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Emotional labor in decision making: Gender, race, and relational practices in the White House

AbstractRelational and emotional practices intensive in emotional labor play an essential role for high‐level decision making, even though this labor is often devalued or unseen. United States presidents can often present themselves as rational and emotionally detached because they delegate emotional work to other members of their team. The burden of such work is unequally distributed along gender and racial lines. It involves expressing empathic concern, repairing relations, anticipating others' emotional responses, protecting marginalized colleagues, speaking hard truths, and providing emotional support to help others regulate their emotions. This article contributes to research on emotions in decision making, public administration, and presidency studies. Case studies of Nancy Reagan and Valerie Jarrett—who played important roles in the Reagan and Obama administrations, respectively—illustrate the article's main argument.

Sexual liberation and religious obligation – the ‘liquid authenticity’ of ‘traditionalist’ bachelorettes in the Israeli dating scene: a phenomenological study

ABSTRACT Following Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of ‘Liquid Modernity’, the term ‘Liquid Authenticity’ is ascribed to a community that holds a type of identity known in Israel as ‘traditional’ and does not purely conform with either the secular or religious identity categories. This concept is examined through an ethno-phenomenological study of female university students who identify with this category and go out on numerous dates through dating apps. These women proclaim a sexual liberation discourse on the one hand, while declaring that they are non-liberal and aspire towards having a traditional family and a Jewish traditional lifestyle. They see no contradiction between their sexual rhetoric, 'erotic capital' and their Jewish-traditional-religious core identities. The article's main argument is that the category to which these women belong is one of many emerging categories in Israeli society that are characterized by ”Liquid Authenticity”: a form of authenticity expressing a cooptation of discourses towards identity-based ethoses and cores. At first glance a feminization of the religious discourse may be suspected, but as illustrated it is rather a cooptation of liberal language and practices into a religious-traditional identity. Similar ”liquid authenticity” configurations can be noted among additional discourse communities and specifically political communities in Israel.

Small companies and regulatory tiering: a legal and economic analysis of Zambia's new regime

In 2017, Zambia adopted a new Companies Act. The main purpose of the new Act is to promote the development of Zambia's economy through efficient regulation of companies. This article focuses on the small companies regime that the new Act introduces. More specifically, the article explores the extent to which the new small companies regime is fit for purpose by conducting a comparative analysis of that regime with the United Kingdom's (UK's) small companies regime in light of relevant literature, particularly literature in the field of regulatory economics. Overall, the analysis suggests that Zambia's small companies regime is largely inapt to achieving its intended purpose. The article's main argument in this connection is threefold. First, the new Act is somewhat at odds with its intended purpose insofar as it requires small companies to appoint a secretary. Exempting small companies from this requirement, as does the UK Companies Act of 2006, could better serve the purpose of the new Act. Second, whilst the exemption of small companies from the requirement to appoint auditors may be desirable, the 50 per cent shareholding threshold required for shareholders to demand an audit could inhibit controlling shareholder accountability and thus undermine the purpose of the new Act. A lower threshold such as the one applicable under the UK Companies Act, that is to say, ten per cent, could better serve the purpose of the new Act. Third, the lack of any special treatment for small companies as such vis-à-vis bookkeeping and financial reporting requirements could undermine the purpose of the new Act. Imposing lighter bookkeeping and financial reporting requirements on small companies, as does the UK Companies Act, could better serve the purpose of the new Act.

Global Citizens, Civic Responsibility, and Intercultural Communication in a Rapidly Globalising Multicultural World: Community Revitalisation and Reflective Practise

ABSTRACT We are hated for having different shades of skin colour, following different faiths, being of different ethnicities, or having different cultural backgrounds. Due to this, every single one of us is to deal with difficulties on a daily basis. Dignity for the inherent worth of every human being is indispensable. Concerns about the effects of cultural ignorance and intolerance have permeated contemporary socio-scientific discourse. It is essential to be cautious and conscious of our mindset and tendency to make mistakes in a world that is constantly advancing and becoming more integrated, interconnected, and interdependent than ever before owing to globalisation. This piece examines several persisting global challenges wherein common civilians are attacked, persecuted, and ostracised. The study is relevant since it examines, explores, and analyses the inappropriate socio-political, psychological, and cultural factors leading to almost complete misunderstanding and breakdown among people from different ethnic, racial, religious, and cultural backgrounds. As such, the article's main argument is that every nation has the challenging and significant obligation to figure out how its citizens from diverse cultural backgrounds may live side by side peacefully without inciting large-scale violent conflict or causing the disintegration of the nation as a whole. In the interest of restoring humanity, peace, and serenity worldwide, the study also proposes some culturally appropriate alternatives and/or possibilities to those unjust global phenomena. Finally, the findings indicate that some sort of learning strategy, enculturation, and interethnic and intercultural interactions and rapport has the potential to eradicate or at least mitigate such concerns.

‘Not integrated at all. Whatsoever’: teachers’ narratives on the integration of newly arrived refugee students in Norway

ABSTRACT This study investigates how teachers working with newly arrived adolescent refugee students reflect on these students, their situation within the educational system and in Norwegian society. We research the ways in which these reflections engage with the various understandings of the ubiquitous and ‘fuzzy’ notion of immigrant integration, a concept which we approach critically. The empirical data consists of interviews with teachers in three Adult Education establishments in Norway. Our aim was to identify the narratives of integration the teachers draw on and (re)produce, and to discuss these in relation to policies and perceptions of integration in Norwegian schools and society. Our analysis identified three narratives of integration, namely (1) Integration as having social relations with ‘Norwegians’, (2) Integration as acquiring knowledge and (3) Integration as endorsing ‘Norwegian’ values. These narratives exist alongside a corresponding image of the newly arrived migrant students as socially unintegrated and as educationally and culturally deficient. The article's main argument is that the teachers’ narratives, despite their complex and multifaceted character, are embedded in an educational and societal context where the longstanding Norwegian ideal of cultural sameness leads to added pressure on immigrants to assimilate.

Hiring, Firing, Atomizing; Manpower Agencies and Precarious Labor in Kazakhstan's Oil Sector

AbstractThis paper analyses the influence that manpower agencies have on hiring practices and employment in Kazakhstan's oil sector. While influenced by the literature on transition from planned to market economy, this article's main argument is rooted in the understanding that labor precarization is produced through transnational capitalist practices. The influx of foreign capital through the investments of transnational companies (TNCs) also transplanted into Kazakhstan's labor market their antilabor policies and practices. This welcomed the presence of a new, dedicated actor for the establishment and curation of labor relations, namely manpower agencies, especially in the oil-rich region of Atyrau. This article argues there, the rationale for the presence of manpower agencies and the absence of trade unions is directly linked to the activities of TNCs. Manpower agencies have a decisive role in making employment and labor increasingly precarious in the oil sector. Manpower agencies function as a disaggregation force in the oil industry. Their presence stimulates a race to the bottom among workers, who have no other option but to accept precarious, unsafe, and underpaid jobs. Against this backdrop, the paper also offers a peek into “industrial gossip,” gathered during fieldwork in the Atyrau region. This more anthropological side of the argument highlights how the world of manpower agencies helps TNCs thrive by creating an atomized workforce.

פגיעה במעצמה ידידותית: הצנזורה על הקולנוע בישראל והמלחמה הקרה, 1967-1948

The article examines the impact of the Cold War on film censorship in Israel during the first two decades of the state and sheds light on the Israeli Film Censorship Board’s collaboration with other government bodies, above all the Foreign Ministry in the censorship of western anti-communist films, and to a lesser extent, Soviet anti-American films. Such Cold War-related film censorship was carried out in response to domestic criticism but also to prevent any possible damage to Israel's diplomatic relations, particularly with the Soviet Bloc, owing to the large number of films imported from the United States. In addition to discussing film censorship policies and practices, the article demonstrates the crucial impact of Cold War culture on the political world in Israel, particularly during the early years of the state. The article's main argument is that the diplomatic impetus for censoring Cold War films attests to Israel’s insecurity vis-à-vis its international status prior to the 1967 War as well as to the ultimately unsuccessful attempt by the government to preserve what was left of its deteriorating relations with the Soviet Bloc.

POST-TRUTH AND HANNAH ARENDT'S POLITICAL VIEWS OF TRUTH AND LIES IN POLITICS

Post-truth is a new phenomenon that has emerged in recent years. It can also be said that this is a new moment in the relationship between truth and falsehood. In retrospect, we can say that history is immersed in a constant struggle between truth and falsehood. And the post-truth phenomenon is what it is today. The post-truth phenomenon is closely related to modern new technologies and politics. The post-truth phenomenon, based on media and social media, is considered the most effective tool of populism. The main goal of this study is to examine post-truth in the context of the political thought of Hannah Arendt, a prominent figure in political philosophy. This is because the article's main argument is that the root of post-truth lies in the relationship between truth and falsehood. As Hannah Arendt explores the relationship between truth and falsehood in her work from the perspective of political philosophy, this article attempts to analyze today's post-truth phenomenon from the perspective of her political thought. This article makes the following hypothesis: Hannah Arendt addressed the issue of post-truth in politics before the term “post-truth” appeared. The study used analytical methods to analyze political and philosophical texts by Hannah Arendt

“Mit sanfter Gewalt”: Rape and Sexual Violence in the Works of Christoph Martin Wieland

This article contributes to the historiography of rape and sexual violence in eighteenth‐century German‐speaking Europe. Christoph Martin Wieland (1733–1813) portrays rape and sexual violence in seven literary works from the late 1750s through the mid 1770s. Wieland's texts both attack and affirm contemporaneous legal definitions and social norms governing sexual behavior. The article's main argument is that the theme of rape exposes a tension between Wieland's ideals of gender equality and his practical approach to gender relations. In theory, Wieland acknowledges every human's right to sexual self‐determination, but he nevertheless exploits sexual violence (against males and females) for comic effect, resulting in an unresolved dialectic of the Enlightenment, which underlies his texts

Bringing Willingness Back in: State Capacities and the Human Rights Compliance Deficit in Mexico

This article relates to international relations literature, which explores the domestic conditions under which governments are more likely to comply with their international human rights commitments. Emerging literature has emphasized the role of "state capacities" as a key variable in explaining the gap between commitment and compliance, taking the willingness of states for granted and therefore not exploring it empirically in an explicit fashion. Using Mexico as a "crucial" case study, this article's main argument is that while it is true that attempts to explain poor compliance must take into account "capacities," they must also include "willingness" as a central explanatory factor. Beyond exploring the case of Mexico, this article contributes to the development of theories of compliance with international human rights norms and to the conceptualization and operationalization of the notions of state capacities and state willingness.

Soviet "Afro-Asians" in UNESCO: Reorienting World History

This article highlights the activities of Soviet Central Asian intellectuals within the Soviet Committee for Solidarity with African and Asian Countries (SKSSAA). It focuses on the activities of the SKSSAA directly related to UNESCO. The article's main argument is that the SKSSAA activated the UNESCO East-West Project (1956–1966) with the specific aim to advance a historical agenda that posited the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity at its center. When looking at the UNESCO Peoples' History of Asia project, this article examines the intermediary role of Soviet Central Asian intellectuals, and it suggests that their approach to history resonated with lived experiences of complex solidarities that often transcended the boundaries of states. While there were political reasons for the disintegration of the UNESCO History of Asia project, such as the Indo-Chinese border war, the UNESCO regimes of professionalization seriously undermined the imaginary landscapes that the Peoples' History of Asia project sought to sustain.

The Dictator's Photo Albums: Photography under the Metaxas Dictatorship

The Dictator's Photo Albums: Private and Public Photographs in the Metaxas-Dictatorship The Greek authoritarian «Fourth of August Regime» (1936–1941) focussed in its propaganda on promoting the dictator Ioannis Metaxas as father, grandfather and «First peasant» and while in foreign policy the close ties to the Balkan Entente was advertised, the transfer of ideas from the European fascist regimes was negated. By examining 57 photo albums preserved today in the Hellenic Parliament Archives the article discusses photo albums as a source for the interpretation of the Metaxas dictatorship and as a source for the history of photography in Greece. It examines the private photo album aesthetics and its use in three official brochures with an exceptional high amount of photographs: Fourth of August 1936–1938, Fourth of August 1938–1939 and Four Years of Government by I. Metaxas, 1936–1940. The article's main argument is, that due to their photo album aesthetic the propaganda brochures were invoking the intimacy of a family album.

The Economics of Fortune in Schiller's “Der Ring des Polykrates”

This article discusses the reappearance of fortune as a literary motif at the turn of the nineteenth century in the context of the growing influence of Adam Smith's economic thought in Germany by looking at Schiller's 1797 ballad “Der Ring des Polykrates” as an example. The article's main argument is that fortune, long associated with incalculable fate, could find expression in this work as a herald of the uncontrollable regulatory forces and in‐built crises of economic liberalism. “Der Ring des Polykrates” is a poem – in true ballad tradition – of the border. This border is one between cameralist economic orthodoxy and the new, liberal model of Smith and Malthus. It is this intersection that allows for the centrality of fortune in the poem and also for its reappearance on the literary scene.

Investment Treaties, Sustainable Development and Reasonableness Review: A Case Against Strict Proportionality Balancing

AbstractThe article tackles the question of how far should investment tribunals go in reviewing the reasonableness of host state conduct. Based on an evolutionary interpretation of the preamble of international investment treaties and focusing on the principle of integration as the key element of the concept of sustainable development, the article's main argument is that investment tribunals should avoid a review based on proportionality stricto sensu or cost-benefit balancing.

Creating impact in the digital space: digital practice dependency in communities of digital scientific innovations

Modern science has become collaborative and digital. The Internet has supported the emergence of scientific digital platforms that globally connect programmers and users of novel digital scientific products such as scientific interactive software tools. These digital scientific innovations complement traditional text-based products like journal publications. This article is focused on the scientific impact of a platform's programming community that produces these digital scientific innovations. The article's main theoretical argument is that beyond an individual's contribution efforts to these innovations, a new social structure affects his scientific recognition through citations of his tools in text-based publications. Taking a practice theory lens, we introduce the concept of a digital practice structure that emerges from the digital innovation work practice, performed by programmers who jointly work on a tool. This digital practice creates dependence forces among the community members in an analogy to Newton's gravity concept. Our model represents such dependencies in a spatial autocorrelative model. We empirically estimate this model using data of the programming community of nanoHUB in which 477 nanotechnology tool programmers have contributed more than 715 million lines of code. Our results show that a programmer's contributions to digital innovations may have positive effects, while the digital practice structure creates negative dependency effects. Colloquially speaking, being surrounded by star performers can be harmful. Our findings suggest that modeling scientific impact needs to account for a scientist's contribution to programming communities that produce digital scientific innovations and the digital work structures in which these contributions are embedded.

In Search of Transnational Jewish Art: Immigrant Women Artists from The Former Soviet Union in Contemporary Israel

The article explores the subject of contemporary Jewish identity through the case of young immigrant women artists from the former Soviet Union in Israel, with particular emphasis on an analysis of the gendered aspects of their religious identity. Drawing on an interdisciplinary method, the research is based on in-depth interviews with artists, artwork analysis, and various theories from the social sciences and humanities. The article's main argument is that an analysis of the artistic practices of this and similar understudied social groups, particularly those practices undertaken in moments of conflict or times of deep social change, produces a more subtle understanding of the shifting modes of Jewish identity in the age of globalization and transnationalism, whose phenomenon of mass migration has led to the construction of new multi-hyphenated, hybrid identities.

Drone warfare and morality in riskless war

In this article, we examine the more or less instinctive uneasiness felt towards the use of armed drones by many scholars, policy-makers and military personnel. How is it, we ask, that many people – including members of the armed forces – acknowledge that armed drones offer an expedient and legally defensible solution to pressing security challenges and yet feel uncomfortable about them? The article's main argument is that much of the criticism of drone warfare is associated with an underlying ethically conditioned discomfort with so-called “riskless warfare”. The very feature that makes drones so attractive to policy-makers and military commanders – their risk free deployment – is, paradoxically, also one of the primary causes why many feel fundamentally uncomfortable with them. To make this argument, we build on the works of Martin van Creveld and Paul W. Kahn. While van Creveld argues that war should first and foremost be perceived of as a social activity governed more by the soldiers conducting the war than by the rationalty of states, Kahn identifies a ‘paradox of riskless warfare’ because our pursuit of asymmetry undermines reciprocity and thereby also the moral justification for killing the opponent's combatants.

Gender as a divine attribute

AbstractIt is standard within the Christian tradition to characterize God in predominantly masculine terms. Let ‘traditionalism’ refer to the view that this pattern of characterization is theologically mandatory. In this article, I seek to undercut the main motivations for traditionalism by showing that it is not moreaccurateto characterize God as masculine rather than feminine (or vice versa). The novelty of my argument lies in the fact that it presupposes neither theological anti-realism nor a robust doctrine of divine transcendence, but instead rests heavy theoretical weight on theimago Deidoctrine and the method of perfect-being theology. The article closes by examining the implications of the article's main argument for the moral and liturgical propriety of characterizing God in predominantly masculine terms.

Framing It Right: China–EU Relations and Patterns of Interaction on Climate Change

In the field of Climate Change China has been an increasingly important member of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process and since the mid-2000s, a key target of European engagement policies in the broader framework of the "EU–China strategic partnership". But how do Chinese decision-makers perceive these efforts? The way or "frame" they use to look at climate change also determines their mutual perceptions of each other's efforts on climate change. In order to better understand and evaluate how Chinese climate elites see the EU, the article first details the nascent theoretical debate on diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational framing and critically assesses the Chinese discourse on climate change. As an empirical, qualitative study, the article draws on interviews carried out in Beijing, Bonn, and Warsaw in 2012 and 2013. The article's main argument is that the Chinese frame toward the issue of climate change has been converging toward the European frame in the 2000s. During these years increasing energy intensity and environmental pollution raised awareness of climate change effects and vulnerability within the population. The Chinese ascent to the status of the second biggest world economy and increasing engagement in multilateral cooperation has a further effect on its framing of climate change. Located in the discourse post-Copenhagen, it attempts to capture the new global dynamics that have been integral to the subsequent rounds of negotiation and epitomized by the Chinese position during the 2011 COP17 Summit in Durban.

Multi-Purpose Empire: Ottoman History in Republican Turkey

This article examines popular, academic and political perceptions of the Ottoman Empire in Republican Turkey, challenging the widespread assumption that there has been a continuous clash between pro-Ottoman Islamists and secular, anti-Ottoman, Kemalists. It argues that in the Republican period Kemalists effectively appropriated the Ottoman past for use in their nationalist narrative, not only through using a ‘theory of fatal decline’ but also by simply defining positive cultural or political symbols from the years 1299 to 1923 as ‘Turkish’ rather than ‘Ottoman’. This serves as a backdrop for the article's main argument, that the 1940s and 1950s saw a thorough Kemalist appropriation of the Ottoman past, celebrating the empire's golden age as secular, pro-western and Turkish. The 500th anniversary of the conquest of Istanbul in 1953 gave the Turkish government an opportunity to showcase this new interpretation of Ottoman history as well as to use the relatively new rhetoric of ‘Ottoman tolerance’ to claim for Turkey a place among its new allies in the democratic, anti-communist West. At the level of domestic politics, the Democratic Party sought to wrap its modernization policies in the mantle of a progressive, democratic Fatih Sultan Mehmet II, while the Republican People's Party condemned the Democrats for betraying Fatih's memory and the nation's honour by downplaying the Ottoman past in order to placate potential anti-communist allies in Greece and the Arab world. Ultimately, the article argues that it is impossible to understand contemporary Islamist and liberal uses of the Ottoman past without understanding the way the empire was incorporated into the dominant Turkish nationalist narrative between 1923 and 1953.