Artesian Water Research Articles

Distribution of the stable isotopes (δ18O, δD и δ13C) in natural waters of the Baydar valley (Crimean Peninsula)

Results of the study of the stable isotopes (δ18O, δD and δ13C) distribution in natural waters of the Baydar valley (southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula) are presented. The study region holds fresh and ultra-fresh waters of predominantly bicarbonate calcium composition with TDS varying from 194 to 1137 mg/dm3. The research results revealed that all of the studied waters are of atmospheric origin that lie either along the global (GMWL) or local (LMWL) meteoric water lines. The established variations are: from -9.5 to -5.6‰ for δ18O values in waters with δD values varying from -64.0 to -40.0‰. The source for bicarbonate ion enriched in δ13C in natural waters of the Bauydar valley are carbonate sedimentary rocks, atmospheric carbon dioxide and organic compounds. Surface waters have heavier isotopic composition δ13C (-9.2 – -7.0‰) because of the atmospheric CO2. Artesian waters are differentiated by lighter δ13C (-12.8 – -10.7‰) due to the interactions between carbonate rocks and the dispersed organic matter. Water sources (springs, wells) are characterized by the widest variations of δ13C (-6.9 – -15.5‰) due to the presence of the atmospheric CO2 and intense processes of biochemical decomposition of organic compounds in the soil layer.

Макрокомпоненты в артезианских и коллекторно-дренажных водах Нахчыванской автономной республики

Макрокомпоненты в артезианских и коллекторно-дренажных водах Нахчыванской автономной республики

Geochemistry of natural waters of the Baydar valley (Crimean Peninsula)

The paper discusses the pioneering results of comprehensive hydrogeochemical studies of natural waters of the Baydar valley (southwestern parts of the Crimean Peninsula), whose major aquifers are confined to the upper Jurassic sediments (karst limestone) representing the most important hydrogeological feature of the study area. Fresh and ultra-fresh waters of predominantly bicarbonate calcium composition with total mineralization in the range from 194 to 1137 mg/dm3 are most widespread in the region. The analyzed waters (surface, ground and artesian) differ significantly in chemical composition and their basic characteristics have been arranged in the following patterns: mineralization of 254-832 mg/dm3 and neutral pH (6.98-7.54) for artesian waters; higher mineralization level (up to 1137 mg/dm3) and wide variations of pH values (from 7.18 to 8.31) for ground waters; mineralization from 194 to 288 mg/dm3 and a slightly alkaline pH (between 8.02 and 8.04) for surface waters collected in the Chyornaya river basin and Chernorechensk reservoir. The studied waters display a unique spectrum of trace elements and REE distribution.

EFFECT OF WASTEWATER AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON CALCAREOUS SOIL AND FOOD CROPS IN BORG EL ARAB – EGYPT

This paper summarizes the available information on the pollution of groundwater and irrigation canals from anthropogenic sources (sewage effluences and industrial waste water, and intensive fertilization) in northwestern Egypt Borg El Arab that leading to contamination of the soil-plant-animal. Excessive applications of fertilizers to field and vegetable crops lead to nitrate and phosphate contamination of groundwater and irrigation canals. In certain situations, nitrates exceed the dangerous level of 10 mg N/L. Industrial effluents, released without anytreatment to sewage drains, contain potentially toxic elements with a concentrations that are several fold higherthan those in domestic sewage water and exceed the maximum permissible limits for their disposal onto agricultural lands. The mean concentrations of Pb, Co, Cd and Ni in sewage water were, respectively 21,133, 700, and 2200 times higher than those in artesian water. The recommendation possible mitigation options for water pollution. There is an urgent need to effectively enforce regulations for the release of industrial effluents pertaining to primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. Educating farmers and public at large about the consequences of non-overkill Nitrogen fertilizer, pumping out shallow polluted water for drinking and domestic purposes, depleting groundwater resources, etc., is desirable

Aquifer Dynamics and Atmospheric Electricity

Measurements of variations in the atmospheric electric field (AEF), soil and atmospheric radon concentration, and hydrogeological parameters have made it possible to establish links between the listed processes. A rise in aquifer levels increases the outflow of soil radon, which decreases the AEF; a decrease in levels leads to the opposite effect. The rise can be caused by the infiltration of precipitation, hydraulic fracturing, and lowering of atmospheric pressure; the fall can be caused by the pumping of artesian waters or by an increase in atmospheric pressure.

Monitoring of Drinking Waters for the Content of Bromide, Iodide, Bromate and Iodate Ions

The monitoring of potable artesian waters of the city of Kyiv for bromide, bromate, iodide, and iodate ions as well as of drinking bottled water for bromides and bromates has been carried out. Bromate, iodide and iodate ions were monitored by the established methods and bromide ions—by the developed method. The stability of the chemical composition of artesian waters of the same horizon is noted. On the other hand, the concentration of bromides and iodides varied 3–4 times in pump-rooms feeding on a mixture of waters from aquifers. For waters containing high concentrations of bromides and iodides, ozonation is counter indicated due to hazard of the formation of carcinogenic bromates and iodates. A conclusion was made that it is more expedient to use carbon dioxide treatment for canning and disinfection of such waters.

The quality of drinking water as a risk-factor of skin lesions among the North Daghestan population

Objective: to study the epidemiological features of the spread of arsenodermatitis among the population of Northern Dagestan with the identification of populations most exposed to arsenic.Materials and methods: in the course of this study, 915 case histories of patients of the Republic Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, who have lived for more than 5 years in the territory of the hydrogeochemical anomaly, were analyzed. The study of ethnic predisposition to the development of skin pathologies was carried out on the basis of an analysis of available literature data.Results: 40.6 % of the population use artesian water with arsenic contamination 20-50 times higher than the permissible level for drinking. The prevailing localization in the analysis of the general structure of skin diseases of a noninfectious nature by study areas is the various forms of the psoriases, which were detected in half of the patients (51.6%). The spread of skin pathologies among different ethnic groups in North Dagestan did not reveal any differences.Conclusions: the clinical cases of dermatitis among the patients of the Republic Dermatovenerologic Dispensary revealed in the population are characterized by symptoms similar to those described in the literature of arsenodermatitis. To verify the data, it is necessary to conduct detailed studies using biomarkers (hair, urine) in exposed groups of the populationwith identified skin pathologies consuming water with different levels of arsenic for drinking.

Penentuan Rute Terpendek Jalur Distribusi Air Artesis Menggunakan Kruskal

Water flow distribution to home residents from the artesian well is affected by infrastructure. The more houses that distributed makes decreased amount supply of artesian water in every house. the longer of pipe leight and many branches traversed makes decrease of water supply because there will be many possible pipeline leaks. The more pipes used make the more expensive infrastructure cost. This problem occurs in Jubung area. These problems is one variation of the minimum Spanning Tree problems. This problem can be solved by the shortest path optimization route. It uses network method by implementing graph theory through kruskal algorithm. The first step is determined the nodes and sides. Nodes represent house and the sides represents the connecting pipes between houses. Kruskal is chosen because the kruskal focuses on the side and the graph is incomplete. focus of this study is the length optimation of the connecting pipe that is represented by side. In the pipe infrastructure figure map is representing of an incomplete graph because there are several nodes that are not connected to all nodes because it is adapted to the contour of the land that is not possible traversed the pipe. The results is there are several paths that are changed, especially the side to connect between node 1-4, 4-12, 19-20, 21-6 dispensed because forming cycles. The result of this research is kruskal can make decreasing infrastrukture cost Rp.7.535.500 with length of 201,5 meter so can save Rp.4.401.000 from Rp Rp.11.936.500.

Field Investigation and Prediction of Responses of Far-Field Ground and Groundwater to Pumping Artesian Water in Deep Excavations

Field Investigation and Prediction of Responses of Far-Field Ground and Groundwater to Pumping Artesian Water in Deep Excavations

Influence of long-term donor irrigation on quality of underground water in the south-steppe zone of Ukraine (case of the Baraboy River, Odessa Region)

The article presents the results of in-situ studies of the chemical composition and quality of underground (subsoil and artesian) water within the basin of the Baraboy River where irrigation of agricultural areas using the water resources of the Dniester River has been carried out since 1967. These water resources are fed into the network of reservoirs and channels of the Lower Dniester Irrigation System. Filtration losses of water from irrigation areas and water supply and sewage systems of settlements replenish the reserves of underground (subsoil) waters increasing the ingress therein of dissolved substances from the sedimentary rocks which leads to increase in the concentrations of certain ingredients included in chemical composition of surface and underground waters within the basin of the Baraboy River. It is shown that groundwater is enriched with nitro-gen compounds containing high concentrations of chlorides, sulfates, calcium and magnesium. Mineralization, toxicity and degree of contamination of underground water increase along the length of the Baraboy River. The chemical composition of the groundwater coming to the riverbed of the Baraboy River does not meet the fishing requirements and worsen the water quality of fish farming water bodies. The results of assessment of groundwater quality at the stations under study give reason to consider these sources of groundwater as an important factor affecting the hydrochemical regime and the quality of the water of the Baraboy River and its reservoirs which should be taken into account when developing the recommendations for optimization of the current hydroecological state of the Baraboy River as a whole. If high mineralization and significant content of principle ions in groundwater can be explained by natural factors, the high level of contamination by biogenic substances is resulted from entering of industrial, domestic and return waters from irrigated areas into aquifers. Such contamination is not a temporary but a permanent phenomenon. In terms of magnesium content artesian waters used for utility and drinking water supply are recognized as «mediocre, suitable with limitations and having undesirable quality». In addition, after 50 years of operation compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus were found in artesian water, and this was not a case in 1960s of the last century. A conclusion on the negative effect of long-term donor irrigation on the quality of underground water and on the need for additional treatment of water of artesian aquifers of the Sarmatian Stage used for centralized water supply was made.

INVESTIGATION OF INTERACTION OF BROMPHENOL SYNTHES WITH CATIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDES AND APPLICATION OF IT IN THE ANALYSIS

The aim of this work was to study the interaction of bromophenol blue with cationic polyacrylamides and the development on this basis of a simple, rapid and highly sensitive technique for determining the content of copolymers of acrylamide and the chloromethylated polymer in waters containing moderate amounts of strong electrolytes. The changes in the spectra are similar to those observed for the same dyes in the presence of cationic surfactant micelles. It is shown that two types of effects appear in the presence of polymers: the shift of the acid-base equilibrium caused by the formation of the ionic associate polymer-dye and the aggregation of the dye. Optimal conditions for the formation of the ion associate are established. The presence of salts in concentrations above the critical leads to a decrease in light absorption, the appearance of a negative systematic error. The application of the photometric titration method makes it possible to compensate to a certain extent the interfering effect of inorganic ions. In the presence of inorganic salts, the shape of the photometric titration curve near the end point of the titration is washed out, but its position remains practically unchanged, which makes it possible to determine the polymer flocculant in the presence of not very large concentrations of inorganic salts. Spectrophotometric methods for determining the content of CPAA FO in production solutions or natural waters with a low level of mineralization by methods of a calibration curve and photometric titration have been developed. Method of a calibration curve allow allows to determine polymer in the range of concentrations 0,12 –1,8 μg/L. The limit of determination of CPAA FO is 0.088 μg/L. The methods are tested on artificial mixtures and artesian water.

Determining the optimal radius of the flowing well subject to the downhole hydraulics

Abstract The hydrogeological conditions of the artesian aquifer of the Ararat valley allow performing water intake with the help of flowing wells. In this case the water rise is done due to the internal forces of the aquifer some part of which is lost inside the well at overcoming the hydraulic resistances of the case pipe as a result of which the well yield considerably reduces. The reduction of energy losses inside the well can be achieved by increasing the radius of the well that is associated with the higher costs of its boring and vice versa. The research goal is to determine the radius of flowing wells which provide the construction of water intake with maximal yield values of wells along with the minimal capital costs. The proposed method is illustrated by the case study for conditions of the Ararat valley artesian aquifer. The developed method can be used at the water intake of artesian waters that will provide considerable saving of capital costs.

Comparative analysis of artesian water quality

Comparative analysis of artesian water quality

THE DEPENDENCE OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER SAMARA FROM THE MAGNITUDE OF ITS ZETA-POTENTIAL

The results of studies of physicochemical composition of drinking water and the magnitude of its Zeta potential establishing the degree of dependency of these indicators. Samples were taken in winter and summer. It is shown that variation of values for such parameters as alkalinity, hardness, contents of Ca2+ and Mg2+ slightly on the individual areas of sampling. It is established that values of indic ators of quality of drinking water from underground water intakes was more stable than from a surface source. In artesian water values the Zeta potential (ζ-potential) was 3-7 times lower than in the Volga. The alkalinity of the water year was slightly above winter. There were relations between the value of the Zeta potential and alkalinity of the water as well as turbidity and hardness. In most cases, the magnitude of the accuracy of the approximation was greater than 0.9.

Reservoir Considerations and Direct Uses of São Pedro do Sul Hydromineral and Geothermal Field, Northern Portugal

São Pedro do Sul Hydromineral and Geothermal Field, located in the northern interior zone of Portugal (Lafões zone), has the greatest widespread utilization of geothermal energy in Portugal mainland and is the most important thermal centre from the economical revenues point of view, obtained from direct and indirect utilization of the thermal water, mostly for wellness, health, and leisure of human beings. Recent utilization includes district and greenhouses heating and even cosmetic applications. The Hydromineral Field includes two exploitable zones: the Termas and Vau Poles. The waters are recognised for their mineral and medicinal effects, since the time of the Romans about 2000 years ago and, later on, on the 12th century, by the first King of Portugal, D. Afonso Henriques. The traditional spring and the 500 m well (AC1), located in the Termas Pole, currently supplies artesian hot water flow of about 16.9 L/s with a temperature of 67 °C. Despite the low flow rate of the actual two exploration wells drilled in the Vau Pole, the geothermal potential is high; a new deep well is planned to be drilled in this zone where is expected to obtain fluid temperature of around 75 °C. The occurrence of São Pedro do Sul mineral water, included in the sulphurous type waters, are linked to Hercynian granitoids, emplaced between 290 and 321 Myr. There is a close relationship between the placement of the main hot springs and the Verin-Chaves-Penacova fault, namely Verin (Spain), Chaves, Moledo, and S. Pedro do Sul (Portugal) hot springs. Heat flow generated at shallow crustal zones by the radiogenic host mineral of the granitic rocks, added to the deep Earth heat flow, heats the cold water inflow along fractures. Open fracture network along the main faults allows the hot fluids reach the surface, thus giving chance to the occurrence of hot springs and mineralized cold springs. Coupling between fracture opening and density difference between cold water inflow and hot water upflow is assumed to be the main driven factors that explain the occurrence of hot spring in regions with normal to slightly abnormal geothermal gradient. Actual thermal output of the captured fluid in the São Pedro do Sul Hydrothermal area is not fully used, namely in summer times. Thus the main focus for the concessionary includes the saturation of the actual Termas heat power capacity either in the SPA utilization and expansion for newer users in the district heating system. Further studies must be conducted in order to ascertain for possible source deep exploitation to refine quantitatively the São Pedro do Sul reservoir conceptual model in order to make sustainable wise management of this important natural resource, critical for the São Pedro do Sul municipality development and also contributing for the Portuguese sustainable economic growth. In this paper we give new insights for the knowledge of São Pedro do Sul Hydromineral and Geothermal Field, namely the geothermal reservoir, the concession hot water exploitation and future perspectives for upcoming sustainable developments of this valuable natural resource.

Geochemistry of О, Н, C, S, and Sr isotopes in the water and sediments of the Aral basin

The paper presents original authors' data on the O, H, C, S, and Sr isotopic composition of water and sediments from the basins into which the Aral Sea split after its catastrophic shoaling: Chernyshev Bay (CB), the basin of the Great Aral in the north, Lake Tshchebas (LT), and Minor Sea (MS). The data indicate that the δ18О, δD, δ13C, and δ34S of the water correlate with the mineralization (S) of the basins (as of 2014): for CB, S = 135.6‰, δ18О = 4.8 ± 0.1‰, δD = 5 ± 2‰, δ13C (dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC) = 3.5 ± 0.1‰, δ34S = 14.5‰; for LT, S = 83.8‰, δ18О = 2.0 ± 0.1‰, δD =–13.5 ± 1.5‰, δ13C = 2.0 ± 0.1‰, δ34S = 14.2‰; and for MS, S = 9.2‰, δ18О =–2.0 ± 0.1‰, δD =–29 ± 1‰, δ13C =–0.5 ± 0.5‰, δ34S = 13.1‰. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of the groundwaters are similar to those in MS and principally different from the artesian waters fed by atmospheric precipitation. The mineralization, δ13С, and δ34S of the groundwaters broadly vary, reflecting interaction with the host rocks. The average δ13С values of the shell and detrital carbonates sampled at the modern dried off zones of the basins are similar: 0.8 ± 0.8‰ for CB, 0.8 ± 1.4‰ for LT, and –0.4 ± 0.3‰ for MS. The oxygen isotopic composition of the carbonates varies much more broadly, and the average values are as follows: 34.2 ± 0.2‰ for CB, 32.0 ± 2.2‰ for LT, and 28.2 ± 0.9‰ for MS. These values correlate with the δ18O of the water of the corresponding basins. The carbonate cement of the Late Eocene sandstone of the Chengan Formation, which makes up the wave-cut terrace at CB, has anomalously low δ13С up to –38.5‰, suggesting origin near a submarine methane seep. The δ34S of the mirabilite and gypsum (11.0 to 16.6‰) from the bottom sediments and young dried off zone also decrease from CB to MS in response to increasing content of sulfates brought by the Syr-Darya River (δ34S = 9.1 to 9.9‰) and weakening sulfate reduction. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the water and carbonates of the Aral basins do not differ, within the analytical error, and is 0.70914 ± 0.00003 on average. This value indicate that the dominant Sr source of the Aral Sea is Mesozoic–Cenozoic carbonate rocks. The Rb–Sr systems of the silicate component of the bottom silt (which is likely dominated by eolian sediments) of MS and LT plot on the Т = 160 ± 5 Ma, I0 = 0.7091 ± 0.0001, pseudochron. The Rb–Sr systems of CB are less ordered, and the silt is likely a mixture of eolian and alluvial sediments.

Artesian Water Contamination with Heavy Metals at Different Distances at Borg El Arab, Alexandria – Egypt

Twenty four water samples were collected from six artesian wells in Borg El Arab region, Alexandria, from June 2015 to May 2016, and analyzed for the determination of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni, The obtained results showed that Nile water contained 0.31-1.23 Fe 0.06-0.65 Mn, 0.08-0.52 Zn, 0.01 -0.16 Cu, (mgL-1), while Pb, Cd, Co, Ni were not detected. The artesian water contained: 0.17-2.81 as Fe, (0.06-0.95) as Mn, (0.0 -0.90) as Zn, (0.0 -0.3) Cu (mgL-1).The concentrations of Co, Pb, Cd, and Ni were nil. All values were below the safe limit of water suitability for irrigation. Artesian water can be used under special management. The higher values of Fe, Mn, Zn Pb, and Cu were found in the soil irrigated with artesian water. Regular monitoring of heavy metals in crops is essential to prevent excessive accumulation of these metals via the food chain. Long-term daily intake of contaminated crops is likely to be a detrimental health hazard for consumers.

Avaliação da eficiência do tratamento de esgoto doméstico pelo teste do micronúcleo em Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae)

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência no tratamento do esgoto doméstico de uma cidade do interior paulista, pela análise de micronúcleos e anormalidades nucleares nos eritrócitos de tilápias expostas ao efluente bruto e ao tratado. Duas coletas foram realizadas: uma na estação chuvosa e outra na estação seca. Foram utilizados três aquários de 20 L nos experimentos, com cinco peixes cada. No primeiro, os animais foram expostos à água de poço artesiano (controle negativo); no segundo, ao esgoto bruto diluído; no terceiro, ao esgoto após tratamento. Decorrido o tempo de exposição (72 h), coletou-se o sangue desses animais para obtenção de lâminas de esfregaço. Os resultados obtidos mostraram efeitos genotóxicos e mutagênicos do efluente bruto, em ambas as coletas; porém, esses efeitos não foram significativos após o tratamento do esgoto, o que mostra que o processo utilizado no tratamento foi eficiente para minimizar tais efeitos.

RESEARCH OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF PROCESS EQUIPMENT AT LOSS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE

The article describes the process of operation of water heating equipment, associated with water, which requires compliance with certain water regime. It is focused on the consequences and their elimination when using water heating equipment, and safe operation. The results of physical and chemical analyses of artesian water have been ordered.

Novel approach to two-component speciation analysis. Spectrophotometric flow-based determinations of Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Cr(III)/Cr(VI)

The proposed approach to two-component speciation analysis relies on simultaneous application of two calibration methods to determination of two different forms of an analyte. One form is determined in extrapolative way, whereas the second form is determined in interpolative way, with the use of the same calibration graph, after appropriate chemical treatment, e.g. oxidation or reduction. The applicability of the approach has been verified on the examples of spectrophotometric determinations of Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Cr(VI)/Cr(III) using 1,10-phenanthroline and 1,5-diphenylcarbazide methods, respectively. In the above methods, ascorbic acid and Ce(IV) have been used to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) and to oxidize Cr(III) to Cr(VI), respectively. Lab-In-Syringe and SIA systems (for determination of iron and chromium species, respectively) have been applied to make the implementation of the proposed approach more convenient. The approach was verified on the example of determination of the analytes in synthetic and certified reference materials of ground and waste water samples. Using the developed methods, Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Cr(VI)/Cr(III) were determined within the concentration ranges of 0.06–4.0/0.06–3.0 and 0.03–0.5/0.05–7.0mgL−1, with precision (RSD, %) less than 3.8/2.0 and 2.2/6.0, and accuracy (RE, %) better than 2.9/4.3 and 6.8/5.2, respectively. The detection limits (mgL−1) are 0.02/0.02 and 0.01/0.02 for determination of both forms of iron and chromium, respectively. The applicability of the approach has been checked by analysis of artesian water (Fe(II)/Fe(III)) and post-production waste samples (Cr(III)/Cr(VI)).