Arterial Roads Research Articles

Impacts of freeway speed limit on operation speed of adjacent arterial roads

Speed limit is one of the essential factors associated with roadway safety. Spillover effect is the tendency of drivers to drive at a higher speed on relatively lower-speed non-freeway roadways after exiting higher-speed freeways. Speed studies were conducted on urban arterial roads with speed limits of 45 mph - all adjacent to freeways with speed limits of 55 mph and 70 mph. A comparison of speed differences between motorists who exited the freeway and those who were already driving on the arterial road was performed. Results showed that the mean speed and 85th percentile of passenger cars on arterials adjacent to 55 mph freeway were 47.3 and 51.1 mph, respectively, while the mean speed and 85th percentile of passenger cars on arterial adjacent to a higher speed 70 mph freeway were 49.5 and 53.4 mph, respectively. Differences in the mean speeds between vehicles exiting from freeways and vehicles already driving on the arterial road were observed at all four sites evaluated. This paper provides researchers, policymakers, and engineers with a better understanding of the effects of speed spillover on adjacent roads when determining whether to increase the speed limit on freeways.

Community Perception of the Development of Productive Landscape in Yogyakarta City

This research seeks to identify the potential of local community to support the development of productive landscape in Yogyakarta City. It hypothesizes the important roles of ecological perception, aesthetical perception, economics perception of productive plant, social-cultural perception, the role of social organization and the status of house ownership that would assist productive landscape development. This paper contributes to the importance of productive landscape development through community participation. The road/street location was chosen with purposive sampling by considering the characteristics of the arterial roads and local streets. Five arterial roads and five local streets were determined as the locations. The field survey method, with semi-structured questionnaires, was employed to obtain the primary data. The residences in arterial roads and local streets were selected by the linear systematic random sampling and the respondents participating in this study were 160 persons. The results have shown that the perception of residents depends on the experiences of their situation. The majority of residents have disclosed the low response on economical perception of productive landscape development in the greenery. The development of productive landscape is influenced by the ecological, aesthetical and socio-cultural perceptions of the residents living nearby the arterial roads. Meanwhile, the residents of local streets have a different perception of productive landscape development, which is influenced by ecological and aesthetical perceptions. The collaboration between government and community should be made to develop the efforts to grow and manage the vegetations along the roadsides of the city.

Design of the strong and durable of flexible pavement on road segment with the heavy traffic and overloads

The arterial road sections are generally heavy vehicles that tend to exceed the standard load so that the existing pavement surface is not able to survive according to the design life despite using modified asphalt. This has been proven by the occurrence of a heavy damage in a relatively short time on most primary arterial roads in Indonesia. In this paper, the method of implementation and criteria for the construction of pavement layers with a certain thickness has been prepared according to the planning standard for the volume of excessive vehicle loads and taking into account extreme weather conditions in Indonesia. There are three (3) main things in this paper that become an important factor in determining the structure of a solid and durable; they are the sand as layer controlling deflection (stabilizer), the weight of the Vibratory roller more than 25 tons to achieve maximum of compaction energy for base course, and a single-layer of AC-Base as a surface layer as anticipation of rutting and bleeding. Single overlays in each layer are rigidly constraining overall construction, while the sand layer can neutralize deflection due to overload and force due to the vertical force of subgrade, so that these three factors are energy deposits in the pavement construction that will work when an increase in load exceeds the standard.

Analysis of accident duration on urban arterials roads

Acidentes de trânsito são o principal fator para a formação de congestionamentos não recorrentes em vias urbanas e responsáveis por gerar atrasos inesperados aos usuários do sistema. Entender o comportamento da duração desses acidentes e identificar os seus fatores explicativos pode conduzir para um gerenciamento mais eficiente do tráfego urbano. Buscando contribuir com essa problemática, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a duração de acidentes de trânsito ocorridos em vias urbanas da cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Inicialmente, um método para detectar a duração dos acidentes a partir de dados de tráfego de equipamentos de fiscalização eletrônica foi proposto, dada a indisponibilidade dessa informação no banco de dados de acidentes de trânsito. Como resultados, a duração dos 324 acidentes detectados teve uma média de 72 minutos e uma dispersão de 48 minutos. A função densidade de probabilidade Gamma apresentou o melhor ajuste à duração dos acidentes, indicando que essa variável é influenciada por eventos que ocorrem ao longo do tempo, aumentando a probabilidade de o acidente ser resolvido. A análise mostrou que fatores relacionados ao atendimento dos acidentes, ao comportamento dos indivíduos, ao número de veículos envolvidos e ao local de ocorrência (meio de quadra ou interseção) podem estar influenciando a duração dos acidentes. Entretanto, não foram encontrados indícios de que a duração dos acidentes é influenciada pela sua gravidade (acidentes com ou sem vítimas) ou pela sua natureza.

Opportunistic sensing based detection of crowdedness in public transport buses

This paper presents an opportunistic sensing based solution to detect crowdedness in public transportation buses. The solution uses data of accelerometer and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors available in smartphones carried by the commuters. These data are used to accurately identify bus boarding event and whether a commuter got a seat during his/her trip. The solution is energy efficient as it uses power hungry GPS very conservatively and keeps it off majority of the times.The solution is evaluated using data collected over the arterial roads of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar city. The length of routes varies from 25 to 45 kilometers. The effect of application penetration on crowdedness detection in buses is also evaluated. It is found that the penetration of 8 to 12% in commuter population can detect the crowdedness for more than 80% of route segments on the test routes. Further, the solution results in the energy-saving of about 50% compared to a solution that requires GPS data continuously. We also present the bus scheduling scheme that uses the historical data of bus-crowdedness to schedule the feeder buses on the crowded segments of the route.

Sustainability-oriented configurational analysis of the street network of China's superblocks: Beyond Marshall's model

The duality in China's traffic planning has given rise to the basic unit of urban form and function called the superblock, which is defined and bound by an arterial street network. The street network of China's superblock underpins the coexistence and interaction of global and local movement, the public and daily space, and affects place diversity and local characteristics. However, its configuration remains to be articulated because of the lack of a systematic representation method, and the associations between configuration and performance, cognition and design cannot be determined. This study proposes an improved representation method for the street network of China's superblocks based on Marshall's route structure analysis to explore the configurational characteristics and sustainability of the network. To fit local conditions, this study improves Marshall's route structure analysis from four perspectives, namely, the judgement of relative hierarchy, the node construction principle, and the deletion and addition of the original indicators. The improved method is then applied to calculate and compare the depth, connectivity, and complexity of the street networks of 10 sample superblocks in Nanjing, which are classified into six types by construction backgrounds, each having two scenarios differing by the level of publicity. Results indicate that the types formed in accordance with the “The Capital Plan” of the Republic of China, which presents a combination of fine orthogonal grids and radiations, and by the renewal of the traditional street-and-lane network, which has the “characteristic structure” defined by Marshall, perform best in terms of configurational sustainability. The analysis also reveals that the addition of semipublic streets formed mainly from the bottom up narrows the sustainability gap among the samples. This study provides a tool for elaborate urban study and design and provides insights into the cognitive and practical aspects of China's urban planning and design.

Upgradation of pavement deterioration models for urban roads by non-hierarchical clustering

Pavements, being a significant component of urban infrastructure, their maintenance and rehabilitation to the desired serviceability level is a challenging problem faced by engineers. The development of a reliable pavement deterioration model is essential to devise proper maintenance policies. This exploratory paper presents the development of network-level pavement performance prediction models for the selected arterial and sub-arterial roads of Tiruchirappalli city, India. Road inventory, traffic volume, maintenance history, pavement condition, and roughness data of the study area are collected periodically for seven years. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is determined from the data collected through visual evaluation of the type, severity, and amount of pavement distress. Roughometer is deployed to obtain the International Roughness Index. The parameters which influence pavement deterioration vary widely for different roads within the same network. The pavement sections are assembled into three homogeneous clusters using k-means clustering, which is a nonhierarchical clustering algorithm, so that they can be modeled with better acceptability. Pavement performance prediction models are generated for different clusters using multiple linear regression analysis, and comparison is made with that developed for non-clustered data. The error in prediction is found to be less for clustered models. While the pavement sections in cluster 2, when left unmaintained, deteriorates from a PCI value of 100 to 77 in 5 years, those belonging to cluster 3 are found to deteriorate from 100 to 13. The variation in the deterioration process and the significance of clustering pavement sections for efficient pavement maintenance management is established.

Fuzzy Logic and Webster’s Optimal Cycle Based Decentralized Coordinated Adaptive Traffic Control Method

Traffic control systems for an urban traffic management play an important role in reducing congestion and the negative effects of social and economic aspects. In this paper, the coordinated control method for an arterial road network is proposed. The proposed method is based on fuzzy logic and Webster optimum cycle formula. It is a cyclic method, which means that all-feasible phases at the intersection are get at least a minimum green signal during each cycle. These minimum green times can be used for pedestrian crossing purposes. This method eliminates the starvation that occurs at minor roads due to the non-cyclic strategy. The proposed method is investigated in both coordinated and isolated circumstances. It is compared with non-optimized fixed time control and the cyclic backpressure strategy suggested in the literature. The cyclic backpressure strategy was selected due to its similarity with our proposed method. Based on the obtained results, the adaptive fuzzy logic and Webster based coordinated method outperforms the other methods in terms of the average of waiting time, travel time, travel speed, and queue lengths. In addition, the result achieved from a coordinated situation slightly superior that obtained from isolated situation, which means the proposed method provides good performance both in an isolated and coordinated situations.

An important cultural heritage in the walled city historical texture of Nicosia: “Victoria street ”

Victoria Street is the most important arterial street of Arabahmet Neighborhood, an important part of the walled city of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, which houses the historical city texture. A cultural mosaic embodied in its architectural heritage, the formation of the street texture dates back to the Byzantine period of Cyprus. Beginning in the Lusignan period with the Armenian Church still standing today, the historical street texture did not show any development during the Venetian period. The formation of texture of Victoria Street continued in the Ottoman period, and a symbol of the street and the city, ArabahmetPaşa Mosque and XIX. Century Traditional Turkish Houses have taken place in its texture. The historical street texture saw its most important formation and development process during the British period. Besides many buildings with shops on the ground floor and houses on the upper floors built during this period, concrete buildings of shops and houses, three-floor apartments built towards the end of this period contributed to the shaping of the street. The Catholic Church within the present day historical texture of the street was also built during the British period, and forms the border of the street at its south end. During the Republic of Cyprus period, which began in 1960, concrete shops and houses were built in place of buildings tumbling down, and the development of the street texture continued. However, because of the political strife between the communities in Cyprus, the demographical profile of the street changed and this historical texture was neglected. Later, some of the Traditional Turkish House style buildings were renovated with funding from the United Nations and became functional. The aim of this study is to analyze the formation and development of Victoria Street, which is an important cultural heritage within the historical texture of the walled city of Nicosia, through various historical periods, and to establish the physical and social status and its important place in the city beginning with the first construction of the street texture to the present. Information was gathered from written and visual resources for the study using a qualitative research method. The street texture was examined with a field study and photographed.

Land change prediction in Bondowoso Regency using Automata Markov method

This study examines changes in agricultural land in Bondowoso district using Cellular Automata Markov technique. The research method uses Bondowoso Regency Satellite Image data input in 2000, 2010, and 2019. In this study several analysis processes were carried out, such as land change factors, land conversion sequences, conversion dynamics index, intensity index of conversion of agricultural land. The results of the analysis in this study are maps of land use changes in the year predicted using the validation test. The process of making maps of predicted land changes include several variables such as slope, population density, distance from arterial roads, distance from collector roads, distance from the district capital, distance from the subdistrict capital, distance from campus, distance from attractions, distance from markets, spatial pattern policy and regional integration into the provincial spatial plan. From these results obtained the dynamics of changes in agricultural land in Bondowoso district.

Examining the relationship between road safety outcomes and the built environment in Bogotá, Colombia

The study of the relationship between the built environment and road safety suggests that density and urban design features may be associated with traffic incidents. In this study, quantitative data analysis using generalized ordinal logit models, and linear and log-linear regressions was conducted to estimate the influence of the built environment on road safety in Bogotá, focusing on road crash outcomes by estimating the influence of built environment attributes on fatalities and injured victims. The analysis was performed using georeferenced road crash data from 2012 to 2016 provided by Bogotá’s Department of Mobility. The quantitative data analysis focused on arterial roads, considering crash severity and types of road users involved, as well as Bus Rapid Transit System corridors. This analysis was complemented with on-site interviews. The results suggest that the presence of pedestrian bridges is positively associated with the number of road crashes for all road users. Other urban variables such as density and distance to intersections showed significant correlations with safety.

Открытые пространства в терминологии «Сокровенного сказания монголов» в контексте исторической географии: образы, локализация

Goals. The paper aims to reveal open space-related toponyms traced in The Secret History of the Mongols, and localize the sites. Materials. Investigation of spaces once reclaimed by Mongolic peoples is quite a topical issue in the history of nomadic communities. And a key stage in the Inner Asian expansion of Mongols depicted in The Secret History of the Mongols is of special significance for historical geography. The vast open spaces nowadays associated with Mongols proper had not actually been their indigenous territories. Names of open spaces known in the era of Genghis Khan and his military activities have been lost, and it is difficult enough to identify the former on present-day maps. The two terms related to open spaces in The Secret History of the Mongols are keer (‘steppe’) and belchir (‘confluence point’). Conclusions. The work reveals Mongols preferred areas with mosaic landscapes that would include both elevations and steppe plains. The Orkhon River valley — crossroads of steppe arterial roads to have served as historical headquarters to earlier nomadic empires — was inhabited by Mongols only after polyethnic Inner Asian communities were united by Genghis Khan. The article presents a number of original hypotheses dealing with localization of several sites mentioned in the written monument.

Capturing the Variability in Instantaneous Vehicle Emissions Based on Field Test Data

Emission models are important tools for traffic emission and air quality estimates. Existing instantaneous emission models employ the steady-state “engine emissions map” to estimate emissions for individual vehicles. However, vehicle emissions vary significantly, even under the same driving conditions. Variability in the emissions at a specific driving condition depends on various influencing factors. It is important to gain insight into the effects of these factors, to enable detailed modeling of individual vehicle emissions. This study employs a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), to collect vehicle emissions including the corresponding parameters of engine condition, vehicle activity, catalyst temperature, geography, and meteorology, to analyze the variability in emission rates as a function of those factors, across different vehicle specific power (VSP) categories. We observe that carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number emissions are strongly correlated with engine parameters (engine speed, torque, load, and air-fuel ratio) and vehicle activity parameters (vehicle speed and acceleration). In the same VSP bin, emissions per second on highways and ramps are higher than those on arterial roads, and the emissions when the vehicle is traveling downhill tend to be higher than the emissions during uphill traveling, because of higher observed speeds and accelerations. Morning emissions are higher than afternoon emissions, due to lower temperatures.

A Deep Learning Approach to Urban Street Functionality Prediction Based on Centrality Measures and Stacked Denoising Autoencoder

In urban planning and transportation management, the centrality characteristics of urban streets are vital measures to consider. Centrality can help in understanding the structural properties of dense traffic networks that affect both human life and activity in cities. Many cities classify urban streets to provide stakeholders with a group of street guidelines for possible new rehabilitation such as sidewalks, curbs, and setbacks. Transportation research always considers street networks as a connection between different urban areas. The street functionality classification defines the role of each element of the urban street network (USN). Some potential factors such as land use mix, accessible service, design goal, and administrators’ policies can affect the movement pattern of urban travelers. In this study, nine centrality measures are used to classify the urban roads in four cities evaluating the structural importance of street segments. In our work, a Stacked Denoising Autoencoder (SDAE) predicts a street’s functionality, then logistic regression is used as a classifier. Our proposed classifier can differentiate between four different classes adopted from the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDT): principal arterial road, minor arterial road, collector road, and local road. The SDAE-based model showed that regular grid configurations with repeated patterns are more influential in forming the functionality of road networks compared to those with less regularity in their spatial structure.

Multiobjective Optimization for Pavement Network Maintenance and Rehabilitation Programming: A Case Study in Shanghai, China

This study investigates the pavement network maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) programming problem, over a certain planning horizon and in the context of limited funding. We designed an integer programming model to fulfill three purposes, namely, optimize the road conditions, minimize user disturbance costs, and minimize agency costs. We present a case study in which this model is applied to the pavement network of Shanghai. We investigate the results through the use of five M&R strategies, to identify the Pareto-optimal trade-offs inherent in developing pavement network M&R planning. The results demonstrate that there is a positive relationship between PCI improvement and user disturbance costs and between PCI improvement and agency costs. Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis between agency and government-oriented strategies to evaluate the effectiveness and equity consideration. The findings suggest that the government-oriented strategy improves the pavement condition effectively with low user disturbance costs, and the agency-oriented strategy accounts for more equity consideration. Finally, we formulate an extension model that considers multiple road types, for application to pavement network M&R programming. The results show that light rehabilitation and preventive maintenance are the most frequently implemented treatments on arterial roads and secondary trunk roads from the case network implementation. This study helps decision-makers identify the trade-offs made when developing a pavement network M&R program.

Development of systemwide pedestrian safety performance function using stratified random sampling and a proxy measure of pedestrian exposure

The lack of pedestrian counts at a systemwide level prompts the need to find other innovative ways of assessing pedestrian traffic crash risks using proxy measures of exposure. This study aims to formulate the methodology for developing pedestrian safety performance functions (SPF) using the proxy measure of pedestrian exposure and stratified random sampling. The case study was all urban intersections in Michigan State that comprise of collector and arterial roads. The stratified random sampling strategy was deployed to select the sample which is representative of all urban intersections in the state of Michigan. Factor analysis was used to develop a proxy measure of pedestrian exposure at urban intersections using a walkability measure (walk score), among other factors. The performances of various count models were compared using the goodness of fit measures based on the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and Vuong test. The final pedestrian SPFs was formulated using the Zero-Inflated Poisson (ZIP) model with AADT at a major approach, AADT at the minor approach, and a proxy measure of pedestrian exposure. The proposed methodology in this study can benefit transportation agencies that have embarked on systemwide planning of pedestrian facilities to improve the safety of pedestrians but lack systemwide analytical tools and pedestrian counts to make data-driven decisions.

GeoVisual analytics for understanding the distribution of speeding patterns on arterial roads: assessing the traffic safety of vulnerable road users

ABSTRACT Arterial roads have operational significance and play a substantial role in the mobility of modern society. They make up the majority of road network in urban and rural areas and allow high-speed movement despite traffic-controlling elements. In densely populated areas where the presence of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) is high, high-speed movement is problematic, and speed calming measures are needed to improve traffic safety, since many VRUs do crossroads, regardless of the road network regulations. These aspects have been researched in the traffic domain in a small scale, and not much has been investigated from a visualisation perspective. To provide comprehensive insights on the movement characteristics of arterial roads, we propose a GeoVisual Analytics (GVA) approach. GVA techniques are suitable solutions to display and extract knowledge from large amounts of Floating Car Data (FCD) collected through on-board devices of vehicles. By cross-sector collaboration between cartographic and traffic experts, five arterial road segments in Aalborg City were selected to answer where and when in particular VRUs do cross streets by ignoring traffic rules. Based on clusters of large unexplainable deviations from driving speed in FCD, the results uncovered meaningful patterns from complex traffic movements. They also allowed for the provision of some recommendations that are critical for traffic safety in urban areas.

Cipali Toll Road Safety Audit

The toll road is freeways to accelerate and shortening of travel time, this is due to the existing arterial road which is decrease congested, especially in weekends. Increasing density of the traffict, the car accidents occure on toll roads has increased also. One of causes of vehicle accidents on toll roads is by the lack of marking, sign, complementary buildings and poor pavement condition. This study would be discused the existing conditions of the Purbaleunyi Toll Road based on direct observation of complementary buildings, signs and marking and also in terms of pavement on toll roads. The observation data would be compared with the results of accident data from the Bina Marga that can help us to find out black area and grey area on the toll road in driver safety in terms of complementary buildings, marking, signs and pavement on toll roads.

Algorithm Analysis of Polynomial Mathematical Models of Noise Pollution due to Traffic Volume in The Region of West Surabaya

The systematics of analysis process can be done by compiling some algorithm, based on the accuracy from the parameter. This research objective is to find and analyze mathematical models for noise pollution on arterial roads due to high traffic volume. Data are collected during on site surveys in West Surabaya by using manual traffic counter for recording light vehicle volume and Digital Sound Level (DSL) for recording the noise levels. Least Square Analysis Method is used to find the optimum mathematical model based on the highest value of R2 using polynomial of degree one (linear function), degree two, degree three, and degree four. The result shows that the polynomial of degree four obtained the highest value of R2 = 0.733 and the value of standard error = 2.8933, with the result that can be used as a reference to represent the condition of noise levels on that region.

A Generic Scenario on Urban Sustainability of a Historical City Center

In discussion on modern urban development issues, many researches have focused on those newly expanded areas, yet few researches have scrutinized what contributes to the vibrant life of the historical Central Business District (CBD) in inner cities. This research has examined a declined old city centre in central Taiwan by deploying Space Syntax analysis to verify possible contributions of parts-whole street network disconnection to the death of CBD in inner cities. The research findings suggest that linearity and critical street segments being properly integrated with the whole arterial street network could be crucial for future city planning.