Arthur Young Research Articles

Arthur Young, F.R.S.: Farmer

ANALOGIES between the agricultural con-ditions in the later years of the eighteenth century and those of to-day render opportune the publication of this study of Arthur Young. Agriculture at both periods was depressed. Countrymen were flocking to the towns, and the land was being neglected and allowed to become derelict. A revolution in farming practice, coupled with the introduction of new crops, is to be contrasted with possible methods to-day, very different in that no new bulk-feed or other crops are being advocated. There was a fight to combat the food-shortage and high taxes of the Napoleonic period, as there was in the Great War-and must be in all future wars. The enclosure of lands-twenty-two million acres during Young's period-allowed the development of arable farming for corn, while the growth of winter feed, especially turnips, encouraged the carrying over of stock from year to year and eliminated salt meat from our dietary. The introduction of cabbage, the popularization of potatoes and the regular use of clover assisted in producing an alternation of crops and were thus of importance. To-day, in contrast, we have a huge manufacturing population to be fed, while much land has gone out of cultivation, and many farms show increasingly depleted and weedy soils which only an evolution in scientific practice or a revolution in the attitude of the State can rectify. Sheep and Turnips Being the Life and Times of Arthur Young, F.R.S., First Secretary to the Board of Agriculture. By Amelia Defries. Pp. xviii + 235. (London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1938.) 7s. 6d. net.

Investigations on clover sickness

The fact that land which frequently bears a crop of clover becomes rapidly unfit to bear further crops of this plant is a very old observation in all countries where clover is grown. In England, Arthur Young (1804) called attention to it and to the fact that farmers were accustomed to call this unfitness “clover sickness”. The cause of this soil condition has been a matter of careful study since early in the nineteenth century, and some of the most interesting observations on the subject were made by Lawes & Gilbert (1860) in the years preceding 1860. They showed that the lack of capacity to grow clover did not seem to be connected with any deficiency in the principal specific plant foods in the soil, and the only contrary evidence was the fact that when a rich garden soil was substituted for the ordinary field soil, it was possible to grow clover for a much longer period without failure (Gilbert, 1871). The final conclusion of Lawes & Gilbert as to the so-called clover sickness was that the only means of ensuring a good crop of red clover is to allow some years to elapse before repeating the crop on the same land.

Land Utilization in England at the End of the Eighteenth Century

IT is a matter of both practical and educational interest to discover what possibilities exist for comparison between present and past uses of land in England. Of present utilization, thanks to work of Land Utilization Survey of Great Britain, we can and shall learn much. But how far is it possible to reveal past conditions of land use? Hitherto attention has been drawn to two past periods' for which data are available, namely, later Middle Ages, for which Domesday Book is chief source, and mid-nineteenth century, for which tithe maps of parishes afford valuable and detailed material. It is object of this paper to suggest that it is possible also to reconstruct, in sure outline if not in precise detail, differential uses of land in England towards close of eighteenth century. This work is possible because literary and cartographical materials then available are more abundant and more fruitful than for earlier periods; further, it may well prove suggestive as a basis for comparison, since advances in agricultural organization and technique made English farming at that time both enlightened and prosperous. Amongst relevant literary material for latter half of eighteenth century, apart from works of topographers who tended to copy from each other,2 there are able studies of rural economy, written by William Marshall, and numerous volumes written or edited by Arthur Young. (These latter writers, in contrast to topographers, were something like field geographers, and wrote from direct observation.) In addition, there are a number of county maps, drawn on scales between 212 inches and i inch to mile, most remarkable and valuable of which are surveys of John Roque.3 Finally, most important material of all, which has not received from geographers attention it deserves, consists of survey of British agriculture which was carried out, county by county, from 1794 onwards. This survey was sponsored by Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement, which was established in I793 under presidency of Sir John Sinclair and with Arthur Young as secretary.4 The object of survey, according to Sir John Sinclair, was to discover the cultivation of surface (sc. of land), and resources to be derived from it. The county reports are not, it is true, equal in quality or content. Some were based on

A Palaeolithic Succession at Farnham, Surrey

The area which Mr. Reginald Smith asked me to watch since 1922 is that of the upper reaches of the River Wey from Alton to Farnham, a ten mile stretch of the valley of the Wey which in the 18th century was described by Arthur Young as “the finest ten miles in England.”To-day the Wey follows a zig-zag course some 50 ft. below the Railway Terrace on the South, and the opposite terrace on the North, on which the village of Bentley (Hants.) is built. Above this lowest terrace of the Wey, deeply covered with a pale stratified gravel of the river drift, is another terrace about 100 ft. above this river, also much gravelled with stratified river drift heavily iron stained. Then still ascending we come to the top of the Alice Holt spur known as the Alice Holt—Bourne plateau on which there are three levels, all much gravelled, but with contorted drift as opposed to the river drift of the terraces on the Northern slope.This Alice Holt spur is the northern of three spurs that run from Alice Holt to the Waverley Valley: here the river makes a right angle with the Alton–Farnham Valley as it turns south immediately east of Farnham town. The area watched measures in all some 20 square miles.

Farmers’ Calendars From Tusser to Arthur Young

Journal Article Farmers’ Calendars From Tusser to Arthur Young Get access G. E. Fussell G. E. Fussell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 43, Issue Supplement_1, 1 January 1933, Pages 521–535, https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/43.Supplement_1.521 Published: 01 January 1933

The Origin and Development of Farm Economics in the United States

It is unsafe to assign any date as the first point in the beginning of philosophy or science. Since innumerable men have been freely making statements on all subjects since speech began, hazy remarks of an ancient may be, or may be thought to be, the intellectual ancestor of nearly every new thought. Very early in his development, man began to think of flying, hereafter, if not at present. But this had little relationship to the work of the Wright brothers in a bicycle shop, or to Langley's mathematics. Some very excellent observations on farm management were made by Pliny and Cato.' Some of these were true and some were not. The average of accuracy was probably higher than for the chemists of that time. Since agriculture was one of the first interests of mankind, innumerable helpful observations occur throughout history. The Egyptians had some well developed ideas on land tenure. Arthur Young's Travels included observations on farm economics. With the above cautions in mind, I believe it is safe to make the statement that little definite scientific work was done in the field of farm economics before 1900.

Theories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young. James Bonar

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsTheories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young. James Bonar Norman E. HimesNorman E. Himes Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 39, Number 6Dec., 1931 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/254304 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Timothy Sweet Would Thomas More Have Wanted to Go to Mars? Colonial Promotion and Bio-Power, (Jan 2008): 269–289.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230617940_16

Theories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young.

A book which deals with the thought and theories of leading men 17th and 18th century England, on the subjects of population and vital statistics. Beginning with Raleigh, Bacon and Hobbes, it passes to Harrington, Graunt and Halley. Then after Derham and Sussmilch, it treats the disputes of Hume and Wallace, Price and Arthur Young over Ancient and Modern Populousness.

Theories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young.

Theories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young.

Arthur Young on English Roads

Arthur Young on English Roads

Weber, Gustavus A. The Hydrographic Office—Its History, Activities and Organizations. No. 42. Pp. xii, 112. Price, $1.00. United States Service Monographs. Institute for Government Research. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press. Smith, Darrell Hevenor. The Bureau of Naturalization, Its History, Aativities and Organization. No. 43. Pp. xii, 108. Price, $1.00. Tobey, James A. The National Government and Public Health. Pp.

Weber, Gustavus A. The Hydrographic Office—Its History, Activities and Organizations. No. 42. Pp. xii, 112. Price, $1.00. United States Service Monographs. Institute for Government Research. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press. Smith, Darrell Hevenor. The Bureau of Naturalization, Its History, Aativities and Organization. No. 43. Pp. xii, 108. Price, $1.00. Tobey, James A. The National Government and Public Health. Pp.

Arthur Young on Industry and Economics.Elizabeth Pinney Hunt

Previous articleNext article FreeBook ReviewsArthur Young on Industry and Economics. Elizabeth Pinney Hunt PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 32, Number 3Nov., 1926 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/214179 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

H. A. V. RANSOM. 192G. xvi + 283 pp. Dent. 6s. Histories: Book II. The Middle Ages [1066–1485]. By C. H. K. MARTEN and E. H. CARTER

Ploetz' Manual of Universal History. Translated and enlarged by W. H. TILLINGHAST; revised by HARRY ELMER BARNES The Building of Europe. By J. S. HOYLAND A Short History of Western Civilisation. By A. F. HATTERSLEY The Way of History. Edited by K. N. BELL. 1924 Imperial Rome. By M. P. NILSSON, The Pagan Background of Early Christianity. By W. R. HALLIDAY Prehistoric and Roman Wales. By R. E. M. WHEELER Outlines of European History. Part III. From 1270 to 1493. By A. D. GREENWOOD Intercourse between India and the Western World. By H. G. RAWUN‐SON Travel and Travellers of the Middle Ages. Edited by A. P. NEWTON Mediaeval France. By JOAN EVANS Studies in the History of Mediceval Science (Harvard Historical Studies, vol.xxvii.). By C. H.HASKINS Studies in the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267. By E. F. JACOB Essays in Medieval History presented to Thomas Frederick Tout. Edited by A. G. LITTLE and P. M. POWICKE Edward IV s French Expedition of 1475: the Leaders and their Badges. (College of Arms MS. 2 M. 16). Edited by F. P. BARNARD Canterbury. “ The Story of the English Towns” series. By D. GARDINER Guide and History of Haywood and its old Church near Stafford in the Valley of the Trent. Compiled and illustrated by “STAFFORDA.” Gloucester in National History. By F. A. HYETT The Temple. Third Edition, xii + 210 pp. 4s. Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn. xiv + 217 pp. 6s. By H. H. L. BELLOT The Story of Battersea as told to Children. By E. A. WOOLNER The Story of Chelsea. An Introductory History. By W. C. B. SAYERS Blackheath. The Story of the Boyal Hundred. By G. L. BAKER A History of the Parish of Havering‐atte‐Bower, Essex. By HARROLD SMITH A History of English Law. By W. S. HOLDSWORTH The Student's France. By W. H. JERVIS, with additional chapters by W. J. N. GRIFFITH History of France. By JACQUES BAINVILLE, translated by ALICE and CHRISTIAN GAUSS French Society in the Eighteenth Century. By Louis DUCROS, translated by W. DE GEIJER A History of Russia. ByS.F. PLATONOV Four Centuries of Modern Iraq. By S. H. LONGEIGG Travel in England in the Seventeenth Century. By JOAN PAEKES The Siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1683. Translated into Greek from an Italian work by Jeremias Cacavelas. Edited by F. H. MARSHALL Science and Scientists in the Nineteenth Century. By R. H. MURRAY Three Centuries of Chemistry. By IRVINE MASSON The Dominion of New England: a Study in British Colonial Policy. By VIOLA FLORENCE BARNES Connecticut's Place in Colonial History. By C. M. ANDREWS Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series: America and West Indies Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations More Culloden Papers. Edited by DUNCAN WAERAND The Art of History: a study of four great historians of the eighteenth century. By J. B. BLACK A Tour in Ireland, with general observations on the present state of that Kingdom, made in the years 1776, 1777 and 1778. By ARTHUR YOUNG L'Introduction du Machinisme dans Vlndustrie Francaise. P0ar CHARLES BALLOT Idealism and Foreign Policy. By A. A. W. RAMSAY The Selborne Memorandum: a Review of the Mutual Relations of the British South African Colonies in 1907. Introduction by BASIL WILLIAMS

The Work of the Office of Farm Management and Its Relation to the Agricultural Experiment Stations

It is with great pleasure that I find myself representing the interests of economic research at a meeting of experimental station directors. Prior to the days of experiment stations the economics of agriculture was better developed than were the physical and biological sciences in their relation to agricultural problems. As evidence of this condition attention is called to the English literature of the latter part of the eighteenth century and the first part of the nineteenth, especially the extensive writings of Arthur Young and William Marshall, the county agricultural surveys made by the Board of Agriculture and the writings of Adam Smith, James Anderson, David Ricardo, T. R. Malthus, and others relating to the economics of agriculture from the individual, the social and the national point of view.

The Makers of Modern Agriculture

IN this little book Dr. Macdonald has given a very pleasant and readable account of five of the makers of modern agriculture, viz., Jethro Tull, Coke of Norfolk, Arthur Young, John Sinclair, and Cyrus H. McCormick. He has carefully examined the best biographies available, and has given a summary of the lives and works of his subjects, which cannot fail to be of wide interest to all concerned in the development of agricultural science. If we have a fault to find, it is that the title is too comprehensive: Lawes and Gilbert are not mentioned, yet they must surely stand among the makers of modern agriculture, for It was they who worked out the application of artificial manures to agricultural practice. Three of the five are Englishmen, one is Scotch, and one American. Tull and Coke are in some ways the most interesting of the five.

Arthur Young's Trarels in France, 1787-1789

Arthur Young's Trarels in France, 1787-1789

The Autobiography of Arthur Young, with Selections from His Correspondence.

The Autobiography of Arthur Young, with Selections from His Correspondence.

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

REVIEWS OF BOOKS Get access The Autobiography of Arthur Young, with Selections from his Correspondence. Edited by M. BETHAM EDWARDS. (London: Smith, Elder, & Co. 1898.) JAMES BONAR JAMES BONAR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume XIII, Issue LII, October 1898, Pages 797–799, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/XIII.LII.797 Published: 01 October 1898

Cultivation of Woad

As supplementary to the article on the cultivation of woad, by Messrs. Darwin and Meldola, in NATURE for November 12, it may further be stated that this plant has been grown besides at Parson Drove, at Boston, Wyberton, and Algarkirk, in the Lincolnshire Fenland, for a very long period. An account of its cultivation, with details of the process and preparing it for use, will be found in Arthur Young's “Agricultural Survey of Lincolnshire,” published at the end of the last century.

Arthur Young's Tour in Ireland (1776–79)

Arthur Young's Tour in Ireland (1776–79)