, 1 irrigations and >1 irrigations. For budding-flowering stage, the indicators are respectively for 20%≤ D < 35%, 35%≤ D < 45% and ≥45%, corresponding to 1 irrigation, 1-2 irrigation and >2 irrigation. For flowering-harvesting stage, the indicators are respectively for 20%≤ D < 35%, 35%≤ D < 50% and ≥50%, corresponding to 1 irrigation, 1-2 irrigation and >2 irrigations.The index system set up in the paper is elaborated for the first time as a drought monitoring index to explore its applicability in different development stages of cotton. Besides that the drought warning and forecasting is developed by considering the weather forecast and water consumption of crops which is calculated by referring the FAO-56 function. the conclusions are based on the current level of production and management, natural water supplies and artificial irrigation. In this paper, we introduce the product-water function as the theoretical basis and use multisource data to prove these conclusions. However, there are some limitations. Firstly, we use the referring value of FAO-56 to represent the crop-coefficient approximately. Secondly, we use the precipitation index to replace the effective precipitation, ignoring the precipitation type. Thirdly, we use trend yield under drought year to express approximately the maximum yield by referring the FAO-1979 function. Actual irrigation capacity and detailed indexes should be considered in further studies. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献