Arterial Blood Vessels Research Articles

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) in primary care-educational experiences for PAD primary care in England-a mixed-method study.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), the pathophysiologic narrowing of arterial blood vessels of the lower leg due to atherosclerosis, is a highly prevalent disease, with sharp increases in prevalence with age. Primary care is ideally located to identify and manage PAD. This study aims to identify the educational experiences, opinions, and confidence of primary care clinicians (PCCs) regarding PAD. This mixed-method study was conducted within primary care in England. An online survey was completed with follow-on semistructured interviews, between January and September 2021, with PCCs, namely GPs, practice nurses, and allied professionals (survey n = 874, interviews n = 50). PCCs report variation in PAD education received, where the content could not often be recalled. Patient-focussed experiential and self-directed learning, formed the largest method to gain PAD education. All PCCs recognized that they have an important role in recognizing PAD yet confidence in recognizing and diagnosing PAD was lacking. PCCs acknowledged that late or missed PAD diagnosis resulted in significant patient morbidity and mortality. Yet many did not recognize PAD as a common disease. As "specialist-generalists" with finite resources, education provided to primary care needs to be applicable for the multimorbid patient presentations often seen, utilizing resources available in primary care, with consideration to the time constraints endured.

FUZZY LOGISTIC REGRESSION APPLICATION ON PREDICTIONS CORONARY HEART DISEASE

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015, 70% of cardiac deaths were caused by coronary heart disease (CHD). Based on WHO data in 2017, 17.5 million deaths were recorded, equivalent to 30% of the total deaths in the world caused by coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease is a disorder of heart function caused by plaque that accumulates in arterial blood vessels so that it interferes with the supply of oxygen to the heart tissue. This causes reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and oxygen deficiency occurs. In more serious circumstances, it can result in a heart attack. Risk factors for coronary heart disease include age, gender, hypertension, cholesterol, heredity, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking and lack of physical activity. If a person's chances of suffering from coronary heart disease can be predicted early based on the existing risk factors, then the mortality rate of coronary heart disease can be suppressed. The objective of this study is to build a model that can predict the possibility of a patient suffering from coronary heart disease. The study used the Fuzzy Logistic Regression model. This model was used to maximize prediction results in which data size was limited. The least square method was used to estimate the value of the parameter. We obtained from National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta. Evaluation with the Mean Degree of Membership method showed that the model built was feasible and good enough to predict coronary heart disease. By using the confusion matrix, the accuracy of the prediction model is 80.00%, with a specificity of 42.85% and a sensitivity of 100%.

Decoupled modified characteristics variational multiscale method for solving the blood solute dynamics model

In this article, we propose and analyze the robust modified characteristics variational multiscale (MCVMS) method for solving the blood solute dynamics model, which consists of the Navier–Stokes equations to describe the blood flow in the lumen, the advection–diffusion equation for the lumenal concentration and the pure-diffusion equation for the arterial wall concentration, separated by the endothelial layer as interface. This method is based on the combination of the characteristics temporal discretization to deal with the difficulty that arises by the nonlinear terms and the projection-based variational multiscale (VMS) technique to stabilize the spurious oscillation caused by the lower diffusivity of the solute concentration. The natural combination of these methods retains the best features and overcomes their deficits. The global problem is divided into three subproblems, standing on the full explicitly uncoupled VMS stabilization terms, by lagging the projection terms for the velocity and the lumenal concentration onto the previous time level, and the explicit treatment of the interface terms. The unconditional stability and the optimal error estimate are derived rigorously for the newly introduced method. The exclusive feature of the proposed method is demonstrated by performing four numerical experiments, which achieves optimal convergence order and illustrates the flow behavior, solute concentration, wall shear stress, pressure distribution in a curved arterial blood vessel and a 3D stenosis artery.

Neurological involvement, immune response, and biomarkers in Kawasaki disease along with its pathogenesis, therapeutic and diagnostic updates

Kawasaki disease is an acute, febrile disease that is not typically fatal if treated and affects infants and children more commonly. More than 80% of the afflicted patients are under the age of four. This disease most commonly affects coronary arteries. In a minority of cases, Aneurysms can burst or produce thrombosis, and they can cause infarction. The distinctive redness in the palms and soles of the feet might result from a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to a cross-reactive or recently discovered antigen (s). Autoantibodies against epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells are produced as a result of subsequent macromolecule synthesis and polyclonal white blood cell activation, which intensifies the redness. Kawasaki disease's clinical manifestations range from oral skin disease to the blistering of the mucosa, symptoms involving the hands and the feet, skin disease of the palms and soles, a desquamative rash, and cervical lymphatic tissue enlargement (so it is also referred to as tissue layer lymphatic tissue syndrome). Most untreated patients develop some vessel sequelae, from well-organized coronary inflammation to severe arterial blood vessel dilatation to giant artery aneurysms with rupture or occlusion, infarction, and thrombosis. With human gamma globulin administration, reasonable standards of medical care, and the use of analgesics, the speed of symptomatic progression and inflammatory artery changes are reduced. In this review, we have covered the immunology of Kawasaki disease, its biomarkers, and the neurological manifestations of this multisystem illness. We have also included a discussion on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Neurological involvement, immune response, and biomarkers in Kawasaki disease along with its pathogenesis, therapeutic and diagnostic updates.

Kawasaki disease is an acute, febrile disease that is not typically fatal if treated and affects infants and children more commonly. More than 80% of the afflicted patients are under the age of four. This disease most commonly affects coronary arteries. In a minority of cases, Aneurysms can burst or produce thrombosis, and they can cause infarction. The distinctive redness in the palms and soles of the feet might result from a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to a cross-reactive or recently discovered antigen (s). Autoantibodies against epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells are produced as a result of subsequent macromolecule synthesis and polyclonal white blood cell activation, which intensifies the redness. Kawasaki disease's clinical manifestations range from oral skin disease to the blistering of the mucosa, symptoms involving the hands and the feet, skin disease of the palms and soles, a desquamative rash, and cervical lymphatic tissue enlargement (so it is also referred to as tissue layer lymphatic tissue syndrome). Most untreated patients develop some vessel sequelae, from well-organized coronary inflammation to severe arterial blood vessel dilatation to giant artery aneurysms with rupture or occlusion, infarction, and thrombosis. With human gamma globulin administration, reasonable standards of medical care, and the use of analgesics, the speed of symptomatic progression and inflammatory artery changes are reduced. In this review, we have covered the immunology of Kawasaki disease, its biomarkers, and the neurological manifestations of this multisystem illness. We have also included a discussion on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

A factor of anti-atherosclerotic activity-fibrinolytic activity of venom of Buthus tumulus species (Indian red scorpion)

Introduction: Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease of the arterial blood vessels (arteries), in which the walls of the blood vessels become thickened and hardened specifically due to atheromatous plaques. The plaques are composed of cholesterol and other lipids, inflammatory cells, and calcium deposits. There are five different types of atherosclerosis such as in the aorta, coronary, cerebral, renal, and pulmonary arteries. The scorpion species that present medical importance belonging to the family Buthidae Scorpion toxins consist of several peptides isolated from the venom of different species of scorpion and are based on their pharmacological action and also agree well with the structural properties of this peptide family.
 Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigadi, Pune in the year June 2012- June-2013 by In-vitro blood clot dissolving activity of SV and artificial blood clot degradation method
 Results: It was observed that SV was evaluated for its fibrinolytic properties in the In-vitro blood clot dissolving method and shown to decrease the stained area of the blood-stained cloth as compared to the control.
 Conclusion: In the artificial blood clot degradation method, the color intensity is higher in the test tube containing SV compared to the control and hence, it can be stated that SV has fibrinolytic activity.

Comparison of Calcified Plaque Volume in Coronary Arteries using Filtered Back Projection and Intelli IP Advanced at CT-scan 128 Slice

Calcified plaque has a major effect on increasing plaque volume which can increase the risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The use of Filtered Back Projection (FBP) on CT-scans still has flaws in terms of image quality that can result in errors in the calculation of plaque volume. Intelli IP Advanced is hitachi CT-scan’s Iterative Reconstruction (IR) type and can improve image quality compared to FBP. The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of calcified plaque volume in coronary arteries using FBP and Intelli IP Advanced. This study used 38 samples of coronary artery blood vessels that had calcified plaque and reconstructed using the reconstruction of FBP and Intelli IP Advanced algorithms (Levels 1-3). Plaque calculation is done automatically using aquarius intuition edition application on CT-scan Hitachi SCENARIA 128 Slice. The results in this study found significant differences (p < 0.05) in calcified plaque volume results with the use of FBP and Intelli IP Advanced algorithm reconstruction (Levels 1-3). However, significant differences are found only in algorithm reconstruction pairs (Intelli IP Advanced Level 1 and Level 3) that have a p < 0.05. The conclusion is that IR affects the volume value of calcified plaque.

Dijabetesno stopalo i hirurško lečenje

Diabetic foot (DF) is a complication resulting from long-term, inadequately treated diabetes mellitus (DM). The foundation of diabetic foot lies in the presence of chronic complications on the foot associated with DM. Significant challenges in addressing the complex issue of DF pose a challenge to better understanding and optimizing DF treatment. Diabetes leads to a reduction in blood flow in arterial blood vessels, resulting in decreased perfusion to all tissues. This leads to reduced vitality and functionality of all tissues, particularly noticeable in the feet, which are the most distal parts of the body exposed to load. Changes in DF manifest with diverse clinical presentations, ranging from local to systemic, and vary in extent from subtle and barely noticeable to gangrene. Diagnosis is generally straightforward and based on medical history, clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and radiography. Treatment can be preventive, primarily through patient education about possible diabetes complications and lifestyle changes. Treatment for existing foot changes is based on foot offloading, medications, and surgical intervention in cases of significant complications, deformities, necrosis, and infection. Surgical treatment can be preventive and reconstructive. Preventive surgical treatment involves establishing better anatomical relationships to evenly distribute pressure on soft tissues. Reconstructive surgical treatment encompasses all procedures and surgical techniques aimed at preserving anatomical integrity, function, and reducing disability. A multidisciplinary approach to addressing the complex issue of DF yields the best results and significantly reduces mortality and the need for radical surgical interventions such as below-knee and above-knee amputations. Timely intervention with appropriate medication and surgical therapy, along with continuous monitoring, is essential to avoid additional complications, shorten treatment duration, and reduce the extent and radical nature of surgical procedures.

Sensitivity and Specificity of Color Duplex Ultrasound Measurement in the Estimation of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis

Background: Stroke is that the world's leading reason for death and major incapacity. Arterial sclerosis is answerable for over half-hour of all ischemic strokes. Plaque morphology has recently been discovered to assist within the prediction of arterial sclerosis clinical behavior and stroke risk. Purpose: The goal of this study was to gauge the frequency and diagnostic exactitude of artery Doppler imaging to detect arterial blood vessel pathology. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar from1st August 2019 to 31st March 2020. A total of 120 patients were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria was having ischemic cerebrovascular stroke. Doppler ultrasound was performed in every patient by a consultant radiologist. Doppler ultrasound findings were compared with Carotid artery stenosis reports. Results: Mean age in this study was 63.07±3.76 years. Mean duration of disease was 1 year ±3.32 months. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler Ultrasound were 89.5, 76.20, 45.5, 93.88 and 76.9% respectively. The areas under the ROC curves ranged between 0.89 and 0.90 for the laboratory A device and between 0.90 and 0.92 for the laboratory B device. In laboratories A and B, the areas under the ROC curves for ICA PSV were 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. Similar effects were observed when occlusion-affected patients were omitted (0.89 to 0.91, laboratory A; 0.90 to 0.93, laboratory B). Despite the fact that the diagnostic accuracy of the two devices was equivalent, two points on the ROC curves corresponding to the same cut point were infrequently near. Practical implication: The study compared the techniques of Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis in patients and measured the best predicted percent angiographic stenosis differed between two vascular laboratories and paved the way for clinicians to focus of the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis by DU. Conclusion: With the advancement in technology, the accuracy of carotid artery stenosis diagnosis has significantly improved over the decades. From measuring the narrowing carotid artery diameter to evaluating the increased velocity field near the obstruction/lesion site, the identification of additional parameters to characterize plaque vulnerability has become more important in the carotid artery. Keywords: Angiography; Carotid artery stenosis; Cerebrovascular ischemia; Doppler ultrasound sensitivity.

Identification of immune-related biomarkers and construction of regulatory network in patients with atherosclerosis

BackgroundMore and more evidence has established the crucial roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in driving atherosclerosis-associated chronic inflammation in arterial blood vessels. Thus, the goal of this research was to determine immune-related biomarkers in atherosclerosis.MethodsIn this study, we conducted analysis on the mRNA expression profile of atherosclerosis obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between atherosclerosis and control samples and immune-related genes (IRGs) were intersected to obtain differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs). The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was created by STRING database and hub genes were identified by the MCODE plug-in. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was executed to verify the diagnostic value of the hub genes, and microRNA (miRNA)-gene-transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks were used to explain the regulatory mechanism of hub genes in atherosclerosis. Finally, qRT-PCR was performed to identify the mRNA levels of the target genes.ResultsA total of 199 overlapping genes were screened out as DEIRGs by intersecting the DEGs and IRGs. Then, 6 hub genes with high diagnostic value (IFIH1, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15 and OAS3) were identified via PPI network and ROC curve. Finally, miRNA-gene-TF networks revealed the regulatory mechanism of diagnostic genes.We used the carotid artery of AS patients and normal human carotid artery plaque samples for qRT-PCR verification, and the results showed that the hub gene had the same trend.ConclusionOur study identified IFIH1, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15 and OAS3 as immune-related hub genes of atherosclerosis. These genes may serve as potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis patients.

ASSOCIATION OF NF-1 AND MOYAMOYA SYNDROME : CASE REPORT

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is the most prevalent autosomal dominant genetic disorder. NF-1 vasculopathy is a significant complication of the disease. It affects both arterial and venous blood vessels of all sizes. Also Moyamoya syndrome is a cerebral vasculopathy . It is rarely detected with NF-1 in the pediatric group. Herein, we report of a 5 year-old male with NF1 and moyamoya syndrome. A 6-month-old baby boy was brought by his family with the complaint of brown spots on the body. On physical examination, cafe au lait spots on the body, subcutaneous nodule in the occipital area and hypotonicity were found. He was examined considering neurofibromatosis, one of the neurocutaneous diseases. Abdominal ultrasonography, brain MRI, echocardiyography, electroencephalography were normal. There was no pathological evidence in eye examination. In genetic tests, NF1 p.GIn2217 gene was found heterozygous positive. patient was followed up with annual brain MRI. Hamartomatous lesions in left putamen and left thalamus posterior were detected in brain MRI when the patient was two years old. There was no pathological evidence on norological physical excamination. When he was three years old thickening and enhancement of the right optic nerve was found in MRI due to possible optic glioma. Only in the left cerebellar hemisphere, two millimeter-sized hamartomatous lesions in the white matter were found to have newly developed. Both internal carotid arteries (ICA) are thinned from the supraclinoid segment. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) M1 segment on the right and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) A1 segment on the left could not be selected. Many thin collateral vascular structures were selected in these localizations and were found to be significant in terms of Moyamoya disease.Regression was detected in right optic glioma. No predisposing factor was found in the examinations of the patient for thrombosis. Acetyl salicylic acid prophylaxis was started. The patient was taken under neurosurgery follow-up for revascularization surgery. The follow-up and treatment continues. Association of NF-1 and Moyamoya syndrome is rare, but carries a potential risk of clinicoradiological progression. Closed monitoring of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 enables early diagnosis of moyamoya syndrome. Revascularization surgery may effective way to prevent progression of clinical symptoms, but long-term results require close follow-up studies.

Changes in arterial blood vessels and VEGF and Ang-1 expression in pregnant and non-pregnant yak uterine caruncle.

We investigated the structural features of arterial blood vessels in yak uterine caruncle and the effects of the expression of vascular regulation-related factors on angiogenesis in pregnant and non-pregnant yak uterus. Three-dimensional specimens of the uterine artery of non-pregnant and pregnant yaks were produced to observe and measure the distribution characteristics and number of arterial vessels in the uterus and caruncle in the two periods. The uterine caruncle structure was observed and analysed by haematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression features of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) in the uterine caruncle were detected with immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The length and number of blood vessels in the caruncle were increased, the degree of curvature was decreased, and the folding was more complicated during pregnancy as compared with that during non-pregnancy. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated that VEGF and Ang-1 were mainly expressed strongly in the mucosal epithelial cytoplasm. The glandular lumen of the uterine gland, lymphocytes and the media and adventitia of blood vessels are widely distributed, and they are all positive. VEGF and Ang-1 mRNA and protein levels were highest in pregnancy, followed by that in the luteal phase and in the follicular phase, and three stages were significantly different (p < .05). These findings provide an anatomical reference and theoretical basis for improving the diagnosis and treatment of yak reproductive disorders and other diseases in high-altitude and low-oxygen environments.

Pulmonary arterial pruning is associated with CT-derived bronchiectasis progression in smokers

Loss of small pulmonary arteries measured as the ratio of blood vessel volume in arteries <5 mm2 in cross-section to total arterial blood vessel volume (BV5a/TBVa), with lower values indicating more pruning, was associated with 5-yr progressing CT-derived bronchiectasis in smokers (Odds Ratio (OR) [95% Confidence interval], 1.28 [1.07–1.53] per 5% lower BV5a/TBVa, P = 0.007). Corresponding results in smokers with COPD were: OR 1.45 [1.11–1.89] per 5% lower BV5a/TBVa, P = 0.007. The results support a vascular factor for structural progression of bronchiectasis.

Classification of diabetic foot ulcer using convolutional neural network (CNN) in diabetic patients

The image of chronic wounds on human skin tissue has the similar look in shape, color and size to each other even though they are caused by different diseases. Diabetic ulcer is a condition where peripheral arterial blood vessels are disrupted due to hyperglycemia in people with diabetes mellitus. This research was aimed to analyze the accuracy of the Convolutional Neural Network algorithm in classifying diabetic ulcer disease with a transfer learning approach based on the appearance of the image of the wound on the sole in people with diabetes mellitus. By applying the transfer learning approach, the results showed that the Resnet152V2 model achieved the best accuracy value of 0.993 (99%), precision of 1.00, recall of 0.986, F1-Score of 0.993 and Support of 72. Therefore, the ResNet152V2 model was highly considered for classifying diabetic ulcer in patients with diabetes melitus.

RISK ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION FROM CAROTID INTIMA MEDIA THICKNESS OF B-MODE ULTRASOUND IMAGE USING VARIOUS MACHINE LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life threatening condition that causes death in developing nations due to blockage in the blood vessel of the coronary artery that supplies blood to the heart. Any blockage in blood vessel of carotid artery located in the neck region can predict the risk of heart failure. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) measured from carotid artery supports in the estimation of heart failure. In this study, cardiovascular risk is considered based on the CIMT thickness of carotid artery blood vessels. In this paper, CIMT and Framingham risk score (FRS) boundary have been determined for both normal and cardiovascular disease (CVD) subjects, which aids in the prediction of heart failure. For 55 subjects with normal condition and 55 subjects with CVD disease, CIMT values were measured by utilizing an effective ultrasound examination system. Biochemical parameters were also measured for all the 110 subjects to predict the FRS score. Student t-test and Spearmans correlation performed showed significant results with p-value less than 0.01 for CIMT, biochemical parameters and FRS score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) has been plotted for measured CIMT value and FRS value indicates with an accuracy of 71%. The performance was also determined by comparing various classification techniques using machine learning and deep learning. Results observed through machine learning show that random forest, multilayer perceptron and K-nearest neighbor classifiers used in classification techniques give more superior accuracy of 79% and sensitivity of 78%. To improvise the investigation, deep learning technique using carotid artery ultrasound image of 1909 dataset has been used. Deep learning CNN architecture using VGG19 implemented gave an accuracy of 98% with sensitivity 98% and specificity 99%. It was also observed from the 20% data used for validation that 199 subjects are without risk of MI and 178 subjects were predicted with a risk of MI in future. Further relative risk analysis performed with FRS and CIMT showed that a person with low risk of FRS has 26% chances of getting abnormal CIMT and MI risk in future.

Validity of Carotid Doppler Ultrasound for Detection of Caroted Stenosis keeping Computed Tomography Sensitivity as Gold Standard

Background: Stroke is that the world's leading reason for death and major incapacity. Arterial sclerosis is answerable for over half of all ischemic strokes. Plaque morphology has recently been discovered to assist within the prediction of arterial sclerosis, Clinical behaviour and stroke risk.Objective: To guage the frequency and diagnostic exactitude of artery Doppler imaging pathology detection to arterial blood vessel pathology.Material and Methods: Study was conducted in Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar from1st August 2019 to 31st March 2020. A total of 120 patients were consecutively selected. The inclusion criteria were all the patients having ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Doppler ultrasound was performed in every patient by a consultant radiologist. Doppler ultrasound findings were compared with Carotid artery stenosis reports.Results: Age range in this study was from 30-80 years with mean age of 63.07±3.76 years. Mean duration of disease was 1 Years ±3.32 months. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler Ultrasoundis 89.5%, 76.20%, 45.5%, 93.88% and 76.9% respectively.Conclusion: With the advancement in technology, the accuracy of Carotid artery stenosis diagnosis has significantly improved over the decades. From measuring the narrowing carotid artery diameter to evaluating the increased velocity field near the obstruction/lesion site, the identification of additional parameters to characterize plaque vulnerability has become more important in the carotid artery. Via various imaging modalities, the use of computer-aided programmes has increased the sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of Carotid artery stenosis diagnosis.Key Words: Carotid artery stenosis, Doppler ultrasound Sensitivity, Specificity

A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Staff Nurses Regarding First 24 Hours Care of Patients with Myocardial Infarction admitted to ICU/Emergency in Hospital Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak with a View to Develop Self-Instructional Module

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) includes-Coronary Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction. The most common cause of cardiovascular disease in India is atherosclerosis, an abnormal accumulation of lipid, or fatty substances, and fibrous tissue in the lining of arterial blood vessel walls. These substances block and narrow the coronary vessels in a way that reduces blood flow to the myocardium Objectives of the study: To assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding first 24 hours care of patients with Myocardial Infarction admitted to ICU.To analyze the relationship between knowledge of staff nurses regarding first 24 hours care of patients with Myocardial Infarction admitted to ICU with selected socio-demographic variables. To develop a self-instruction module regarding first 24 hours care of patients with Myocardial Infarction Material and Methods: The scientist conducted the study exploitation quantitative approach and non- experimental style on a hundred staff nurses by non likelihood purposive sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of staff .

3-Layer Immunoperoxidase Protocol Reaction, Endomucin, and Alpha-smooth Muscle Actin Detection

Background and objectives. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the detection of antigens in tissue sections by specific antibodies. It has the unique advantage over other methods for detection proteins like α-Smooth Muscle Actin and endomucin, enabling the correlation of antigens with their location within a tissue. The aim of the study was to identify α-SMA and endomucin in cardiac muscle tissue and arterial blood vessels which have important diagnostic purposes. Methods. Three Specimens (aSMA, Endomucin and control) of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded mouse embryo tissue sections have been de-waxed, rehydrated. Then they were covered with accurate primary antibody: αSMA slide in dilute mouse monoclonal anti-smooth muscle actin, Endomucin slide in dilute rat monoclonal anti-endomucin and the control slide gets just PBS (no-primary control). Then the sections were covered with the right secondary antibody: αSMA slide with biotinylated rabbit anti-mouse IgGIgG diluted and Endomucin slide with biotinylated rabbit anti-rat IgG, control slide with either antibody. Next color reagent was applied; it contains 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine and 0.3% hydrogen peroxide. Finally examine slides using a microscope. Results. The results showed that there was different brown 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine staining patterns in the two test slides for the individual primary antibodies. The 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine Staining was highly expressed in the external part of the section as a result of the presence of α-Smooth Muscle Actin. Whereas, in case of Endomucin, the stain is expressed in the central part of specimens due to presence of the endothelial tissue. and no staining in the primary control sections. Conclusion. As a result of the presence of α-Smooth Muscle Actin in the muscular tissue,3,3′-Diaminobenzidine Staining was highly expressed in the external part of the section. However, in case of Endomucin the stain is expressed in the central part of specimens due to presence of the endothelial tissue.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Staff Nurses Regarding First 24 Hours Care of Patients with Myocardial Infarction admitted to ICU/Emergency in Hospital Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS Rohtak with a View to Develop Self-Instructional Module

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) includes-Coronary Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction. Themost common cause of cardiovascular disease in India is atherosclerosis, an abnormal accumulationof lipid, or fatty substances, and fibrous tissue in the lining of arterial blood vessel walls. Thesesubstances block and narrow the coronary vessels in a way that reduces blood flow to the myocardiumObjectives of the study: To assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding first 24 hours care ofpatients with Myocardial Infarction admitted to ICU.To analyze the relationship between knowledgeof staff nurses regarding first 24 hours care of patients with Myocardial Infarction admitted to ICUwith selected socio-demographic variables. To develop a self-instruction module regarding first 24hours care of patients with Myocardial Infarction Material and Methods: The scientist conducted thestudy exploitation quantitative approach and non- experimental style on a hundred staff nurses bynon likelihood purposive sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessthe knowledge of staff . Descriptive and inferential statistics accustomed analyze the info. Results: Thestudy that most of the staff nurses (74%) had moderate knowledge, with only 10% having adequateknowledge and 16% had inadequate knowledge.Conclusion: The study provides us with evidence that most of the staff nurses (74%) had moderateknowledge, with only 10% having adequate knowledge and 16% had inadequate knowledge.Thefindings revealed that if the staff nurses has given adequate knowledge regarding first 24 hours care andimmediate management of patient with MI, they can manage the patient immediately and can save lifeof patient without delay. There issignificant association between knowledge with selected demographicvariables.

Computed Tomography Image under Optimized Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm to Analyze the Characteristics of Blood Flow Field in Cerebral Aneurysm before and after Stent Implantation

In order to analyze the change characteristics of blood flow field in cerebral aneurysms before and after stent implantation, this study first constructed an optimized iterative reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct CT images of patients with cerebral aneurysms and used it to solve the problem of image sharpness. In addition, backprojection image reconstruction algorithm and Fourier transform analytic method were introduced. According to the CT images of cerebral arteries of patients, the lesions were presented in a three-dimensional and visual way through the reconstructed three-dimensional images, thus achieving the effects of simulation and simulation. The results showed that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the optimized iterative reconstruction algorithm were 90.78%, 83.27%, and 94.82%, which were significantly higher than those of the backprojection image reconstruction algorithm and Fourier transform analysis method, and the difference was statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Before operation, the blood flow velocity in the neck of aneurysm was 7.35 × 10−2 m/s, the exit velocity was 1.51 × 10−1 m/s, and the maximum velocity appeared in the upstream part of the exit. After passing through the aneurysm, the blood flow velocity began to decrease gradually, forming a vortex at the top of the tumor. After stent implantation, the neck and outlet velocities of cerebral aneurysm were 9.352 × 10−2 m/s and 1.897 × 10−2 m/s, respectively. The velocity of blood flow decreased after entering the aneurysm, and there was no vortex at the top of the aneurysm. Among the outlet velocities of arterial blood vessels, the velocity before stent implantation was significantly lower than that after stent implantation, and the difference was statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Compared with prestent, the shear force distribution on the wall of cerebral aneurysm showed a significant decrease, and the difference was statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.05 ). To sum up, pelvic floor ultrasound based on hybrid iterative reconstruction algorithm has high accuracy in diagnosing the changes of blood flow field in cerebral aneurysms. The application of CT images in the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms can objectively provide imaging data for clinical practice and has high application value.