Clothing Articles Research Articles

The musculoskeletal abnormalities of the Similaun Iceman ("ÖTZI"): clues to chronic pain and possible treatments.

Background and IntroductionIn 1991, a deceased human male was found frozen in a glacier pool in the Italian Alps in north west Italy, and is now carefully preserved in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, in Bolzano, Italy. The bodily tissues of the 5,300 year old male (colloquially referred to as the Iceman or Ötzi) were well preserved despite damage related to freezing, and glacial movement. Associated articles of well-preserved clothing, tools, weapons and other devices were also present and have been studied in detail. Clinical examination and imaging investigations have also shown that the Icemen had experienced possible illnesses in his lifetime and had identifiable areas of arthritis and musculoskeletal injury. This report includes some key observations on the musculoskeletal state of Ötzi and reference to the involvement of tattoo markings. Some aspects about the aetiology of his abnormalities and inflammatory arthritis are considered along with possible treatments that he might have employed.Methods and resultsWe (WFK and MK) undertook a clinical musculoskeletal examination of the Iceman, details of which with available photographs and radiographic imaging pertaining to the musculoskeletal findings of the Iceman are reported here. The skin of the Iceman has numerous linear carbon tattoos, which are not of a decorative type. These have been presumed to possibly be “medicinal” tattoos administered for therapeutic reasons and may have been used in acupuncture-like treatment of pain. Spinal imaging identified areas of spinal damage and our observations have provided clues as to possible sites of spinal initiated pain and hence sites for administration of the “medicinal” tattoos. We observed body areas of the Iceman, in which imaging demonstrated arthritis and other forms of long-term musculoskeletal damage, but which do not have adjacent or corresponding “medicinal” tattoos. We contend that the back and leg “medicinal” tattoos correspond directly to sites of chronic right knee and right ankle pain, and left thoracolumbar pain. They also correspond to lower lumbar and sciatic referred radicular pain which may have a contributory cause related to the presence of a transitional lumbar 5 vertebra. Using recent published data (Keller et al. in Nature Commun 3:698, 2012. doi:10.1038/ncomms1701) of the genome structure of the Iceman, we suggest some potential causes of the osteoarthritis or inflammatory joint injury may relate to presence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) infection. We speculate on possible medical applications of natural products for self-medication.ConclusionsThese observations highlight several diagnostic features of musculoskeletal conditions in the Iceman with the possibility that tattoos may have been used for diagnosis or location of his painful states. The origins of his musculoskeletal conditions are unclear but there are indications that Lyme disease and CHD may have been factors. The associations or use of natural products may give insights into their applications at the time of the life of the Iceman.

Diméthylfumarate : vie et survie d’un haptène

The story of the dimethyl fumarate allergy is a summary of the various problems put in dermato-allergy. It has needed first of all, to perceive the originality of some cases and to identify the causal agent. This substance was used as anti-mould in objects of common use: armchairs, sofas and clothing articles, mainly shoes. The symptoms does not seem to limit itself to skin because respiratory and ophtalmologic symptoms are indicated by patients’ associations as well as certain degree of persistence It is thus important to confirm it and to envisage a follow-up of the patients. Finally, the institutional attentivenesses, the legislator and the administrations asked to apply their decisions also had an important role to eliminate this severe allergic contact dermatitis.

Protection or pleasure: female footwear

This article addresses the love for shoes by the perspective of design and emotion. Reviewing the footwear history, we realize that it did not take too long for the shoes start to have new functions, aesthetic and symbolic, which eventually came to have greater relevance in the acquisition of women's shoes. Today, these outweigh the importance of physical comfort for many women, that once feeling pretty, do not realize the discomfort of the shoe. Studies indicate that the objects we love have a strong influence on our sense of identity, especially when dealing with clothing articles that have the power to show on our appearance our identity, tastes and preferences. Crossing the semiotics field, the footwear is analyzed as an object of feminine desire, imbued with symbolic relations. As a result, we propose a framework to describe the emotional relationship between women and shoes.

Emerging applications of nanomedicine in dermatology

Nanotechnology is a new branch of engineering consisting of the usage of nanoscale particles (100 nm and smaller). Nanomedicine is the application of nanoscale technologies for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in medicine. Nanodermatology, nanotechnology applied to dermatology, represents one of the most advanced field for which an increasing interest, both economic and scientific, is rising. The skin is the first point of contact for a whole host of nanomaterials, ranging from topical preparations, articles of clothing and household products, to sporting goods and industrial manufactured goods. Applications of nanomedicine in dermatology include new direction in medical diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. Gold nanoparticle, quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles are used in non-invasive nanoimaging of high-resolution dermoscopy, microscopy, nanopunch, and spectroscopy, offering advanced diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Nanotherapeutics has been considered in immunotherapy, genetherapy, and drug therapy. In drug therapy, because of size reduction or encapsulation of drug particles, the therapeutic potential of water insoluble and unstable drugs improve, and also facilitate the delivery of small molecules across blood, skin, nails, and pilosebaceous unit. To review therapeutic applications and benefits of nanomedicine in esthetic dermatology, treatment of malignancies, and inflammatory skin diseases.

Analysis of Value Chain and Sources of Differentiation in International Fashion Markets

1. Introduction The growing liberalisation of foreign trade for clothing products, tied to greater internationalisation of the economy, have notably changed the environment in which Galician companies operate. On the one hand there are commercial opportunities for growth in foreign markets, as well as the possibility of finding raw materials and low labour costs. However, there is growing competition from Southeast Asian countries such as China, India, Hong Kong which, thanks to their very low labour costs, are absorbing more and more both basic clothes-making tasks as well as those tasks that generate greater value (Buelens, 2005)--e.g. clothing products that have a high value-added-. Within this new international context, it is very appropriate to analyse the entire value chain to detect both those strategic activities (and stages of the chain) as well as the competitive factors. This will enable greater orientation of both production decisions--e.g. subcontracting--as well as commercialisation decisions. Therefore, this paper aims to make progress in the strategic analysis of the value chain of the textile-clothing sector. This aspect is extremely important, especially if we analyse international markets, given that some value chain activities may be subcontracted or relocated in other markets. Thus, those liberated resources would be concentrated on those activities that could potentially generate greater value-added, which would lead to greater competitiveness and a better market focus. More specifically, the aim of this paper is to address three issues. Firstly, to define those priority or basic activities of the value chain, which would enable us to know which activities should be subcontracted and which ones should not. At the same time, we aim to identify the competitive factors on which Galician companies must act to improve their competitive position in the international fashion and clothing market. Next, we attempt to analyse the sources of competitive advantage on which companies will build the strategy, as well as defining the main sources of differentiation. Lastly, using the Treadgold (1990) methodology, we will analyse the international projection of different companies. To satisfy these aims, our research involved in-depth interviews and questionnaires targeted at executives from the Galician clothing and textile sector. We start with a review of the literature that covers the main concepts used in this paper and the principal findings which, at an empirical level, have been carried out in the research into internationalisation of the textile-clothing sector. More specifically, those related to the study of the value chain, strategy and subcontracting decisions. The methodology and the results we hope to achieve are explained hereunder. 2. Review Literature 2.1 Value Chain and Internationalisation The value chain of the textile-clothing sector comprises three levels: fibres and textiles, apparel or clothing and distribution (Dicken, 2003). In turn, two very different activities can be clearly distinguished: textile and clothing. Firstly, the textile sector is capital intensive, and there are barriers to access in the form of investments in technology, innovation and development of new materials (synthetic, chemical or artificial fibres) or in new manufacturing techniques or fabric production. Elsewhere, the clothing sector is labour-intensive and easy to access. The countries where these tasks are carried out have reduced labour costs, such as the case of Southeast Asian countries (China, India, Bangladesh, and Singapore) or Eastern Europe, mainly the former. These countries have a clear advantage in terms of cost and have developed labour-intensive tasks, while more developed countries have focused on capital intensive tasks. However, as we will see, the current dynamics are changing for some territories or regions, such as the specific case of China. In turn, clothing articles can be separated into basic products and fashion product, with the latter contributing greater value-added and thus a higher price. …

A Study on the Eroticism of the Exposed Body and Clothing Style of Chinese Foreign Students in Korea

The purpose of this study was to analyze the eroticism of the exposed body and clothing style of Chinese foreign students in Korea and to provide basic information required to design and develop a niche market for the Chinese. A Chinese professor translated 52 questions, which formed a preliminary survey given to 30 Chinese students. Following this preliminary survey, some questions were then revised. The surveys were conducted during 3 weeks starting from the 5th of October. Only 289 of 330 questionnaires were selected for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed statistically through Frequency analysis, Chi-square test, T-test, and Regression analyses in SPSS 12.0. The results of this study were as follows. First, we should consider men's breast, back, and neck line in order to develop the design of men's clothes, and the leg and collarbones for women's clothing. Second, it was suggested that we pay attention to the following articles of clothing to expand the erotic market for Chinese women's clothes: mini-skirts, side slit skirts, and tight-skirts for bottoms; blouses or T-shirts with a neckline scooped out deeply for tops; and see-through one-piece dresses with deeply scooped out backs.

“Putting on” Sexiness: A Content Analysis of the Presence of Sexualizing Characteristics in Girls’ Clothing

Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) proposes that women from Western cultures are widely portrayed and treated as objects of the male gaze, leading to the development of self-objectification, in which girls and women internalize these societal messages and view their own bodies as objects to be evaluated according to narrow standards of (often sexualized) attractiveness. Prompted by findings from the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (APA 2007), the present study considers girls’ clothing as a possible socializing influence that may contribute to the development of self-objectification in preteen girls. Accordingly, in this content analysis, we examined the frequency and nature of “sexualizing” clothing available for girl children (generally sizes 6–14) on the websites of 15 popular stores in the US. Sexualizing clothing was defined as clothing that revealed or emphasized a sexualized body part, had characteristics associated with sexiness, and/or had sexually suggestive writing. Clothing was also coded for childlike characteristics, such as child-like fabric (e.g., polka dot pattern) or a modest, non-revealing cut. Across all stores and all articles of clothing, 69% of the clothing items were coded as having only childlike characteristics, 4% as having only sexualizing characteristics, 25.4% as having both sexualizing and childlike characteristics, and 1% as having neither sexualizing nor childlike characteristics. “Tween” stores like Abercrombie Kids had the highest proportion of sexualizing clothing. The findings are discussed within the framework of the development of self-objectification.

How to guarantee adequate sun protection for a young sportsperson

Young male athletes involved in sports like soccer are subject to sun exposure which can often be intense because of the timing and duration of their practice time. The goal of this work was to study using a spectrophoto-metric method what level of sun protection was provided by the various articles of clothing which make up a standard soccer uniform, as well as by the cosmetics used by fan clubs. We were able to demonstrate that the sports clothing does guarantee a good level of protection for the skin areas covered. Depending on the type of clothing, the level of sun protection will vary greatly, with UPF values ranging from 30 for a T-shirt to 300 for a club shirt. This type of protection is higher than that obtained by sun creams and does not change over time.

O método estrutural-diferencial: aplicação da adaptação de Herzog e Olsen para a microrregião de Maringá frente à economia paranaense 1994/2008

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a microrregião de Maringá a partir do método estrutural-diferencial frente ao estado do Paraná. A microrregião apresentou dinamismo principalmente nos setores de confecção de artigos do vestuário e acessórios e produção de alimentos e bebidas, porém não apresentou esse dinamismo em setores estratégicos como fabricação de equipamentos de informática, materiais eletrônicos e veículos automotores. Nesse contexto torna-se necessária uma atenção especial para esta constatação no sentido de direcionamento das políticas públicas no intuito de estimular esse dinamismo.

A Comparative Study on the Characteristics of Knitted Clothing Exports between Korea and China

Abstract Clothing exports of Korea have been steadily declining since 1990, but its international competitiveness will be continued in the future because of its history and technology. The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of knitted clothing exports of Korea compared to China. Statistical data of knitted clothing articles(HS 61) 20002008 were used for analyses. The results of the study were as follows: First, the proportion of knitted clothing export out of the total clothing export has been consistently increased in Korea and China both, it is similar now. Second, export articles of large proportion are different between Korea and China. Socks, gloves and fancy goods became major export articles in Korea and men's and women's clothing in China in late 2000's. Third, the unit price of Korean export clothing is higher than that of Chinese from two to ten times. Generally the growth rate of unit prices of Korea outpaced that of China. The results of this study will help Korean export firms to develop competitive export articles and make out export strategy. Key words: knitted clothing(), export(), clothing trade( ).

Productive Structure of the Pará region: An Input-Output Analysis (Estrutura Produtiva Do Pará: Uma Análise De Insumo-Produto)

The research objective is to conduct a structural analysis of the economy of Para filling a gap of research on the region. The analysis, which includes the relations of the state of Para with the rest of the country, was possible by the construction of the matrix of input-output of the reference year 2004. The main results showed that there is high dependence of the production system of the state of Para in goods and services for intermediate consumption of the rest of the country generating high overflow of the multiplier effect on employment, production and value added, which indicates the need to promote local industry of goods and services of intermediate consumption. The sectors with the highest multiplier of production in Para are Livestock and Fisheries, Food and drinks, articles of clothing and accessories and Artifacts of leather and footwear. Sectors of agribusiness, tourism and education have high capacity to generate jobs, such as agriculture, forestry and logging, livestock and fisheries, Articles of clothing and accessories, Lodging and food services, other services and public education. Products exported to the rest of the country and abroad have low value indicating a need for investment in the agribusiness sector. The sectors showing the highest values of the multiplier of value added is public education, public administration and social security, education and other services market, but they also have high end overflow. Investment in public education generates high returns on generation of employment and value added.

Incantations: Song, Spells and Images by Mayan Women by Ámbar Past, Xalik Guzmán

imiiiiiiiimmiiiii a simple chronologyand keeping the corresponding notes to a minimum, he creates a shapely, focused assemblage whose clear, precise translations chime likeringing glass. Econ?mou's translation style is direct and concise. It is somewhat lighterand less formalin itslanguage than thestylesofprevious translators ofCavafy likeRae Dalven, Edmund Keeley, and Philip Sherrard,or, more recently, Daniel Mendelsohn. Unlike Mendelsohn, Economou does not attempt to render the original end rhymes in a poem like "The City," yet his concernwith authenticity is everywhere apparent. In both this and poems such as "Ithaca" and "TheWindows," he followsCavafy's syntax closely and uses assonance to createmelodic sound patterns that suggest the music of the original, as in the charming "Craftsman of Wine Bowls," one of Cavafy's "tango" poems inwhich the regular pattern ofmidline spaces heightens rhyth mic momentum. Economou also deftly controls tone inpoems narrating illicitsexual liaisons, such as "Half an Hour" and "He Asked about theQuality," both ofwhich bring into tautbalance the subtle tension between the external and internal dramas that simultane ously unfold. An especially striking rendering is "The First Step"?an imagined dialogue between thepoet Eumenes and his mentor Theocri tus?for its sternyet tenderdefense of the artisticvalidity ofpoem-mak ing thatoccurs in obscuritywith no formal recognition from the literary establishment. Rita Signorelli-Pappas Princeton, New Jersey iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.i.iiii Incantations: Song, Spells and Images by Mayan Women. Ambar Past, ed. & tr., with Xalik Guzman Bakbolom& Xpetra Ernandes. El Paso, Texas. Cinco Puntos. 2009. 230 pages, ill. $26.95. isbn978-1-933693-09-5 When poet ?mbar Past decided to learn the Tzotzil Maya language while she was living in a village in southern Mexico, she became aware of the fact that a large body of poetry existed and was being passed along, generation to gen eration, by women who used the songs, hymns, and incantations in their day-to-day lives. For more than thirtyyears, Past studied the body of work, by tape-recording and then transcribing and translat ing thepoems fromTzotzil toSpan ish and English. The English translations in Incantations represent contribu tions ofmore than 150 indigenous women, for whom the poems are living texts thatreside in thebreath and conversations of everyday life. The collection not only preserves art, poetry, and a mind-set but also helps the world at large become aware of the deeply profound words, thoughts, and approach to lifeof theMayan women of south ern Mexico. Past's introduction provides social, political, and cultural con texts and describes the poverty stricken conditions inwhich many of the Mayan women live, own ing at best a few blankets, utensils, and articles of clothing. They have few rights and freedoms in their realm.And yet theyhave a richness of spirit that comes from being a part of a vital tradition extending back all theway to thePopul Vuh, one of four surviving codices of theancientMayans, whose scientific and religiouswritings were record ed in books printed on bark-based paper with the pages folded like IIIIII III 111111II III III IIIII III II III III III III IIIII III INIII III II accordions. The Mayan women's ^^^H hymns and songs resonatewith the ^^^H surviving codices and give rise to ^^^H a profound understanding of how ^^^H poetry and song were used in pre- ^^^H Columbian Central America. ^^^H Incantations, hymns, and ^^^H poems are included in thecollection. ^^^H The incantations tend tobe brief and ^^^H filledwith humor and pathos, as ^^^H they address pragmatic needs and ^^^H human realities. For example, there ^^^H are incantations to tools (the loom, ^^^H wool, thespindle)tohelp one do ^^^H one's job successfully, spell-like in ^^^H the sense that theybring to bear a ^^^H kind of phenomenal catalyst: some- ^^^H thing to trigger desired action in ^^^H the surrounding world. The incan- ^^^H tations are poignant because they ^^^H reflect a humble approach to the ^^^H world?one that is aware of the ^^^H limitations of one's own sphere of ^^^H influence, and one that is fully con- ^^^H versant with the loss of a baby, the ^^^H destruction of a harvest, and the ^^^H violence of a domestic partner. ^^^H One characteristic of Mayan ^^^H poetry is its close connection to the...

Jövendőmondás: Válogatott versek by Sándor KányádiSzarvas-Itató by Sándor Kányádi

imiiiiiiiimmiiiii a simple chronologyand keeping the corresponding notes to a minimum, he creates a shapely, focused assemblage whose clear, precise translations chime likeringing glass. Econ?mou's translation style is direct and concise. It is somewhat lighterand less formalin itslanguage than thestylesofprevious translators ofCavafy likeRae Dalven, Edmund Keeley, and Philip Sherrard,or, more recently, Daniel Mendelsohn. Unlike Mendelsohn, Economou does not attempt to render the original end rhymes in a poem like "The City," yet his concernwith authenticity is everywhere apparent. In both this and poems such as "Ithaca" and "TheWindows," he followsCavafy's syntax closely and uses assonance to createmelodic sound patterns that suggest the music of the original, as in the charming "Craftsman of Wine Bowls," one of Cavafy's "tango" poems inwhich the regular pattern ofmidline spaces heightens rhyth mic momentum. Economou also deftly controls tone inpoems narrating illicitsexual liaisons, such as "Half an Hour" and "He Asked about theQuality," both ofwhich bring into tautbalance the subtle tension between the external and internal dramas that simultane ously unfold. An especially striking rendering is "The First Step"?an imagined dialogue between thepoet Eumenes and his mentor Theocri tus?for its sternyet tenderdefense of the artisticvalidity ofpoem-mak ing thatoccurs in obscuritywith no formal recognition from the literary establishment. Rita Signorelli-Pappas Princeton, New Jersey iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.i.iiii Incantations: Song, Spells and Images by Mayan Women. Ambar Past, ed. & tr., with Xalik Guzman Bakbolom& Xpetra Ernandes. El Paso, Texas. Cinco Puntos. 2009. 230 pages, ill. $26.95. isbn978-1-933693-09-5 When poet ?mbar Past decided to learn the Tzotzil Maya language while she was living in a village in southern Mexico, she became aware of the fact that a large body of poetry existed and was being passed along, generation to gen eration, by women who used the songs, hymns, and incantations in their day-to-day lives. For more than thirtyyears, Past studied the body of work, by tape-recording and then transcribing and translat ing thepoems fromTzotzil toSpan ish and English. The English translations in Incantations represent contribu tions ofmore than 150 indigenous women, for whom the poems are living texts thatreside in thebreath and conversations of everyday life. The collection not only preserves art, poetry, and a mind-set but also helps the world at large become aware of the deeply profound words, thoughts, and approach to lifeof theMayan women of south ern Mexico. Past's introduction provides social, political, and cultural con texts and describes the poverty stricken conditions inwhich many of the Mayan women live, own ing at best a few blankets, utensils, and articles of clothing. They have few rights and freedoms in their realm.And yet theyhave a richness of spirit that comes from being a part of a vital tradition extending back all theway to thePopul Vuh, one of four surviving codices of theancientMayans, whose scientific and religiouswritings were record ed in books printed on bark-based paper with the pages folded like IIIIII III 111111II III III IIIII III II III III III III IIIII III INIII III II accordions. The Mayan women's ^^^H hymns and songs resonatewith the ^^^H surviving codices and give rise to ^^^H a profound understanding of how ^^^H poetry and song were used in pre- ^^^H Columbian Central America. ^^^H Incantations, hymns, and ^^^H poems are included in thecollection. ^^^H The incantations tend tobe brief and ^^^H filledwith humor and pathos, as ^^^H they address pragmatic needs and ^^^H human realities. For example, there ^^^H are incantations to tools (the loom, ^^^H wool, thespindle)tohelp one do ^^^H one's job successfully, spell-like in ^^^H the sense that theybring to bear a ^^^H kind of phenomenal catalyst: some- ^^^H thing to trigger desired action in ^^^H the surrounding world. The incan- ^^^H tations are poignant because they ^^^H reflect a humble approach to the ^^^H world?one that is aware of the ^^^H limitations of one's own sphere of ^^^H influence, and one that is fully con- ^^^H versant with the loss of a baby, the ^^^H destruction of a harvest, and the ^^^H violence of a domestic partner. ^^^H One characteristic of Mayan ^^^H poetry is its close connection to the...

SU‐GG‐T‐185: The Effect of Clothing On the Skin Dose During 6 MeV Total Skin Electron (TSE) Irradiation

Purpose: To determine what effect allowing the patient to wear various articles of clothing might have on the dose delivered to the patient during 6 MeV high dose rate total skin electron therapy. Method and Materials: Total skin electron (TSE) radiotherapy delivers a dose of radiation to the total body using electrons to treat the shallow region affected by mycosis fungoides, a cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, while sparing deeper tissues. A Rando phantom was placed in the treatment position. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were placed at strategic locations on the phantom. The phantom was dressed in various outfits and surface dose measurements were made. These outfits included (1) fully dressed: t‐shirt, sweatpants, underwear and bra, (2) underwear and bra, (3) bra with underwire, (4) hospital gown, and (5) no clothing. Results: When compared with the measurements taken with no clothing, the fully dressed phantom results in a maximum difference of 22.0 cGy at the sternum, and a minimum difference of 0.1 cGy at the center back. Dressed in underwear and bra, the maximum difference from the unclothed measurements was 13.9 cGy at the underwear tag on the waistband and the minimum was 2.7 cGy at the sternum. The underwire bra resulted in a decreased dose of 12.3 cGy. Finally the hospital gown showed only 1 cGy of maximum difference at the stomach center, a difference of 0.2 cGy at the center back, and no difference in measurement under the tied knot. Conclusion: The hospital gown, made of thin cotton, had a minimal impact to the surface dose received. A patient could wear a similar garment during treatment without significant therapeutical impact. All other outfits tested resulted in a greater difference in skin dose, which may make such outfits undesirable for wear during treatment.

Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics

Manufacturers of clothing articles employ nanosilver (n-Ag) as an antimicrobial agent, but the environmental impacts of n-Ag release from commercial products are unknown. The quantity and form of the nanomaterials released from consumer products should be determined to assess the environmental risks of nanotechnology. This paper investigates silver released from commercial clothing (socks) into water, and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Six types of socks contained up to a maximum of 1360 microg-Ag/g-sock and leached as much as 650 microg of silver in 500 mL of distilled water. Microscopy conducted on sock material and wash water revealed the presence of silver particles from 10 to 500 nm in diameter. Physical separation and ion selective electrode (ISE) analyses suggest that both colloidal and ionic silver leach from the socks. Variable leaching rates among sock types suggests that the sock manufacturing process may control the release of silver. The adsorption of the leached silver to WWTP biomass was used to develop a model which predicts that a typical wastewater treatment facility could treat a high concentration of influent silver. However, the high silver concentration may limitthe disposal of the biosolids as agricultural fertilizer.

Fashion News: Using clothing to demonstrate the formation of the inguinal canal

The formation of the inguinal canal and the descent of the testis are challenging concepts that students typically have trouble grasping. Particularly confusing is the fact that transversus abdominis does not contribute to the layers of the spermatic cord. Additionally, the anatomy of the superficial inguinal ring is often misunderstood, as students don't realize that the external spermatic fascia is continuous with the external oblique aponeurosis at the margins of the superficial ring. Understanding the anatomical organization of the inguinal region is important, due to its clinical relevance in hernia repair. One way to explain the anatomy in this region will be demonstrated using various articles of clothing.

Telemetric monitoring in the behavior sciences

This article reviews recent advances in telemetrics, a class of wireless information systems technology that can collect and transmit a wide variety of behavioral and environmental data remotely. Telemetrics include wearable computers that weave on-body sensors into articles of clothing, ubiquitous computers that embed sensors and transmitters seamlessly into the environment, and handheld devices, such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants, that can record cognitive and affective states. Examples of telemetric applications are provided to illustrate how this technology has been used in the behavioral sciences to unobtrusively and repeatedly gather physiological, behavioral, environmental, cognitive, and affective data in natural settings. Special issues relating to privacy and confidentiality, practical considerations, and statistical and measurement challenges when telemetrics are used are also discussed.

Private Souvenirs: Exchanges among Byron's Southwell Set

Byron's celebrity, recently charted by Tom Mole from his 1812 An Ode to the Framers of the Frame Bill, to the self-conscious scrutiny and deployment in Don Juan, is filled with souvenirs, gifts exchanged, tokens kept and transformed by the keeping. Many of these souvenirs are body parts, such as the blood on Tom's handkerchief meant as a final keep-sake for his Sal that falls, undelivered, as part of Byron's meditation on the ethereality of fame (Don Juan, Canto XI). Caroline Lamb sent him a keepsake of her pubic hair, enclosed with a letter that demands yet recants reciprocity: 'I asked you not to send blood but Yet do--because if it means I like to have it. I cut the hair too close & bled much more than you need--do not you the same & pray put not scissors points near where quei capelli [those hairss''] grow--sooner take it from the arm or wrist--pray be careful (qtd. in Tuite 59). Pointing out that this letter accompanied a note decorated with hearts, crosses and ciphers, Clare Tuite describes the offering as piquant tokens of tainted love (60). A mourning public reproduced Lamb's linguistic re-articulation of Byron's body--arm, wrist, phallus, hair, blood--in the relic hunting that followed his death, when the body itself, his heart, his skull, as well as various articles of clothing, were sought after and endlessly reimagined, much as Byron himself, visiting Waterloo, purchased a brass cuirass, a helmet with a plume, and a sword, and later supplemented his luggage with the bones of Burgundian soldiers which he had carried away from a chapel at Morat (Pascoe 88, 90). (1) As Mole comments, the Byronic body, the subject of recollection and collection, not the natural, pre-discursive ground on which Byron's was built, but was rather shaped as part of the apparatus of celebrity (74). Hair, blood, heart all had conventional deployments in history, an tiquarianism, and literature, and Byron, his public, and his handlers mobilized such allusions in the construction of his celebrity. Even before achieving fame, Byron worked such conventions within his personal relationships: at least three of his early poems respond to receiving gifts of hair and the debt Byron acquires by accepting them. When the chorister John Edelston gave him a cornelian heart, Byron wrote a commemorating poem: No specious splendour of this stone Endears it to my memory ever; With lustre only once it shone, blushes modest as the giver. // ... This pledge attentively I view'd, And sparkling as I held it near, Methought one drop the stone bedew'd, And, ever since, I've lov'd a tear. (1-4, 13-16) The poem locates value not in the splendor of the stone, but in the recollection of how a tear--another bodily fluid akin to blood--animated it at the moment of exchange. (2) Or perhaps the tear is an illusion, and hence the methought. This uncertainty reiterates the central tension of the poem, in which the gift-giving is, like poetic reception, a doubtful, anxious moment of interpretation. Where Edleston fears Byron might refuse the gift, Byron worries he might lose it and thereby undermine his own emotional attachments. His solution to this worry brings us to the small village of Southwell, where Byron spent formative years honing himself--and his body--for the fame which was to come. He gave the cornelian heart to Elizabeth Pigot, whom he befriended in Southwell, although whether as a gift or for safe-keeping is unclear. Byron wrote Pigot about Edelston several times, using the confidentiality of the one friendship to deepen the other. In one letter, Byron collapses the distinction between gift and gift-giver, his own tears reciprocating for a gift no longer possessed: At this moment I write with a bottle of claret in my head and tears in my eyes; for I have just parted with my 'Cornelian,'' who spent the evening with me ... I rejoice to hear you are interested in my protege (Moore I: 162-3). …

Abnormal typicality of responses on a category fluency task in schizotypy

Existing hypotheses about semantic processing in schizophrenia and schizotypy suggest that both conditions are associated with a less than normal difference in the degree to which some concept activates the mental representation of other concepts that are strongly versus weakly related to it in meaning. To seek further evidence for this, we examined response typicality on the Category Fluency Test (CFT) as a function of schizotypy. Individuals from a non-clinical population verbally generated as many exemplars as they could in 1 min for each of four categories (fruits, four-footed animals, articles of clothing, vehicles). Participants subsequently completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). SPQ score was not significantly correlated with the total number of responses generated for any of the categories. Individuals with higher (as opposed to lower) SPQ scores, however, generated more atypical members of the fruit category both in their initial responses and overall (as indexed by the average ratio of each response's ordinal position to its position in population typicality norms). These results support the hypothesis that semantic memory organization in non-clinical individuals with higher schizotypy is functionally altered.

Ownership of Alcohol-Branded Merchandise and Initiation of Teen Drinking

The alcohol industry spends over $5 billion a year on marketing, much of which is accessible to children. The distribution of branded articles of clothing and other personal items is one aspect of alcohol marketing that has not been adequately studied. In this study, the prevalence of ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM) was determined in a sample of rural northern New England adolescents, and the relationship between ownership of such items and initiation of alcohol use was examined. Northern New England middle school students who had not yet initiated alcohol use were captured at baseline in a 1999 school-based survey, and ownership of an ABM item and initiation of alcohol use were determined 1 to 2 years later by telephone. The analysis controlled for demographics (gender, grade in school); characteristics of the child (school performance, sensation seeking, rebelliousness); parenting style; and peer alcohol use. Of 2406 baseline never-drinkers, 15% had initiated alcohol use and 14% owned an ABM item by follow-up. ABM items consisted primarily of articles of clothing such as t-shirts and hats. ABM ownership was associated with higher grade in school, male gender, exposure to peer drinking, having tried smoking, poorer academic performance, higher levels of sensation seeking and rebelliousness, and less-responsive and restrictive parenting styles. Owners of ABM items at follow-up had higher rates of alcohol initiation compared with non-owners (25.5% vs 13.1%, respectively, p<0.001). After adjusting for the above confounders, students who owned an ABM item were significantly more likely to have initiated alcohol use compared with students who did not own one (adjusted odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.0). In this northern New England adolescent sample, ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise was prevalent and exhibited an independent cross-sectional association with onset of adolescent drinking. Further studies are necessary to determine whether the relationship is causal, and whether teen use of ABM items influences peer drinking norms and behavior.