Artesian Water Research Articles

The pH of bottled water commercially available in Australia and its implications for oral health.

With a higher pH level and being unlikely to erode the tooth, bottled water has been considered a safe alternative to acidic beverages. However, recent studies have reported some bottled water products in different countries to be acidic. The present paper aimed to examine the pH values of 42 bottled waters commercially available in Australia, using a pH meter and probe, and classify their risks to cause erosive tooth wear in comparison with the critical pH of enamel and dentine. Of the 42 bottled water samples collected, 81.0 and 73.8% were considered erosive to tooth dentine and enamel, respectively. Flavoured waters were the most acidic, followed by sparkling waters, spring waters, artesian waters, mineral waters, and alkaline waters. All sparkling waters and flavoured waters showed an erosive risk to the enamel and dentine. A portion of spring waters and artesian waters was also acidic enough to erode tooth structures. The findings of this work were of concern given the risk of sustaining erosive tooth wear from consuming bottled waters. Health promotion strategies including public awareness and education on oral health consequences related to the consumption of bottled water are needed. Future epidemiological and in vivo investigations are also warranted.

Changing the guality of drinking water and the resistance of the pipeline when transporting it through water pipes

Transportation of drinking water on the water supply network is a complex and important problem, which requires many practical problems. Thus, the water supply network is designed for the regime of maximum water consumption in the settlement, and the period of operation of the network is characterized not only by maximum water consumption, but also by minimum water use, which takes place at night. Therefore, the velocities of water flow through the pipes will change during the day from maximum to minimum, and in some areas will fall to zero and even change the direction of flow. This situation contributes to the formation on the inner surface of water pipes of biological film, which develops on all types of pipe material (concrete, plastic, steel, cast iron, copper). Hours of minimal water consumption, characterized by low water flow rates, are favor able for the process of fixing bacteria on the inner surface of the pipes and the formation of local colonies that destroy the material of the pipeline.
 Special attention is paid to iron bacteria, which oxidize iron oxide, turning it into oxidative. This process is accompanied by precipitation,- hydroxide. Therefore, in the process of vital activity of iron bacteria in the middle of the pipelines formed a mobile sediment, which reduces the diameter of the pipes, and the water gets a rusty-red color and an unpleasant odor.
 Attention is drawn to the fact that some artesian waters used for water supply of the population contain hydrogen sulfide. When oxygen enters such bodies, they begin to develop filamentous sulfur bacteria. In appearance filamentous sulfur bacteria (Beggiaroacea) resemble long tufts of gray hair, and congestion, formed from filamentous sulfur bacteria rapidly increase in volume and clog the living section of the pipes, saturating the drinking water with an unpleasant odor.
 Therefore, bacteria transported through the pipes together with drinking water degrade its quality, saturating the water with an unpleasant odor, clog the living section of the pipes and destroy the inner surface of the pipes and destroy the inner surface of the pipes due to corrosion.

Characteristics of a Large-Scale Deep Foundation Pit Excavated by the Central-Island Technique in Chengdu Soft Clay

A large-scale foundation pit, 25,720 m2 (127 m × 213 m), was excavated to a depth of approximately 20 m by the central-island technique from 2012 to 2013 in Chengdu, China. This paper aims to comprehensively study the deformation behaviours of the foundation pit during excavation and investigate the primary factors affecting the deformation behaviour of the foundation pit. The deformation characteristics monitored during excavation included 1) horizontal column movement, 2) vertical column movement, 3) lateral column deflection, 4) internal stress in the column, 5) axial force in anchor cables, 6) ground settlement, and 7) artesian water levels. To further explore the pit sizes on the excavation behaviour, field data from another ten excavations in Chengdu were also included in the analysis. The results showed the maximum deflection of the column was mostly detected at the top of the column. The vertical column movement, δcu, undulates during excavation. After the desired depth was reached, the increase in the vertical column movement was negligible. The internal force in the anchor cable varied between 20–30 kN during the excavation and between 30–70 kN when the expected depth was excavated. A relatively small ground settlement in the studied excavation sites was observed due to the mudstone at the bottom of the excavation and the installation of anchor cables. In addition, it was noticed that the aspect ratio and excavation depth have a significant effect on the maximum deflection at the top of the column. This paper enriches the database and improves the understanding of the deformation behaviour of large-scale foundation pits during excavation.

Geoecological problems of the Terek-Kuma artesian basin

The state of the quality of drinking water and soil of the settlement has a direct impact on the health of the population and this problem is undoubtedly relevant for most territories of the Republic of Dagestan. In this regard, this article discusses the results of studies of drinking water from artesian wells and soil in the village of Bogatyrevka, located 18 km northwest of the city of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan and 8 km west of the Caspian Sea coast, with a population of about 3200 people. The object of research were soils and artesian waters, which are used by the population of the village as a source of drinking water, since there is currently no centralized drinking water supply.

ЗНАЧЕННЯ РІЧОК ДНІПРА І ДЕСНИ У ВОДОПОСТАЧАННІ КИЄВА - ДО 150-РІЧЧЯ КИЇВСЬКОГО ВОДОПРОВОДУ (1872-2022 РОКИ)

The article shows the role of the Dnipro and Desna rivers in the water supply of Kyiv. 2022 marks the 150th anniversary of the Kyiv centralized water supply system, which was built in 1872 with a water intake from the Dnipro. For a century and a half, technologies in water supply have changed, the role of the Dnipro as a source of water supply – the role of groundwater, and subsequently the Desna, increased. In 1939, the Dnipro water supply station was built, which is still in operation (design capacity 600 thousand m3/day). In 1961, the Desnyanska water supply station was built (1080 thousand m3/day). The design capacity of the artesian water pipeline is 420 thousand m3/day. The Dnipro River to Kiev (Upper Dnipro) and the Desna River form their waters on the territory of Polesie, which affects the chemical composition and quality of river waters. The water quality of the Dnipro River with an average annual salinity of about 290 mg/dm3 is influenced by the Pripyat River, the chemical composition of the water of which is formed in wetlands and contains a significant amount of humic substances. This leads to the fact that in certain periods during the spring flood, a tense situation arises regarding the purification of water from organic matter at the Dnipro waterworks. There is no such problem with the water of the Desna River with an average annual salinity of about 330 mg/dm3. But the threat to the Desna floodplain, which is easy to spot on the ground, is its development. Often – this is a building unforeseen by the general plan for the development of settlements. In recent years, the average daily rise in water by subdivisions of the private JSC “AK” Kyivvodokanal “is 700-720 thousand m3/day. The share of water supply sources in the city is as follows: Desna – 66%; Dnipro – 25%; artesian waters – 9%. A high specific indicator of drinking water use in Kyiv per one inhabitant was in 1991 – 588 L/day/person. In 2018, it decreased 2.6 times (225 L/day/person) compared to 1991; in 2019 – 2.6 times (223 L/day/person); in 2020 – 2.7 times. (219 L/day/person). This was facilitated by the introduction of market relations in the procedure for payment by the population for water supply and sanitation services. The centralized water supply of the city also provides for the centralized water disposal of wastewater generated in the process of water use. Built in 1965, the Bortnytska aeration station receives 100% of the city’s wastewater with the discharge of treated wastewater into the Dnipro River below Kyiv. The Dnipro together with the Desna River play an extraordinary role in the city’s water supply. The Dnipro remains the hydrographic axis of the Ukrainian capital.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОЦЕСІВ ОЧИЩЕННЯ ВОДИ ВІД ІОНІВ МАНГАНУ ПРИ ВИКОРИСТАННІ РОЗЧИНІВ НАТРІЙ ГІПОХЛОРИТУ

The creation of effective demanganization technologies by the development of new and intensification of known processes of manganese removal from natural waters are currently of increasing importance.The search for promising ways to demanganize water to regulatory values is a topical issue for the modern water treatment domain.Recent publications of methods for extraction of manganese ions from water by sorption, membrane, ion exchange methods were reviewed. The prospects of application of oxidative methods for water demanganation are shown.The purpose of the article is to investigate the manganese ions removal methods from water during their oxidation by sodium hypochlorite and to establish the dependence of the efficiency of demanganization on the consumption of oxidizing agent and the concentration of manganese ions in water.The study presents the application of sodium hypochlorite as an oxidant in the purification of artesian water from manganese ions. It was determined in static conditions that the degree of manganese removal is affected by both its initial concentration in water and the dose of sodium hypochlorite. Water purification process is more efficient with initial manganese concentrations above 5 mg/dm3. At a manganese ion concentration 30 mg/dm3, its complete removal was achieved in 4 hours of settling at a stoichiometric ratio of manganese and sodium hypochlorite in water and at any excess of oxidant. The process of manganese ions oxidation in artesian water by sodium hypochlorite depending on its dose and contact time was studied. The dose of oxidant for the removal of manganese ions from artesian water was also determined. Thus, the research allowed to improve the methods of water purification from manganese ions during their oxidation by sodium hypochlorite and found that the water purification efficiency increased both with increasing consumption of oxidizing agent and increasing the concentration of manganese ions in water.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ВОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ НИЖНЕГОРСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ КРЫМ

The uneven distribution of water resources in most of the Crimean Peninsula leads to the redistribution of surface and underground runoff between regions. The available volumes of water resources in the Nizhnegorsk District have been redistributed due to the construction of extended water supply routes and groundwater intakes. An assessment of the rationality of using artesian waters from wells in the Nizhnegorsk region of the Crimean peninsula is carried out.

Improving the quality of water treatment in boiler rooms through the use of natural sorbents

The article is devoted to the important requirements of the present time to the issues of operating reliability of heat-stressed boiler surfaces, the condition of the pipeline heat supply system and the quality of makeup water. The fight against the formation of scale and corrosion is the main task which is solved in the process of process water preparation, since significant contamination of the surfaces of heat exchange equipment with various kinds of deposits of mineral salts and the presence of corrosion products lead to a significant decrease in the efficiency of heating equipment operation, and the consequence is usually its failure. One of the essential factors in the operation of heat exchange equipment is the quality of the organization of the water-chemical regime - the determination of the necessary technological parameters, the composition of the filter load, the doses of all reagents, allowing to minimize the process of formation of mineral deposits and the area of corroded material structures. The article presents experimental data on the influence of natural sorbents on the quality of artesian water preparation for the needs of the population. The results of scientific research on the determination of composition and sorbent dose for water purification in the process of water treatment to prevent the formation of deposits and corrosion of equipment materials are presented. The assumption is confirmed that the use of natural sorbents reduces the content level of all “problematic” elements in the process of water treatment to standard values.

Deep groundwater recharge mechanism in the sedimentary and crystalline terrains of Sri Lanka: A study based on environmental isotope and chemical signatures

Springs discharge groundwater that travels along flow paths of different spatial and time domains. In many instances, it is difficult to describe its involved groundwater movement, availability as well as geochemical evolution due to its hidden nature. The present study has assessed the deep groundwater in the form of thermal and non-thermal springs in the Palavi and Vanathavillu basins of sedimentary terrain as well as the Southern, Eastern, and Eastern-North Central lowlands of the crystalline terrain of Sri Lanka, using isotope and geochemical approaches. The results revealed that cation exchange in the sedimentary aquifers, whereas rock-water interaction in hard rock and fairly deep aquifers, are the important factors that control the groundwater chemistry. Artesian wells in the sedimentary terrain are mainly recharged by meteoric water, moving through fractured basement rocks at elevations from 100 to 200m above sea level, and have a long residence time. Despite its proximity to the West coast, the data acquired do not indicate that there is seawater mixing. Mixing of percolated water through an unconsolidated geological matrix appears to promote an increase in the salinity of groundwater. Non-mixed, non-evaporated, and young groundwater with a recharge elevation of more than 1000 m above mean sea level can be found in the Southern lowlands of the crystalline terrain. In the Eastern North Central lowlands, groundwater is lowland originated, fast replanished and significantly mixed with evaporated surface water. Thermal waters do not contain tritium and therefore are older than 50 years and have deeply percolated. Artesian water in the Eastern region is high altitude originated and intensely rock-water interacted. Some hot springs in the same area emerging through weathered overburden have water significantly mixed with recent precipitation. Thermal springs that emerge through quartzite bedrock have a non-mixed, non-evaporated, and less rock-water interacted nature. Both thermal and non-thermal water with artesian conditions have clearly indicated that they originate from a common recharge source but with different flow paths, penetration depths, and travel distances, resulting in different chemical characteristics. Non-thermal springs are recharged by recent precipitation and have percolated only to shallow depths.

Conditions and processes of precipitation of iron compounds upon discharge of high-mineralized artesian water from artesian borehole R-30, Staro Oryahovo, Bulgaria.

The artesian borehole R-30-Staro Oryahovo with total depth of 1740m gives waters of chlorine-sodium type with a mineralization of 31g/L from formations of Paleogene age. These waters contain high concentrations of iron and because of this, intense precipitation of iron compounds takes place at and around the wellhead. To clarify the ongoing processes, samples of precipitates and overflow water were taken. It was shown that the predominant form of iron in the water before reaching the surface is Fe2+-85-90% and FeCl+-4-11%. The calculated saturation index for a number of Fe2+-containing minerals showed that hydroxides and sulfates of Fe2+ are the possible candidates for sources of iron in the water. The reductive dissolution of wide spread Fe3+-containing minerals (hematite, goethite) was assumed as a possible alternative process releasing Fe2+ into water. At the surface, due to the contacts with the atmospheric oxygen, the environment is sharply changed to oxidizing one thus forming a geochemical barrier and causing mass precipitation of Fe3+ oxides. Simultaneous Fe2+ oxidation, hydrolysis of Fe3+ and co-precipitation with silica and other components are assumed as the major processes causing the formation of low-crystalline Si-containing ferrihydrite or ferrihydrite-like phase. After formation, the precipitated gels due to the processes of aging and continued interaction with the outflowing water have suffered the further change including the formation of goethite. It was shown that due to the intensive precipitation processes, the iron migration to the surface is limited to a very small area and does not affect adjacent agricultural territories with Fe.

RANCANG BANGUN IOT MENGGUNAKAN SIM900A PADA SISTEM INFORMASI TAGIHAN AIR ARTETIS METODE WATER FLOW

Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic global network infrastructure with standard configuration capabilities and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes and virtual personalities and use smart interfaces, and are integrated into the network. Water is a source of life for humans and nutrients needed by humans. One of the essential daily needs of living things in this world that cannot be separated is water. The problem or obstacle that exists with the use of artesian water is that when the meter calculation (usage standard) is still using human labor, in other words there is a mobile officer at the end of every month, while in the middle of the month the officer returns to provide a payment account receipt. Not yet, if the officer has difficulty checking, they have to be behind the customer's house if the meter (standard of use) is located behind the house, and the place is not strategic. Then sometimes the recording is not accurate because it is not in accordance with the usage of the existing customer being metered. This gives the effect of a longer process, less accurate results, and makes the job more difficult and customers also feel worried that if the staff is not careful about recording water usage, the authors are inspired to design and make a tool to make it easier to record water usage with modern technology. namely the Artetis Water Billing Information System using Water Flow and IoT-based Sim900A in the Purwoyoso village area of Semarang where people can maintain and manage water more effectively and efficiently for human survival.

Meander chute cutoff at an alluvial river facilitated by gypsum sinkholes

Collapse sinkholes are common in areas where gypsum strata underlie rock that is incompetent to bridge the cavities created by the groundwater dissolution of gypsum. On floodplains these can be obscured due to fill by overbank deposits, and channels tend to migrate towards larger enclosed depressions. This study utilises GIS to analyse the influence exerted by small collapse sinkholes on the channel dynamics of the alluvial River Ure, UK. At Ripon Loop, a large compound meander bend, sinkhole area and channel dynamics have been tracked over >160 years from multiple datasets, including historic maps, aerial imagery, lidar and a Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry dataset acquired for this study. This indicated two distinct populations, firstly long-lived, constant-sized sinkholes and secondly dynamically growing holes aligned with the contact of bedrock and unconsolidated materials of a buried valley at depth where artesian water saturated with sulphate enters the latter. Frequent overbank flows of the River Ure across the neck of the bend have interacted with sinkholes, e.g. by deposition of bedload in the down-valley end of the holes and localised headward incision on the opposite side due to the relatively high gradient between holes and the downstream limb. The location of holes has conditioned the incision of small shallow channels over at least 7 years, before cutoff occurred over several floods in 2019. Initially overbank flow traversed the neck via the chain of sinkholes before widening and deepening of the channel captured all the surface flow of the River Ure, resulting in the mobilisation of more than 20,000 m3 of sediment. Allogenic influences on fluvial systems in relation to meander dynamics are often neglected and this study is the first to link floodplain sinkholes with detailed mechanisms of a chute cutoff, hereby indicating a potential feedback to sinkhole dissolution processes.

Methodological Foundation and Assessment of Artesian Water Treatment Technology in the Republic of the Union Of Myanmar

The analysis of the compositions of artesian waters from the Republic of the Union of Myanmar as a source of potable water production is carried out. The underground waters are characterized by high degree of hardness and content of iron and manganese. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration corresponding thus to the class of brackish water. Three potential approaches to the development of drinking water production technology are proposed. Technical and economic analysis of the specific operating costs for potable water from artesian resources of Republic of the Union of Myanmar was carried out and the optimal technological schemes of treatment plants were determined.

Effects on the embryonic and larval development of cane toads (Rhinella marina) reared in alkaline artesian spring water

AbstractInvasive species are generally characterised by broad environmental tolerances that allow them to successfully inhabit multiple ecosystems. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are physiologically tolerant to a broad range of environmental conditions; however, it has been observed that they do not frequently reproduce in the Great Artesian Basin springs of central Queensland, Australia, despite inhabiting the surrounding environment. In the present study, we reared cane toad embryos and larvae in a range of water treatments including water sourced from artesian springs at Edgbaston Reserve, to determine if the challenging water chemistry of these environments limits cane toad development. We found that embryos and mid‐ to late‐stage toad larvae were highly tolerant to spring water – there were no significant effects of water treatment on embryonic hatching success and development, and late‐stage larvae exposed to spring water successfully metamorphosed. However, early‐stage larvae were more sensitive and experienced a small increase in mortality when raised in alkaline water treatments compared with carbon‐filtered tap water. Our findings suggest that cane toads can successfully develop in artesian spring water. However, field studies are needed to determine if the sensitivity of early‐stage larvae to alkaline water limits their ability to successfully colonise these springs.

Cryptosporidiosis outbreak on a dairy farm: Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum as a causative agent in the water source.

Diarrhea caused by parasitic agents is common in neonatal calves and leads to significant economic losses in cattle farms worldwide. Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the most frequently detected parasitic agents causing diarrhea in neonatal calves. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. on a dairy farm which a has major diarrhea problem. Samples were collected from calves, cows, drinking bowls, and two different artesian water sources, as well as from the environment. All fecal samples were investigated using Kinyoun acid-fast stained slides and real-time PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium spp. COWP gene. In addition, species identification was performed by nested PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium spp. COWP gene and sequencing. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 11 calves (30.55%; 11/36) by real-time PCR and the cows were negative. Among real-time PCR positive samples, only five were also found positive by microscopy. Moreover, Cryptosporidium spp. was found in one of the two artesian water sources and five environmental samples by real-time PCR. Among these positive samples, eight were sequenced. According to the RFLP pattern, BLAST and, phylogenetic analyses, all sequenced samples were Cryptosporidium parvum. These findings show the importance of C. parvum as a cause of calf diarrhea on dairy farms.

Avaliação hidrogeológica de nascentes na Grande Bacia Artesiana centro-sul da Austrália

Artesian springs support important wetland ecosystems comprising highly specialised, endemic animal and plant species. Understanding the hydrogeological processes that sustain springs is critical to their management and characterisation of the connected groundwater system. This paper focuses on the springs of the Eulo and Bourke supergroups in the south-central part of the Great Artesian Basin in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. These springs have been heavily impacted by aquifer drawdown, as a result of uncontrolled discharge of artesian water from pastoral bores. This study uses a stratigraphic model of the aquifer and aquitard sediments, a model of the potentiometric surface, existing information on the coverage of basement and surface structures, and a comprehensive field survey of all known springs to identify the association of springs with the edge of the geological basin, basement outcrop, basement highs, surface and deep basement faults, and a thinned aquitard. Many springs in the Eulo Supergroup are associated with basement highs and many springs are associated with deep faults, suggesting that reactivation of these faults may be an important cause of spring discharge. Springs in the Bourke Supergroup previously thought to be outcrop springs (gravity-fed), by virtue of their surface characteristics, are more likely to be artesian springs based on the interpretation of basement geology, surface faults and water chemistry, which align most closely to the Hooray Sandstone, the artesian aquifer underlying the springs.

Preparation and physicochemical properties of the Fe, Mn-oxides catalyst

A Fe, Mn-oxide catalyst was obtained by impregnation of thermally activated dolomite granules with aqueous solutions of Fe(III) and Mn(II) sulfates followed by heat treatment. Its physicochemical properties were studied using differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, low-temperature adsorption-desorption of nitrogen, and scanning electron microscopy. The high efficiency of Fe(II) ion oxidation in aqueous media in a flow-type catalytic reactor was shown, which makes the obtained catalyst promising for the deironization of artesian waters.

Предотвращение осложнений при использовании несовместимых вод в системе поддержания пластового давления

A pressing task in the operation of a reservoir pressure maintenance system is the prediction and monitoring of the state of the internal surface of pipelines and the total amount of sediment. The article examines the mechanism of formation of salts of carbonate and sulphate groups in the process of mixing reservoir and artesian waters, which are incompatible, when used in the system for maintaining reservoir pressure. The mechanism of formation of iron compounds when mixing waters with different pH values is considered. The effect of bacteriological contamination of the production media on the increase in the amount of iron sulfides in the production media, as well as the development of equipment biocorrosion is shown. The features of biodegradation of the field pipeline system under conditions of low reservoir temperatures are considered. The most promising methods of dealing with scaling and biocorrosion under conditions of low temperatures of field fluids are noted.

Quality and Method of Management of Drinking Water in Rural Areas in Benin: Case of Artesian Drills of Dogbo Ahomey in the Borough of Tota, Municipality of Dogbo

The objective of this study is to assess the quality of the artesian borehole water consumed by the population of the village of Dogbo Ahomey in order to prevent pathologies on the populations. Methodology and Results: The household surveys were supplemented by a campaign to analyze the water samples in the laboratory. The samples were analyzed according to the standardized methods of the American Public Health Association (APHAAWWA-WPCF, 1994). A total of twenty (20) physico-chemical parameters and four (04) microbiological parameters were used to assess the quality of the different water samples. The results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the water samples studied present values that are below the standards recommended by the WHO and by the Beninese standards for the quality of drinking water (Standards, 2001). From a microbiological analysis point of view, of the four samples studied, two show strong pollution by germs. This could be a significant health risk for households who take water from these sources to meet their needs.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПЕРИОДА ГАРАНТИРОВАННОЙ БЕЗОТКАЗНОЙ РАБОТЫ ГИДРАВЛИЧЕСКОЙ СХЕМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИ НАСОСНЫХ АГРЕГАТОВ

The article presents the values of the failure rate for modern types of pumps of four groups: submersible, designed for drainage and wastewater drainage; domestic; cantilever; submersible - for artesian water intake based on statistical data processing on their operation. The obtained values of the failure rate allow us to evaluate the reliability indicators of hydraulic circuits that use various types of pumping equipment. The article analyzes the failures of pumping equipment with their detailed description and presentation of practical photos accumulated at a specialized enterprise, whose activities are aimed at designing pumping stations, supply, installation and maintenance of pumping equipment on the territory of the Republic of Crimea.