Articular Surfaces Of Bones Research Articles

Exploring the Bilateral Comparisons of Articular Surfaces of Talus: An Observational Study at Tertiary Health Care Center in Pune City

Background: The existing conclusive data show variations in the subtalar joint regarding its morphological features and articulation of bones. Inadequate studies exist on the morphometry of articular surfaces of the talus which may help in surgical interventions and development of implants and prostheses in diverse populations. Purpose: The current study was undertaken to conduct a bilateral comparison of parameters of articulating surfaces of talus. Material and Methods: An observational study design was carried out at one of the private medical colleges in the Pune district of Maharashtra. A total of 100 (fifty-one from right side and forty-nine left-sided tali) dry human talar bones were collected and various dimensions of articular surfaces of bones were measured by Digital Vernier Caliper and Ruler. The data analysis was performed and results were tabulated and presented graphically. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in bilateral measurements of lateral articular surface height (LASH) of talar bones. The difference was not significant (p>0.05) for all other parameters. Conclusions: The study inferences can be applied as a guide and baseline information for surgical measures, inflammatory disease management, and forensic anthropologists. KEYWORDS: Articular Surface, Bilateral, Talus, Trochlear Length.

Development of National Arthroplasty (Results of 30-Year Research)

Abstract. Development of modern arthroplasty in Ukraine, according to Academician of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine O.O. Korzh, began thanks to the activities of O.Ye. Loskutov (Dnipro) who managed to create his own Ukrainian endoprosthesis on the basis of the relevant enterprises of the city and establish specialized endoprosthetic clinic. The article reflects 30 years of experience in the de velopment of national arthroplasty. To solve the problem of development of national arthroplasty, the Orthopedic Joint Replacement initiative program (ORTEN) has been developed. For this purpose, an intersectoral problem laboratory was created which united the efforts of the scientists of different specialties and key enterprises of the Dnipro region. Biomechanical researches on native studying of mechanical properties of articular sites of bones have been carried out through mathematical modeling. Estimation of a stress-strain state of subchondral, spongy bone and various sites of long bones in "bone-implant" system has been carried out in order to define primary and secondary stability of different kinds of the developed im plants. Numerous biochemical, histochemical and toxicological studies on laboratory animals have been performed to evaluate the effects of implant materials and the developed types of protective coatings. X-ray morphometric and anthropometric studies of articular surfaces of bones were used in various pathologies of the joints for the development of implants; technical methods were used to assess the mechanical properties of implants under load. The developed designs of endoprostheses have passed certification and have been brought into pro duction. Clinical introduction of domestic endoprostheses was implemented in the Ukraine’s first specialized department of joint arthroplasty which was opened in Dnipro. The developed methods and methodological support for the use of the elaborated designs of endoprostheses allowed to organize the basic training of Ukrainian specialists through the Basic Course of Prof. O.Ye. Loskutov which was taken by almost 350 Ukrainian orthopedists.

Initial displacement of the intra-articular surface after articular fracture correlates with PTA in C57BL/6 mice but not "superhealer" MRL/MpJ mice.

Posttraumatic arthritis (PTA) occurs commonly after articular fracture and may arise, in part, from joint surface incongruity after injury. MRL/MpJ (MRL) "super-healer" mice are protected from PTA compared to C57BL/6 (B6) mice following articular fracture. However, the relationship between the initial displacement of the articular surface, biologic response, and susceptibility to PTA after fracture remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess whether joint incongruity after articular fracture, as measured by in vivo micro-computed tomography (microCT), could predict pathomechanisms of PTA in mice. B6 and MRL mice (n = 12/strain) received a closed articular fracture (fx) of the left tibial plateau. Articular incongruity was quantified as bone surface deviations (BSD) for each in vivo microCT scan obtained from pre-fx to 8 weeks post-fx, followed by histologic assessment of arthritis. Serum concentrations of bone formation (PINP) and bone resorption (CTX-I) biomarkers were quantified longitudinally. Both strains showed increases in surface incongruity over time, as measured by increases in BSD. In B6 mice, acute surface incongruity was significantly correlated to the severity of PTA (R 2 = 0.988; p = .0006), but not in MRL mice (R 2 = 0.224; p = .220). PINP concentrations significantly decreased immediately post-fx in B6 mice (p = .023) but not in MRL mice, indicating higher bone synthesis in MRL mice. MRL/MpJ mice demonstrate a unique biologic response to articular fracture such that the observed articular bone surface displacement does not correlate with the severity of subsequent PTA. Clinical Relevance: Identifying therapies to enhance acute biologic repair following articular fracture may mitigate the risk of articular surface displacement for PTA.

Reassessment of the postcranial anatomy of Prozostrodon brasiliensis and implications for postural evolution of non-mammaliaform cynodonts

ABSTRACTPostcranial anatomical studies on non-mammaliaform cynodonts are essential for understanding postural and locomotor advances in mammalian evolution and provide information about the transition from the sprawling posture of basal synapsids to a more erect posture. Nevertheless, the number of functional analyses of this group remains small because little postcranial material has been discovered and the articular surfaces of bones are rarely preserved. Here, we present a detailed description of the postcranial skeleton of Prozostrodon brasiliensis (Probainognathia, Prozostrodontia), a non-mammaliaform cynodont from the Upper Triassic of Brazil (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Candelária Sequence), closely related to Mammaliaformes. The study adds new information on postcranial morphology, and functional implications are investigated. Prozostrodon brasiliensis had a semisprawling forelimb and a more therian-like erect hind limb. These results confirm that the evolution of an erect posture and a new muscular orientation of the hind limb occurred within Cynodontia before the appearance of the clade Mammaliaformes.

Two types of bone necrosis in the Middle Triassic Pistosaurus longaevus bones: the results of integrated studies.

Avascular necrosis, diagnosed on the basis of either a specific pathological modification of the articular surfaces of bone or its radiologic appearance in vertebral centra, has been recognized in many Mesozoic marine reptiles as well as in present-day marine mammals. Its presence in the zoological and paleontologic record is usually associated with decompression syndrome, a disease that affects secondarily aquatic vertebrates that could dive. Bone necrosis can also be caused by infectious processes, but it differs in appearance from decompression syndrome-associated aseptic necrosis. Herein, we report evidence of septic necrosis in the proximal articular surface of the femur of a marine reptile, Pistosaurus longaevus, from the Middle Triassic of Poland and Germany. This is the oldest recognition of septic necrosis associated with septic arthritis in the fossil record so far, and the mineralogical composition of pathologically altered bone is described herein in detail. The occurrence of septic necrosis is contrasted with decompression syndrome-associated avascular necrosis, also described in Pistosaurus longaevus bone from Middle Triassic of Germany.

A 6-DOF parallel bone-grinding robot for cervical disc replacement surgery.

Artificial cervical disc replacement surgery has become an effective and main treatment method for cervical disease, which has become a more common and serious problem for people with sedentary work. To improve cervical disc replacement surgery significantly, a 6-DOF parallel bone-grinding robot is developed for cervical bone-grinding by image navigation and surgical plan. The bone-grinding robot including mechanical design and low level control is designed. The bone-grinding robot navigation is realized by optical positioning with spatial registration coordinate system defined. And a parametric robot bone-grinding plan and high level control have been developed for plane grinding for cervical top endplate and tail endplate grinding by a cylindrical grinding drill and spherical grinding for two articular surfaces of bones by a ball grinding drill. Finally, the surgical flow for a robot-assisted cervical disc replacement surgery procedure is present. The final experiments results verified the key technologies and performance of the robot-assisted surgery system concept excellently, which points out a promising clinical application with higher operability. Finally, study innovations, study limitations, and future works of this present study are discussed, and conclusions of this paper are also summarized further. This bone-grinding robot is still in the initial stage, and there are many problems to be solved from a clinical point of view. Moreover, the technique is promising and can give a good support for surgeons in future clinical work.

Observations of the Acetabulum and Proximal Femur of the Dire Wolf (Canis dirus, Leidy 1854)

individuals, including 23 ace- tabula and 23 proximal femora. The specimens are curated at the Page Museum, Rancho La Brea, CA USA. We selected specimens for the appearance of subtle pathology because our observation plan was lim- ited to establishing whether features of coxofemoral degenerative joint disease (DJD) would be observed on the acetabular fossa, medial articular margin, articular bone surface, lateral articular margin, and peri-articular structure. Similarly, evaluation of femora included articular surface and margin, peri-articular structure, and joint capsule attachment.

Quantitative in vivo assessment of bone microarchitecture in the human knee using HR-pQCT

ObjectiveHigh-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is a novel imaging modality capable of visualizing bone microarchitecture in vivo at human peripheral sites such as the distal radius and distal tibia. This research has extended the technology to provide a non-invasive assessment of bone microarchitecture at the human knee by establishing new hardware, imaging protocols and data analysis. DesignA custom leg holder was developed to stabilize a human knee centrally within a second generation HR-pQCT field of view. Five participants with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions had their knee joint imaged in a continuous scan of 6cm axially. The nominal isotropic voxel size was 60.7μm. Bone mineral density and microarchitecture were assessed within the weight-bearing regions of medial and lateral compartments of the knee at three depths from the weight-bearing articular bone surface, including both the cortical and trabecular bone regions. ResultsScan duration was approximately 18min per knee and produced 5GB of projection data and 10GB of reconstructed image data (2304×2304 image matrix, 1008 slices). Motion during the scan was minimized by the leg holder and was similar in magnitude as a scan of the distal tibia. Bone mineral density and microarchitectural parameters were assessed for 16 volumes of interest in the tibiofemoral joint. ConclusionsThis is a new non-invasive in vivo assessment tool for bone microarchitecture in the human knee that provides an opportunity to gain insight into normal, injured and surgically reconstructed human knee bone architecture in cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

Morphological study of the articular surfaces of bones forming the tibiofibular mortise in south Indian population

We can now create life without the need for sperm or eggs, with the power to revolutionise fertility. Should we, asks Elie Dolgin

Wolff's law in action: a mechanism for early knee osteoarthritis.

There is growing interest in the role of bone in knee osteoarthritis. Bone is a dynamic organ, tightly regulated by a multitude of homeostatic controls, including genetic and environmental factors. One such key environmental regulator of periarticular bone is mechanical stimulation, which, according to Wolff’s law, is a key determinant of bone properties. Wolff’s law theorizes that repetitive loading of bone will cause adaptive responses enabling the bone to better cope with these loads. Despite being an adaptive response of bone, the remodeling process may inadvertently trigger maladaptive responses in other articular structures. Accumulating evidence at the knee suggests that expanding articular bone surface area is driven by mechanical stimulation and is a strong predictor of articular cartilage loss. Similarly, fractal analysis of bone architecture provides further clues that bone adaptation may have untoward consequences for joint health. This review hypothesizes that adaptations of periarticular bone in response to mechanical stimulation cause maladaptive responses in other articular structures that mediate the development of knee osteoarthritis. A potential disease paradigm to account for such a hypothesis is also proposed, and novel therapeutic targets that may have a bone-modifying effect, and therefore potentially a disease-modifying effect, are also explored.

Multi-pelvis characterisation of articular cartilage geometry

The shape of the acetabular cartilage follows the contact stress distribution across the joint. Accurate characterisation of this geometry may be useful for the development of acetabular cup devices that are more biomechanically compliant. In this study, the geometry of the acetabular cartilage was characterised by taking plaster moulds of the acetabulum from 24 dry bone human pelvises and digitising the mould shapes using a three-dimensional laser scanner. The articular bone surface geometry was analysed, and the shape of the acetabulum was approximated by fitting a best-fit sphere. To test the hypothesis that the acetabulum is non-spherical, a best-fit ellipsoid was also fitted to the geometry. In each case, points around the acetabular notch edge that disclosed the articular surface geometry were identified, and vectors were drawn between these and the best-fit sphere or ellipsoid centre. The significantly larger z radii (into the pole) of the ellipsoids indicated that the acetabulum was non-spherical and could imply that the kinematics of the hip joint is more complex than purely rotational motion, and the traditional ball-and-socket replacement may need to be updated to reflect this motion. The acetabular notch edges were observed to be curved, with males exhibiting deeper, wider and shorter notches than females, although the difference was not statistically significant (mean: p = 0.30) and supports the use of non-gender-specific models in anatomical studies.

Does the combination of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine delay the cartilage destruction in ochronopathy?

Dear Editors, We have read with great interest and appreciation the article entitled ‘‘Ochronosis, arthroscopy of a black knee: a case report and review of the literature’’ by Raaijmaakers et al. [8]. In their case report, they are reporting a patient first diagnosed by arthroscopy of the knee and saying that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate seem to have a positive effect on the complaints caused by ochronotic arthropathy. As far as we know, this case report is not the third case in the literature that the diagnosis was made by arthroscopy of the knee. This is the fourth case in the literature. The first case in the literature has been reported by Lurie and Musil [6] in 1984. They described a case of monoarticular knee arthritis in a 52-year-old woman in whom the diagnosis of ochronosis was suggested by arthroscopy. The authors say that they diagnosed the patient using her clinic-arthroscopic and laboratory findings but did not provide information about the histopathologic findings. Did they have any pathologic specimen from this case? If there were not any positive findings with laboratory tests, what would they do without a pathologic specimen? There are a few conditions in which this type of blackish discoloration of articular surfaces of bones occurs. These are given as follows: (a) Ochronosis (alkaptonuria), (b) Chronic phenol poisoning, (c) Burns, (d) Artifact, (e) Drugs [9].

Pigmentation of Articular Surfaces of Bones as an Identification Factor

One of the classic problems of forensic pathology, the identification of a skeletal remains, involves techniques and expertise that span a number of disciplines. This forensic endeavor offers a more challenging and creative exercise because identification with medical and legal certainty often requires thinking beyond routine workups. Identification workups are creative in developing features that are unique as presented by an individual decedent. In this case report, a rare pathologic condition, ochronosis, has helped in the accurate identification of an individual from a systematic skeletal remains examination.

Transchondral fractures (osteochondritis dissecans) of the talus.

“This report is intended to draw attention to the points of misunderstanding and to clarify them in the light of the information gained from a thorough study [of transchondral fractures of the talus].... A transchondral fracture is a fracture of the articular surface of a bone, produced by a force transmitted from the articular surface of a contiguous bone across the joint and through the articular cartilage to the subchondral trabeculae of the fractured bone. Either of two physical types of fracture may result. First, the fracture may result in a small area of compressed trabeculae, with or without demonstrable damage to the overlying cartilage. Or it may be an avulsion of an osteocartilaginous flake.” Anatomic studies on cadaver limbs demonstrated the etiological mechanism of transchondral fractures of the lateral border of the talar dome. As the foot is inverted on the leg, the lateral border of the dome is compressed against the face of the fibula (Stage One), while the collateral ligament remains intact. Further inversion ruptures the lateral ligament and begins avulsion of the chip (Stage Two), which may be completely detached but remain in place (Stage Three) or be displaced by inversion (Stage Four). We believe that the traumatic etiology of the lesion has been confirmed both clinically and experimentally. The problems of clinical and roentgenographic diagnosis are discussed and illustrated by case histories. Various forms of treatment are evaluated, and the prognosis appraised.

Paraarticular soft tissue changes in systemic diseases

ALTS ARE PRECIPITATED in articular and periarticular structures during the course of a number of systemic disorders. The conditions share a common clinical picture of recurrent acute episodes of articular and periarticular inflammation induced by crystal deposition. These diseases include pseudogout, calcific periarthritis, metastatic calcification, and gout. Each of these entities has characteristic radiologic findings. Pseudogout The pseudogout syndrome is characterized by episodes of abrupt onset of pain, swelling, redness, and heat involving a single joint or just a few joints. Knees and wrists are predilected. The patient is acutely ill with fever for 2-4 days followed by gradual disappearance of symptoms over the next couple of weeks. Attacks can be aborted by the aspiration of joint fluid. This fluid contains crystals of calcium pyrophosphate which are rhombic or rod shaped and yield a weakly positive birefringence with polarized light. Roentgenograms almost invariably reveal calcification of the fibrocartilage menisci of the knees and frequently of the fibrocartilages of the wrists, hips, shoulders, and the symphysis pubis. l6 Calcification of hyaline articular cartin%ge, manifest by a delicate line of punctate calcification paralleling the articular surface of bone, is usually seen in the knees and may also be noted in other affected joints. Martel et al. observed tendon calcifications in 9 of 19