Artificial Hatching Research Articles

An effective removal method of the egg shell for artificial hatching of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai

An effective removal method of the egg shell for artificial hatching of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai

Changes of quantity and form of calcium in the silkworm egg induced by artificial hatching treatment

Changes of quantity and form of calcium in the silkworm egg induced by artificial hatching treatment

Improved method of artificial hatching using imidazole derivatives and effect of the injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone on diapause breakdown in pharate first-instar larvae in the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai

Improved method of artificial hatching using imidazole derivatives and effect of the injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone on diapause breakdown in pharate first-instar larvae in the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai

Experiment of artificial hatching of the loach

Experiment of artificial hatching of the loach

325. INVESTIGATION INTO THE EXPRESSION OF HUMAN FRIENDLY BEHAVIOUR IN THE OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) - EFFECT OF IMPRINTING

In birds, filial imprinting to humans occurs after artificial hatching, which may lead to human following and sexual imprinting. We investigated the effect of imprinting on expression of favourable to human behaviours in juvenile ostriches. For the first seven days from hatching, the birds were exposed to a dummy female. At 12 months of age, a year before ostriches reach sexual maturity, the males (n = 25) were given testosterone intramuscularly in five every second day injections to induce precocial sexual behaviour. Additional six males, not exposed to the dummy, received the vehicle. Two weeks after the first injection, behavioural data collection commenced and, a range of behaviours were scored in five times over the period of 2 weeks from the last injection. The behaviours were given a score of 1 (behaviour present) or 0 (behaviour not present). The males exposed to a dummy female (n = 11) scored less for friendly to human behaviours than those not exposed to a dummy. No courtship type behaviour was observed in all males. Plasma testosterone concentrations increased and reached maximum levels by day 6 post-injection in exposed and not exposed to a dummy males but the levels were not different from the control (vehicle). We conclude that exposure to a dummy led to less friendly to human behaviour, while absence of the dummy led to more friendly behaviour towards humans. Testosterone injections failed to induce precocial sexual behaviour possibly because the amount given was insufficient or the birds could not yet express sexual behaviour to humans. The levels of testosterone in blood plasma occurred coincidently as they were probably associated with pre-pubertal development.

Threatened fishes of the world: Acipenser schrenckii Brandt, 1869 (Acipenseridae)

Common name: Amur sturgeon (English). Conservation status: Endangered—IUCN Red List, Classified under Appendix II of CITES, Endangered—China Species Red List. Identification: D 35–54, A 19–33, P 35, V 25. Five rows of scutes: D 11–19, L 30–47, V 4–11. Gill rakers: 31–48 (Zhang 1995). Triangular head, inferior and small mouth elongated and depressed snout, two pairs of barbels (Yue and Chen 1998). There are two distinct morphs of Amur sturgeon: brown and grey (Krykhtin and Svirskii 1997). Figure from Wei et al. (1997). Distribution: The species is distributed throughout the Amur River basin, as well as the Ussuri and Sungari (Songhuajiang) rivers, and also can be found in Japan due to the possibility of anadromous migration (Shmigirilov et al. 2007). Abundance: Declining dramatically from the 1930s, with natural stock unknown as yet. Habitat and ecology: A typical benthic feeder. Feeds on bottom invertebrates and mollusks, as well as small fishes (Shmigirilov et al. 2007). Dwells in the middle to lower layers of deep eddy currents. Reproduction: Late sexual maturity (7–24 years). Spawning period from late May to early July. Fecundity ranges from 114 000 to 1 292 000 with mean of 385 000 (Zhang 1995). Threats: Stock has been destroyed by illegal poaching and overfishing (Yue and Chen 1998). Contamination of the Amur River and its tributaries is also a potential threat. Conservation action: Local regulations for the protection, enacted in the 1950s and renewed in 1982, and conservation efforts by China in 1998 were insufficient to prevent stock decline. Collaboration and cooperation between China and Russia play a crucial role in Amur sturgeon conservation. Conservation recommendations: Fishing regulations must be strictly implemented, with emphasis on fishing prohibition period and areas. Artificial hatching and releasing of raised young Amur sturgeons into rivers should be considered.

Analysis on the Variation Expression of Difficult-Dissolved-Proteins of Diapause Eggs After Activating by Acid Treatment

Using HCl to activate the diapause eggs is a traditional technique of artificial hatching applied in silkworm egg production. Its mechanism has not yet been clarified. This experiment explored the effect of HCl on the termination of diapause of silkworm eggs cold-stored for 45 days from the point of proteomes. Two-dimensional electrophoresis techniques and ESIMS-MS were used to compare and analyze the variation expression of difficult-dissolved-proteins of diapause eggs coldstored for 45 days before and after acid treatment. Through analysis on the two-dimensional electrophoretogram, there were 296 dots before acid treatment and 302 after the treatment, respectively. Amongst them 265 dots were matchable. The matchability reached 88.6%. There were 31 specific protein dots before acid treatment and 37 after acid treatment, respectively. ESI-MS-MS analysis was conducted for two specific protein-rich dots which disappeared after acid treatment. The results indicated that the sequence of No. 1 protein dot had 55 amino acids' peptide matched with those of chorion protein ( Bombyx mori). While the sequence of No. 2 protein dot had only 15 amino acids' peptide matched with those of heat shock protein hsp 19.9 ( Bombyx mori), and it was presumed to be an unknown protein. The difficult-dissolvedproteins of diapause eggs have variation expression after acid treatment. Some proteins before and after acid treatment are changed in MW.

A Study on Artificial Hatching of Chinese Bombyx mandarina Moore

Diapause eggs of Bombyx mandarina Moore from Wujiang, Jiangsu Province, China, were used to study the artificial hatching of B. mandarina Moore. The results showed that the highest hatchability was obtained by instant treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl, specific gravity 1.065–1.075) for 5 min under 46°C. After the B. mandarina eggs were cold stored at 5°C for 40 days, the highest hatchability was obtained by treatment with HCl (specific gravity 1.092) for 6 minutes under 47.8°C. For the B. mandarina eggs that were stored at 25°C for 28 d and men cold-stored at 5°C for 0–100 days, the highest hatchability was obtained by treatment with HCl (specific gravity 1.092) for 6 min at 47.8°C. The longer the cold storage period, the higher was the hatchability. Acid treatment on diapause eggs of B. mandarina for 6 mins at 47.8°C with hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.092) before hatching in spring could obviously shorten the hatching stage and increase the hatchability.

천잠알의 수시부화 및 최청법 개선

천잠의 연중 실내사육법을 확립하고자 천잠의 의잠절식, 수시부화 및 최청법을 조사하였다. 천잠의 일시소잠을 위하여 의잠을 절식 실험한 결과, <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> 와 <TEX>$5^{\circ}C$</TEX> 에서 1일간 보호한 4령기잠기 생존율이 각각 83.3% 및 96.0% 로 의잠 절식기간의 보호온도가 낮을수록 생존율이 높았다. 연중 다회사육을 위해 수시부화실험을 한 결과, 천잠알을 2개월 냉장할 경우에는 <TEX>$5^{\circ}C$</TEX>가 좋았으나 6개월 이상 냉장하여 사용할 경우에는 <TEX>$2.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>또는 <TEX>$0^{\circ}C$</TEX>에 보호하는 것이 실용부화비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 일시부화에 적합한 천잠알의 보호조건을 조사한 결과, 관행적 최청방법 (<TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> 보호)으로는 5-6일 걸리는 천잠알의 부화가 <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX> 예비최청과 암최청 방법의 도입으로 2일간에 80% 가 부화하는 좋은 성적을 얻을 수 있었다. We investigated starvation of hatching larvae, occasional artificial hatching and incubation method to establish year-round rearing of the wild silkmoth, Antheraea yamamai. In the test of starvation of hatching larvae for brushing at a time, the survival rate of the fourth instar of larvae starved for 1 day after hatching in <TEX>$25^{\circ}C\;and\;5^{\circ}C$</TEX> was 83.3% and 96.0%, respectively. The result represents that the survival rate is high at low temperature during starvation. In the occasional artificial hatching test for multi-times rearing of A. yamamai, the useful hatchability is high at <TEX>$5^{\circ}C$</TEX> in case of preserving eggs for 2 months from incubation time, and at both <TEX>$2.5^{\circ}C\;and\;0^{\circ}C$</TEX> in case of over 6 months. A new incubation method with pre-incubation at <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 24 D photoperiod showed high hatchability about 80% for only 2 days compared with hatching for 5-6 days in traditional incubation method with the preservation at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>.

Ranching as a Method of Conservation of the wild population of Horsfield’s Tortoise, Agrionemys horsfieldii

Since 1997, associates of Zoocomplex (Tashkent, Uzbekistan) implemented studies on hatching the Horsfield’s tortoise on farms at commercial levels. The technology of collection and incubation of eggs, and the ranching of young tortoises, was mastered. Several methods were applied to obtain eggs from tortoises constantly kept in captivity, those temporarily kept in the nursery, and incubated eggs collected in the wild (R). According to CITES, R (ranching) is a method based on the collection of eggs, incubation and artificial hatching. Totally, 20,000 eggs were obtained. Some eggs from various ranges were measured and weighed. Differences in sizes and weight of eggs collected from areas with different natural conditions were recorded. Egg length varied from 36.1 to 56.5 mm. The survival rate of eggs constituted 75%. A positive correlation between body sizes of hatched tortoises with egg sizes was recorded. The size of hatched tortoises reached 25.2 to 48.6 mm; the weight was about 20 g. During seven months of rearing, 5% of hatched tortoises died (against 70 – 90% in the wild). Of 15,000 hatched tortoises, recorded were 29 twin pairs, of which 13 pairs were normal and 16 pairs were asymmetrical twins; four terato-twin abnormalities with varying levels of terato-duplication were recorded.

STUDY ON THE TEMPERATURE REGIME IN INCUBATION OF MUSCOVY DUCK EGGS I. STUDY ON TEMPERATURE REGIME IN NATURAL HATCHED MUSCOVY DUCK EGGS

Study was carried out on the temperature regime on the surface of naturally hatched Muscovy duck eggs with the aim of its specifying during artificial incubation. Egg fertility and hatchability during the whole period of study were reported in the experimental hatches. Depending on the period of the embryo development, on the ambient temperature and the egg position in the nest, the surface temperature of the naturally hatched Muscovy duck eggs varied between 35.78 and 38.87о С. The temperature increase of the upper egg surface after the 20th – 23st day of the embryonic development to 37.92 - 38.87о С was due to the use of yolk fats by the embryos leading to the release of more heat. As a result of the observations on the temperature regime of the surface of naturally hatched Muscovy duck eggs, we recommend that during artificial hatching of eggs from the same waterfowl species the following temperature should be maintained: – until closing of the allantois - 37.6 – 37.8 о С. – from closing of the allantois until the transfer into the hatchery - 37.2 – 37.5 оС. – in the hatchery - 36.7 – 37.0 оС. – water cooling of eggs by it twofold per day sprying with distilled water at 18–20°С, since 20th, instead of 8th or 16th day of embryonary development, or accomplish it in hatchery only.

Induced nest spawning and artificial hatching of the fertilized eggs of mudskipper,Boleophthalmus pectinirostris

In this study, nest spawning was successfully induced by exogenous hormone injections and seawater flow stimulation, and optimum condition for hatching fertilized eggs of burrow fish mudskipper,Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, was searched. Apart from spawning inside the nests, females also spawned outside the nests. The percentages of spawned nests were 8.0% to 24.2%. Most eggs were observed adhered to the inner wall of the top half of the nest. Fertilization rates of the nest-spawned eggs varied from 17.3% to 80.8%. Females could spawn after being artificially confined inside the nests with males at ratios of 1∶1 or 1∶2, but the spawned eggs were not fertilized. Mean hatching rates of artificially fertilized eggs incubated in round plastic buckets were 32.7%–70.6%, and in the net cages, were 4.2%–20.5%, respectively. Mean hatching rates of nest-fertilized eggs incubated in the round plastic buckets were 33.6%–76.3%, and in the net cages, were 5.9%–25.2%. Results showed that round bucket incubation was the best way for hatching fertilized eggs of mudskipper. Keeping the hatching seawater flowing is an important way for increasing the hatching rates of the mudskipper fertilized eggs.

Detection of Proteins with a High Affinity for Imidazole Insect Growth Regulator, KK-42

For explanation on mode of action of KK-42, an imidazole insect growth regulator, an amine analog of KK-42 (1-(3-aminopropyl)-5-[(E)-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadienyl]imidazole, ADHI) has been designed and prepared as a ligand to detect proteins with high affinity in pharate first larvae of wild silk moth associated with artificial hatching. The mode of action of KK-42 for induction of precocious metamorphosis is speculated to be an inhibition of ecdysteroid biosynthesis at the prothoracic gland (PG). Since the PG in 5th instar larvae of silkworm on day 7 has strong biosynthetic activity and is sensitive to KK-42, a supernatant of a homogenate of the PG was applied to ADHI-Sepharose. After optimization of the condition of affinity chromatography, a single protein was eluted with free KK-42. This protein did not bind to the affinity gel when incubated with KK-42 before the application.

Fertilized eggs obtained from transplantation of frozen ovaries and parthenogenesis in combination with artificial insemination of frozen semen of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

A reliable method is reported for the long-term preservation of ovaries and spermatozoa of the silkworm ( Bombyx mori). Three studies are presented. In the first, ovaries were removed from larvae at either 3rd, 4th, or 5th instar, cryopreserved, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Thawed ovaries were transplanted to surgically castrated female larvae at the same or a different developmental stage. The highest percentage of recipient females producing eggs resulted into either 3rd or 4th instar larvae (respectively, 22.1 and 8.7%). Similarly, the highest levels of other measurements of successful cryopreservation and transplanted ovary, and number of eggs laid, occurred with the same combination of donor and recipient developmental stages. Other combinations of ovary/recipient developmental stages yielded lower results. In the second experiment, semen was collected from male moths, cryopreserved, and then thawed semen was diluted with trypsin solution and artificially inseminated into females obtained from the best conditions of first experiment. A small percentage of inseminated moths laid eggs (8–10.3%) compared to that of controls (100%). In addition, the fertility of eggs from experimental moths was lower than that of control females (respectively, 40.3–88% and 97.5%). In the third experiment, eggs were surgically removed from ovarian tubules of moth following transplantation of thawed ovaries and subjected to parthenogenetic activation and artificial hatching. As expected, all resulting moths were female and, following natural mating or artificial insemination with thawed semen, yielded normal offspring at high rates.

Effect of hydrogen ion on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) egg hatchability in brackish water

The effect of hydrogen ion on egg hatchability of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) in brackish water was studied. A bioassay using the artificial hatching of fertilized M. rosenbergii eggs in flow-through system was employed in this study . The experimental conditions were set at salinity 12 g/l, temperature 30 °C, DO >5 mg/l, unionized ammonia <0.025 mg/l, and a pH range between 5 and 10. The results indicated that M. rosenbergii egg hatchability is extremely sensitive to hydrogen ion concentration in brackish water. In brackish water of 12 g/l salinity, the highest hatching rate was detected at pH 7.0 with value of 92.22±1.72%. At pH 6.5 and 7.5, hatching rates drastically dropped to 5.00±3.50% and 13.33±2.98%, respectively. While at pH of 5.0, 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0, the hatching rates were zero. This study implies that pH of the brackish water for M. rosenbergii hatchery operation should be maintained at 7. This will increase the hatching success of the prawns and reduce the number of brood stock required for the hatchery operation.

Incubation of psittacine eggs

Artificial incubation is a widespread practice in intensive avicultural establishments. It is used primarily as a means of increasing production, both by increasing the number of eggs laid per hen and by minimizing the spread of disease. As more and more aviculturists turn to artificial incubation to increase production, veterinarians will increasingly be called on for advice and assistance. This article discusses the principles of artificial incubation and hatching and discusses the requirements for assisted hatching.

Effects of hatching factors on potato cyst nematode hatch and in-egg mortality in soil and in vitro

AbstractThe exogenous application to three Globodera pallida-infested fields of tomato root leachate (TRL) containing hatching factors increased nematode hatch and in-egg mortality, particularly in a highly organic soil, and in a sandy but not in a clay soil. The most active concentrations of TRL (7.5-12.5 mg m-2) resulted in a reduction of between 69 and 79% in the number of viable eggs per cyst recovered 12 weeks after TRL application. At high hatching factor concentrations, supra-optimal inhibition of both hatch and in-egg mortality was observed; generally, hatch and in-egg mortality exhibited similar dosage-responses to TRL. A significant TRL dosage-hatch response was observed at 4 weeks after TRL application only in the sandy soil. In vitro, a G. pallida population exhibiting moderate hatch gave similar hatching and in-egg mortality responses as in the field experiment. The response of the PCN populations in vitro was found to be dependent on the physiological state of the egg/juvenile complex, with egg populations in diapause responding to the presence of natural and artificial hatching factors by exhibiting increased in-egg mortality but not increased hatch. The results are discussed in relation to novel G. pallida control measures.

クロマグロの人工ふ化飼育とその再生産に関する研究

クロマグロの人工ふ化飼育とその再生産に関する研究

Change of electric potential in the silkworm egg during the embryogenesis induced by artificial hatching

Change of electric potential in the silkworm egg during the embryogenesis induced by artificial hatching

Resolution of natural hatching factors for golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis

Summary.The hatching responses of Globodera rostochiensis (golden potato cyst nematode) to purified and partially‐purified preparations of natural (including the potato glycoalkaloids solanine and α‐chaconine) and artificial hatching factors (HFs) were bimodal. At least 10 HFs, mostly anionic, were resolved from potato root leachate by a combination of gel permeation and ion‐exchange chromatography. Whereas potato roots were the principal source of HFs, haulm leachate also contained such chemicals. Root leachate from aseptically‐grown potato plants lacked several HFs which were present in conventionally‐produced leachate.