Arthrobacter Citreus Research Articles

Soil bacteria: a principal component analysis and guanine-cytosine contents of some arthrobacter-coryneform soil isolates and of some named cultures.

A two-stage principal component (P.C.) procedure was applied in a comparison of the nature and properties of 19 named cultures of Arthrobacter and 77 arthrobacter–coryneform soil isolates: cultures of Brevibacterium linens, Nocardia cellulans, Corynebacterium michiganense, and Jensenia canicruria were also studied. These cultures were characterized in terms of their reaction to a set of 98 tests. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from 55 of the cultures and the moles % guanine + cytosine (% GC) content determined by thermal denaturation and ultracentrifugation methods. The P.C. analysis resulted in the recognition of 13 groups of cultures. Twelve of the Arthrobacter cultures (representing nine species) were contained in two groups, one of which contained only Arthrobacter cultures. Arthrobacter citreus, A. duodecadis, A. flavescens, and A. terregens were contained in another group with 13 soil isolates. Arthrobacter simplex and A. tumescens were located in separate groups which also included B. linens and N. cellulans respectively; otherwise these groups contained soil isolates. C. michiganense was located in a group of four soil isolates which was spatially related to the two groups of Arthrobacter cultures. Twenty-five characteristics were considered important for differentiating the groups of cultures and they were concerned with nutritional requirements, use of carbon compounds, catalase production, nitrate reduction, antibiotic sensitivity, and the Gram reaction. Most of the named Arthrobacter cultures were located in groups which were separated from the groups of the soil isolates. The DNA of the 55 cultures examined contained from 40 to 74% GC: for 32 of these cultures the GC content of DNA was between 59 and 66% and for 19 cultures the GC content was between 66 and 74%. With few exceptions cultures grouped together by the numerical method had similar GC contents.

Women's Auxiliary: Let's Take a Trip

ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal-DNA Restriction Analysis) was used to differentiate among species and genera of Arthrobacter and Microbacteria. Species-specific restriction patterns of PCR-products were obtained with Nci I for Arthrobacter citreus(DSM 20133T), A. sulfureus(DSM 20167T), A. globiformis(DSM 20124T) and A. nicotianae strains (DSM 20123T, MGE 10D, CA13, CA14, isolate 95293, 95294, and 95299), A. rhombi CCUG 38813T, and CCUG 38812, and Microbacterium barkeri strains (DSM 30123T, MGE 10D, CA12 and CA15, isolate 95292, and isolate 95207). All yellow pigmented coryneforme bacteria isolated from the smear of surface ripened cheeses were identified as either A. nicotianae or M. barkeri strains. Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) strain specific restriction pattern for all Arthrobacter species and Microbacteria tested were obtained with restriction enzymes Asc I and Spe I.

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ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal-DNA Restriction Analysis) was used to differentiate among species and genera of Arthrobacter and Microbacteria. Species-specific restriction patterns of PCR-products were obtained with Nci I for Arthrobacter citreus(DSM 20133T), A. sulfureus(DSM 20167T), A. globiformis(DSM 20124T) and A. nicotianae strains (DSM 20123T, MGE 10D, CA13, CA14, isolate 95293, 95294, and 95299), A. rhombi CCUG 38813T, and CCUG 38812, and Microbacterium barkeri strains (DSM 30123T, MGE 10D, CA12 and CA15, isolate 95292, and isolate 95207). All yellow pigmented coryneforme bacteria isolated from the smear of surface ripened cheeses were identified as either A. nicotianae or M. barkeri strains. Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) strain specific restriction pattern for all Arthrobacter species and Microbacteria tested were obtained with restriction enzymes Asc I and Spe I.

Fermentative production of 5′‐purine ribonucleotide

AbstractMicrococcus sodonensis KY 3765 and Arthrobacter citreus KY 3155 were found capable of accumulating IMP in media supplemented with hypoxanthine as a precursor. High concentrations of phosphate and magnesium salts were required for high yields of IMP. Manganese deficiency in the media was also essential. Excessive Mn2+ effects were also seen in the IMP fermentation carried out with an adenineless mutant, of Cornynebacterium glutamicum. In M. sodonensis, R5P‐like substances, 5‐phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase and IMP pyrophosphorylase, were leaked out, of the cells grown in suboptimal Mn2+ levels. This excretion was inhibited by high levels of Mn2+. Such a phenomenon was not noted in A. citreus. An adenineless mutant (KY 7208) of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was found to accumulate an appreciable amount of IMP. The chemical changes in this fermentation showed that, hypoxanthine was first produced de novo, excreted, and then reconverted into IMP by a salvage pathway. When hypoxanthine was added to 7208 culture, IMP yield was increased appreciably. In fact exogenous 14C‐hypoxanthine was incorporated into 14C‐IMP. Subsequent experiments showed that indeed Br. ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, a parent culture of KY 7208, was able to produce IMP, GMP, and AMP, in good yield from hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenine, respectively.

Production of Nucleic Acid-Related Substances by Fermentative Processes

Brevibacterium insectiphilium KY 3446 (Steinhous, Breed AHU 1401) was found to ac-cumulate IMP from hypoxanthine and UMP from uracil, respectively. This strain is thus considered to present the fourth example in salvage-type fermentation, in addition to Micrococcus s_??_donensis, Arthrobacter citreus and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes reported previously. IMP from adenine and UMP from cytosine were also produced by KY 3446, re-spectively. Further, the addition of inosine and adenosine instead of the bases also caused IMP accumulation. This strain grew well on sucrose medium, and produced IMP and UMP in higher yields on sucrose than on glucose medium. Excessive amounts of Mn2+ stimulated growth, but markedly inhibited IMP production. The optimal concentration of Mn2+ for IMP accumulation induced morphogenetic alterations from normal and small to abnormal and large cells.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND ROOT EXTRACTS ON THE ASSOCIATIVE GROWTH OF SELECTED SOIL BACTERIA

These studies are concerned with the growth interrelationships of mixed cultures of five soil organisms in soil extract and root extracts of 2-, 4-, and 8-week-old oats, soybeans, and wheat. Population changes of Agrobacterium radiobacter, Arthrobacter citreus, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus cereus, and a Pseudomonas sp. in pure and mixed culture were followed by plating on selective media. B. cereus and A. chroococcum grew poorly alone or in mixed culture in the extracts. In soil extract, A. citreus predominated over, or was nearly equal in number to, the Gram-negative forms (Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium). In root extracts, Pseudomonas sp. always predominated over A. citreus in mixed culture. A. radiobacter was inhibited in mature root extracts (8-week-old plants) although in pure culture it recovered after a period. An antagonistic effect of Pseudomonas sp. on A. chroococcum plated on nitrogen-free agar medium was found to be related to the kind of agar used.

64—MICROBIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE STEROIDS OF WOOL WAX

The bacteria Alcaligenes viscosus (A[ddot]metz) and Arthrobacter citreus (Sachs) attack the ring system of cholesterol, giving cholest-4-en-3-one as the main product, small amounts of 7-oxocholesterol and traces of other ketones and an acid. Neither bacterium is able to remove the side-chain of cholesterol.