Artemia Sp Research Articles

Innovative method of environmental safety research of starch‐based films with silver nanoparticles

AbstractIn this work, films based on three different starches have been developed and modified by adding silver nanoparticles. We examined the films in terms of their mechanical properties, barrier properties and environmental toxicity to plants and invertebrates. For the toxicity studies, we used the following seeds: Berny rapeseed, Brassica napus; Salvia hispanica—chia, Salvia hispanica; and Karo narrowleaf lupine, Lupinus angustifolius. The invertebrates used for toxicity studies were Daphnia pulex, Tubifex tubifex, Chaoborus sp. (larva), Chironomus aprilinus, and Artemia sp. The tests showed that KD, TD, and ZD films were the most phytotoxic, which was confirmed by the percentages of germination and growth inhibition calculated for all test plants. K2D, D2T, and Z2D films exhibited considerable toxicity to lupine and chia. The conducted biotoxicity tests concerning the modified films and their effect on the selected invertebrates showed that Daphnia pulex and Artemia were highly sensitive to the tested factors. Only Chaoborus sp. (larva) exhibited total resistance to the tested films, which did not cause death of the organism in any case. Biotests on invertebrates and plants developed and used in this research can be successfully used to determine the toxicity of other substances.

Not all that glitters is gold: Glitter causes acute toxicity to nauplii of Artemia sp.

Glitter has been reported as a relevant pollutant, as it is widely used in cosmetic and textile products and craftwork, and often associated with domestic sewage. The particular glitter is composed of thin layers of plastic and metal. This study assessed the acute toxicity of glitter dispersions in the brine shrimp Artemia sp. Nauplii of Artemia sp. that were exposed to glitter dispersions (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L), obtained by diluting a stock solution in seawater; the control consisted of filtered seawater only. Three replicates were used per treatment and consisted of glass tubes filled with 10 mL of the test solution, and ten nauplii aging over 48 h. After 48 h, the survivors were counted and examined under a microscope. The mean size of glitter particles was 3.94 (±0.98) µm; approximately 44 % of particles were in the range of very fine sand, and 27 % coarse silt. Significant lethal effects (p < 0.05) occurred from 0.1 mg/L (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration - LOEC); the lethal concentration to 50 % organisms (LC50-48h) was 0.350 (0.348 - 0.351) mg/L. The exposed organisms also exhibited patches in their digestive tracts, and particles were stranded in their appendices. The results indicate the toxic potential of glitter to brine shrimp. This investigation indicates the need for further studies on the toxicity of glitter to marine invertebrates. Highlights Glitter includes particles of sizes similar to those of marine microalgae Exposure to glitter suspensions caused toxicity in brine shrimps from 0.1 mg/L The nauplii of Artemia were more sensitive to glitter than echinoderm embryos Metallic parts of the glitter were observed in the digestive tract of the brine shrimp nauplii

The Influence of Enrichment with Ascorbic Acid and Fermipan on Artemia sp. Exposed to Salinity Shock

Artemia sp. plays a vital role in the natural feed used for cultivation due to its rich nutritional composition, primarily consisting of proteins and amino acids. Despite its nutritional value, the current profile of Artemia sp. falls short of being optimal for sustaining its life. To address this, a study focused on enriching Artemia sp. with ascorbic acid and fermipan during the salinity shock test. The research utilized a laboratory experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). The toxicity test for ascorbic acid on Artemia sp. employed the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, and the obtained toxicity values were used to determine treatment dosages. Artemia sp. enrichment involved a 3-day soaking process with seven distinct treatments, each repeated for accuracy. The salinity test subjected Artemia sp. to salinities ranging from 25 ppt to 0 ppt, recording the survival rate every 4 hours until mortality occurred. The toxicity test revealed an LC50 value of 200.84, indicating the toxic nature of ascorbic acid against Artemia sp. In the salinity shock test, Artemia sp. demonstrated varying resistance levels, with the longest survival time observed in the AS 2 treatment (20 hours), followed by FR, C1, and C2 (16 hours), AS 3, C3, and the control (12 hours), and AS 1 (8 hours). The enrichment of ascorbic acid and fermipan significantly influenced the salinity shock test, but the combination of both did not have a significant impact on Artemia sp.'s response to salinity shock.

Formulation of Ascorbic Acid and Skim Milk in Feed for Salinity Stress in Artemia sp.

Artemia sp. is recognized for its abundant and comprehensive nutritional profile, yet it lacks the inherent ability to produce vital elements such as vitamins, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), necessitating their acquisition from external sources. To augment the nutritional quality of Artemia sp., enrichment becomes imperative. This research aimed to evaluate the toxicity of ascorbic acid when used as a feed for Artemia sp. and investigate the influence of ascorbic acid enrichment and the addition of skim milk to the feed on Artemia sp.'s response to salinity stress. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The toxicity assessment of ascorbic acid utilized the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, yielding an LC50 value of 200.84 (> 1000 ppm), indicating toxicity to Artemia sp. Salinity stress resistance exhibited variability across treatments, with the longest survival times observed sequentially in Artemia sp. subjected to AS treatment 3 (20 hours), AS 2, and the control (16 hours), SM, AS 3, and C 1 (12 hours), and C 2 (8 hours). The enrichment of Artemia sp. feed with ascorbic acid and skim milk significantly influenced (sig. = 0.002) its resistance to salinity stress, with the optimal formulation identified at 200 ppm of ascorbic acid.

Effectiveness of cultivation Chaetoceros calcitrans with liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. against growth rate and nutritional content of Artemia sp.

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the cultivation of Chaetoceros calcitrans with liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. on the growth rate and nutritional content of Artemia sp. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments, namely P0 (pro analysis fertilizer 16 mg/ml), P1 (liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. 8 mg/ml), P2 (liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. 16 mg/ml), P3 (liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. 24 mg/ml), P4 (liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. 32 mg/ml) with 4 replications each. The data statistically analyzed using ANOVAvtest and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test to determine the effective dose as feed for Artemia sp. Furthermore, the research was carried out using the Independent Sample T-Test test which consisted of 2 treatments, namely P0 and P1 with 3 replications each. The results showed that the use of liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. on the cultivation of Chaetoceros calcitrans did not give a significant difference (p≥0.05) to the growth rate of length and weight in Artemia sp. Proximate analysis of Artemia sp. Chaetoceros calcitrans feed with liquid organic fertilizer Gracilaria sp. the results obtained are 53.62% protein, 14.07% carbohydrate, and 25.9% fat.

Evaluation of larval Beautiful Groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. microdon) using Chlorella sp. and Artemia sp.

Grouper is one of the fishery commodities having a fairly high price and high economic value at the cultivator level. Due to the increasing market demand in the world, the larval rearing of the beautiful groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. microdon) has been carried out in order to obtain quality seeds. The purpose of this study was to determine the results of the evaluation of larval rearing of beautiful groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. microdon) using Chlorella sp. and Artemia sp. The working methods used in this study included preparation of tanks and water maintenance of culture media, management of feed, stocking and hatching of eggs, frequency and timing of feeding larvae/seeds, water quality management, pest and disease control, and grading and harvesting. Seed harvesting could be done after the seeds were aged 45 to 50 days old with a size of 3 cm. Water quality parameters measured were temperature at 28-32°C, pH at 7-8, salinity at 29-33 ppt, and DO at 6.25-7.3 mg/L. Survival rate (SR) in larval rearing was 57%, and the hatching rate (HR) was 60%.

Different omega-3 concentrations in bran suspension toward the first reproduction time of Artemia sp.

The need for Artemia sp. in Indonesia is very high and still relies on imported products. One of the drawbacks of bran suspension is the absence of Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 is proven to accelerate the maturity and reproduction of Artemia sp. The addition of bran suspension with Omega-3 may increase the population of Artemia sp. in culture rapidly. This study aimed was to determine the effect of different concentrations of Omega-3 in rice bran suspension on time of the first reproduction Artemia sp. and to determine the effect of different concentrations of Omega-3 in rice bran suspension on Artemia sp. nauplii production. This study used a Completely Randomized Design which was divided into five treatments and four replications. The concentration of Omega-3 was P1 (3 mL), P2 (4 mL), P3 (5 mL), P4 (6 mL) and using rice bran suspension feed control (P0) 100 gr/mL. Artemia sp. culture was carried out at a density of 100 ind/L. The results showed that the culture of Artemia sp. using bran suspension feed with different concentrations of Omega-3 can affect the first reproduction time of Artemia sp. The fastest first reproduction time of Artemia sp. was produced from cultured using rice bran suspension feed with a concentration of Omega-3 (4 mL) which was 394 hours.

Enrichment Effect of Artemia sp. with Fruktooligosaccharides to enhance Growth, Survival Rate and Digestive enzyme of Litopenaeus vannamei Larvae

Larvae are the most critical stage in the life stages of fish and shrimp due to the high mortality at this stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the enrichment effect of Artemia sp. as live feed using different doses of Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on the growth, survival rate and amylase, protease and lipase enzymes of vannamei larvae. Four Artemia sp. enrichments with different doses of FOS (P0: 0%, P1: 1.3%, P2: 1.5%, P3: 1.7%) were fed to vannamei larvae. The absolute weight, absolute length, daily growth rate, and protease activity of enrichment treatments were higher (P<0.05) than without enrichment. There are no differences (P>0.05) in protease activity of vannamei larvae between P2 and P3 treatment. Artemia sp. enrichment using different doses of FOS can increase the growth and protease enzyme activity of white shrimp larvae. The growth, protease and amylase activity of vaname larvae are improved with increasing FOS enrichment dose on Artemia sp. The FOS enrichment dose of 1.7% is the best because it can produce the best growth performance, survival rate and digestive enzyme activity.

RNA/DNA Ratio Performance of Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus) Fed with Natural Food Phronima sp. and Artemia salina in Juvenile Phase

The availability and quality of fry is a major problem in blue swimming crab aquaculture, with the high mortality at the larval stage. RNA/DNA ratio is one of the parameters that can be used to evaluate the quality of crab fry, including health, nutrition, and growth conditions. This study aims to analyze the effect of Phronima sp. as a substitute feed for Artemia salina on the RNA/DNA ratio performance of blue swimming crab in juvenile phase (crablet 5) during rearing before cultivation in aquaculture ponds. This research was conducted at the Crab Hatchery Unit of the Brackish Water Aquaculture Fisheries Center (BPBAP) Takalar in February 2023. The study used a quantitative experimental completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three repetitions. The ratio of Phronima sp. and Artemia sp. used were: Treatment A 100% Phronima sp; Treatment B 100% Artemia sp; Treatment C 75% Phronima sp and 25% Artemia sp; Treatment D 25% Phronima sp and 75% Artemia sp.; and E: Phronima 75%+Artemia salina 25%. The results showed that Artemia salina combined with Phronima sp. increased the RNA/DNA ratio of the crab compared to a single feed (100% Phronima sp. or Artemia salina 100%). The feed combination with the highest RNA/DNA ratio was shown in treatment E (Phronima sp. 25% + Artemia salina 75%) with an RNA/DNA ratio of 2.02 +0.032 ng/µL.

Application of Fragmented Extracellular Self-DNA (esDNA) Concept as an Alternative Prophylactic Approach against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi Infection in Brine Shrimp Artemia

The purpose of this study was to investigate species specific inhibitory effects of esDNA isolated from two conspecific organisms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) and Vibrio harveyi (VH), and to assess the functional role of esDNA to enhance the survival rate of Artemia sp. In an in vitro study, nine doses of Extracellular self-DNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (esDNAVP) and Vibrio harveyi (esDNAVH) were used as the target for the challenge test with the conspecific bacteria. In an in vivo study, the protective effect of esDNA was then tested in nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia at various priming times and concentrations of esDNA under gnotobiotic conditions prior to challenge with VP and VH at the concentration of 5 × 105 CFU mL-1. The results from in vitro study showed that the use of esDNAVP at levels of 24.02 and 48.05 ng µl-1 and esDNAVH at concentrations of 13.33 and 26.67 ng µl-1 were able to inhibit the growth of the conspecific species when added to the culture medium at the concentration level of 5 × 105 CFU mL-1. The results from in vivo study showed that the use of 24.02; 48.05 and 72.07 ng µl-1 of esDNAVP as well as the use of 13.33; 26.67 and 40.00 ng µl-1 of esDNAVH inhibited the growth of VP and VH and enhanced the survival rate of Artemia sp compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Taken together, we confirmed that esDNA obtained from the extraction and random fragmentation from esDNAVP and esDNAVH, produces a species-specific inhibitory effect on the same species and can serve as a potential alternative strategy for disease control to deliver the functionality of esDNA to the fish and shrimp.

Qualitative Identification of Secondary Metabolites and Determination of the Toxicity of Extracts Obtained from the Flower of Kalanchoe Pinnata

Kalanchoe pinnata, also known as air leaf or life leaf, is a plant used in traditional medicine in different world regions. In Mexico, it is included in the Atlas de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana with a wide variety of applications, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antihistamine, among others. However, neither a secondary metabolite profile of the flower has been reported nor information on its possible toxicity. The latter is the purpose of this work. A phytochemical profile of extracts with solvents of different polarity (aqueous, methanol, ethanol, and ether) was carried out. In this profile, the structural compounds could be qualitatively determined by chemical reactions, and some changes in coloring or precipitation were observed. The acute toxicity test of the extracts was performed with an aquatic organism, Artemia sp, and a terrestrial organism Eisenia foetida, as well as the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the extracts in the organism of Eisenia foetida. The ABTS radical method and TROLOX were applied as synthetic antioxidants for the evaluation of the inhibition percentage. Most important secondary metabolites were qualitatively identified in the extracts of K. pinnata flowers. Mainly in the alcoholic extracts (methanol and ethanol) tannins, alkaloids, and flavonols were found. As mentioned above, they are reported to have toxicological effects. The toxicity and antioxidant activity tests confirm the preliminary results obtained in the identification of secondary metabolites. It is therefore concluded that the flower of Kalanchoe pinnata contains secondary metabolites that may be of great therapeutic interest.

Vitamin C Enrichment in the Gold Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Silage: Effects on Biomass and Reproduction Artemia sp. Labolatory Scale

Giving vitamin C to feed is very necessary considering that vitamin C is a multivitamin needed by the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the proper dose of vitamin C in the golden snail silage feed in increasing the biomass and reproduction of Artemia sp. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Water Quality and Aquatic Biology, Department of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Tadulako University. The variables observed were population density, egg/cyst production, hatching rate, survival rate (SR), water quality. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications with 20 experimental units A: control , B: vitamin C 12 mg/L, C: vitamin C 18 mg/L, D: vitamin C 24 mg/L, E: vitamin C 30 mg/L. The results showed that vitamin C enrichment with a concentration of 24 mg/L had a very significant effect (p<0.05) on each variable. Improper concentration of vitamin C in feed enrichment can affect the survival of Artemia sp.

Efficacy of the Whole Cell Vaccine Streptococcus agalactiae with Vector Artemia sp. for Streptococcosis Prevention in Nila Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aims to examine the efficacy of the oral whole-cell vaccine of S. agalactiae with Artemia sp as a vaccine vector for prevention against Streptococcosis in tilapia fish. The fish seeds used in the study were 2-3 cm in size which did not carry S. agalactiae bacteria and were reared in jars with a volume of 3 liters as many as ten birds/jar. Giving the vaccine to fish orally by first soaking the vaccine in Artemia sp. The soaking times for the vaccine were 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. Parameters observed were relative percent survival (RPS), antibody titer value, total leukocytes, phagocytic index, and leukocyte differential. The results showed that the treatment between vaccines had no significant effect, while the treatment with the control vaccine had a significant effect (P<0.05). The highest RPS value was obtained in the vaccine soaking treatment in Artemia sp. for 30 minutes and 120 minutes, with a value of 93.33%. Furthermore, the RPS was 86.67% at 15 and 150 minutes of soaking and 80% RPS at 30 minutes of soaking. This shows that the level of vaccine protection against streptococcosis in tilapia fish is very high.

The Effects of Lipoic Acid on Yolk Nutrient Utilization, Energy Metabolism, and Redox Balance over Time in Artemia sp.

Lipoic acid (LA) is a mitochondrial coenzyme that, depending on the concentration and exposure time, can behave as an antioxidant or pro-oxidant agent and has a proven ability to modulate metabolism by promoting lipid and glucose oxidation for energy production. To assess the effects of LA on energy metabolism and redox balance over time, Artemia sp. nauplii was used as an animal model. The administered concentrations of the antioxidant were 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 µM. Therefore, possible differences in protein, triglyceride, glucose, and lactate concentrations in the artemia samples and total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) in the culture water were evaluated. We also measured the effects of LA on in vivo activity of the electron transport system (ETS), antioxidant capacity, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h post-hatching. There was a decrease in glucose concentration in the LA-treated animals, and a decrease in ammonia production was observed in the 0.5 µM LA treatment. ETS activity was positively regulated by the addition of LA, with the most significant effects at concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 µM at 12 and 24 h. For ETS activity, treatments with LA presented the highest values at 24 h, a period when ROS production decreased significantly, for the treatment with 10.0 µM. LA showed positive regulation of energy metabolism together with a decrease in ROS and TAN excretion.

Influence of hydrogen peroxide on hatching of nauplii Artemia sp.

Nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. are the optimal starter food for many fish and crustaceans species. For this reason, technologies for their production are being improved, including the activation of cysts. The effect of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on hatching process a as activator was studied. Its optimal concentration has been determined; it amounts to 0.2-0.4 ml/l. The reasons for various impacts of hydrogen peroxide on different Artemia cysts are formulated. The dynamic of brine shrimp hatching with and without the activator was studied. It has been established that the addition of a hydrogen peroxide solution as an activator increases the hatching of Artemia nauplii, however, it does not impress on the rapidity of Artemia nauplii release from cysts.

Foamed glass functionalized with iron compounds: A strategic material for heterogeneous photocatalysis

Foamed glasses were synthesized using waste and low-cost materials. Two foaming agents were used: graphite and limestone. In addition, the foamed glass were functionalized with hematite for heterogeneous photocatalytic application. The X-ray diffractograms (XRD) showed that hematite was reduced into magnetite and that graphite remained after the thermal treatment. According to the ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV–Vis DRS), the generated magnetite presented the same optical properties as those of the hematite raw, with the benefits of being incorporated into a low density material, which can increase the incidence of electromagnetic irradiation and hasten the photocatalytic process. This photocatalyst was able to degrade 98.6% of the Sunset Yellow dye within 15 min, without generating harmful by-products, measured by acute toxicity tests employing microcrustacean Artemia sp.

Methods for controlled preparation and dosing of microplastic fragments in bioassays

Microplastic fragments (microfragments) are among the most abundant microplastic shapes found in marine ecosystems throughout the world. Due to their limited commercial availability, microfragments are rarely used in laboratory experiments. Here a novel method of microfragment production has been developed and validated. Polyethylene and polypropylene plastic stock (2 and 3 mm thick respectively) was ground using a cryomill, washed, and rinsed through a stack of sieves. Microfragments were prepared at three distinct size classes (53–150, 150–300, 300–1000 μm) and were confirmed to be accurate and consistent in size. Employing a novel ice cap dosing technique, microfragments were accurately dosed into experimental vials while excluding headspace, facilitating particle suspension without the aid of chemical surfactants. A proof of principle ingestion experiment confirmed the bioavailability of 53–150 μm polyethylene microfragments to brine shrimp Artemia sp. Together, these methods provide a controlled way to produce and dose microplastic fragments for experimental and analytical research.

Evaluation of the main pollutants present in Brazilian landfill leachates using ecotoxicity assays

The present study investigated the acute toxic effects caused by the main pollutants found in landfill leachates: total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), alkalinity, and humic substances (HS) for the test organisms Vibrio fischeri, Danio rerio, Daphnia similis, and Artemia sp. The leachates were obtained from two Brazilian landfills with different ages and operating modes. Air stripping and membrane filtration treatability experiments were performed to remove pollutants from the leachate. The results showed high toxicity of the raw leachate from both landfills for the studied organisms. In the individual treatments, air stripping achieved TAN and alkalinity removal efficiencies > 99%, and the membrane filtration treatment achieved HS removal efficiencies > 98%. Compared to the individual treatments, the combination of treatments resulted in the most significant reductions in leachate toxicity from both landfills for all test organisms studied. The principal component analysis showed a strong correlation between COD or HS parameters and the toxicity of V. fischeri and strong correlations between TAN and the toxicity of D. rerio, D. similis, and Artemia sp. Finally, this study highlights the application of a treatment route to remove acute toxicity from complex effluents, such as landfill leachate, to avoid potential environmental hazards to the aquatic ecosystem.

Environmental toxicity study using invertebrates and plants against PbO nanoparticles prepared in biological synthesis using Farfarae folium extract

AbstractIn this work, we developed and used research methods that will make it possible to quickly assess the toxic activity of, among others, metal nanoparticles. In this work, we assessed the toxicity of PbO nanoparticles obtained from biological synthesis using Farfarae folium. The obtained PbO nanoparticles were characterized with the use of such methods as UV–VIS, XRD, SEM with EDS, AFM and FTIR. The techniques applied in the work confirmed the presence of 30–40 nm PbO nanoparticles. The toxic properties of biologically synthesized nanoparticles were assessed with the use of plants and invertebrates. The phytotoxicity studies were conducted on the following plant seeds: radish, garden cress, bean, rape, chia, lupine, corn, and beetroot. The IC50 coefficient was calculated on the basis of the logarithmic relationship Aw = a*ln(C) + b. The studies also used the following invertebrates: Daphnia pulex, Tubifex tubifex, Chaoborus sp. (larva), Chironomus aprilinus, Artemia sp. The EC50 coefficient was calculated after the incubation period. For PbO nanoparticles, we managed to identify the IC50 coefficient for selected plants. It was, respectively, 0.150 mg/ml for lupine; 0.274 mg/ml for bean; and 0.655 mg/ml for radish. As regards the studies on invertebrates, it was observed that the most sensitive organisms were Daphnia pulex (EC50 = 0.32 mg/ml) and Tubifex tubifex (EC50 = 0.38 mg/ml), and the most resistant one was Chironomus aprilinus (EC50 = 0.83 mg/ml).

Feeding combination of live and fresh silkworms (Tubifex sp.) for the growth performance and survival rate of larvae of baung (Hemibagrus nemurus)

Economically important riverine fish species of baung (Hemibagrus nemurus) have been controllable spawned in a hatchery. The larvae rearing relies on expensive live feed of Artemia sp. Therefore, the experiment aimed to evaluate various feeding combinations of the live and fresh silk worms (Tubifex sp) in the rearing of the larvae of baung. The treatments were various combinations of live and fresh silkworms at 0%:100%, 25%:75%, 50 %:50%, 75%:25%, and 100%:0%. The seven-day-old larvae of baung of 0.0079 ± 0.019 g in weight and 8.96 ± 0.48 mm in length were randomly stocked into 15 plastic tanks of 40x25x17 cm in dimension size at a density of 160 larvae per tank and fed on a diet according to the treatment at 10%. of biomass per day for 21 days of the rearing period. The results showed that feeding silkworms in terms of live and fresh affected significantly the growth performance and survival of the larvae (P<0.05). The feeding combination at 75-100 % live and 25% fresh silk worms resulted in a high growth performance and survival of the baung larvae.