Garden Art Research Articles

Rockery morphology based on quantitative analysis of shading

The rockeries of classical Chinese gardens are masterpieces of classical Chinese garden art and form a key element of garden heritage. Consequently, a quantitative study of “rockery shadows” is of considerable importance to the study of “rockery forms.” In this study, we selected the representative North Rockery in Zhanyuan Garden of Nanjing and Ruiyunfeng, Guanyunfeng, and Yulinglong as the objects of the study. This study aims to explore the shadow images of rockeries using image extraction and targeted quantitative analysis methods. Macroscopically, the overall shape of rockery shadows was described using fractal dimensions; microscopically, the aspect ratio, angle, and refinement indexes of each shadow based on each observation angle of the rockery were measured using the PAT-GEOM plug-in in ImageJ software. SPSS Statistics was used for the normal distribution test of the angular distribution data. Consequently, the shadow data of the North Rockery in Zhanyuan Garden and Ruiyunfeng, Guanyunfeng, and Yulinglong, respectively, were analyzed and compared, and four rockery-shadow laws were derived. Finally, the results were applied to the design of the rockery morphological translation based on quantitative analysis of the shadows. The approach presented here will enhance landscape design, support environmental planning, and preserve cultural heritage.

New Approaches for Regeneration of an Outstanding Baroque Living Heritage, the Széchenyi Linden Allée in Hungary

Allées used to be the essential artistic tools and indispensable parts of the strictly architectural, formal Baroque gardens. Beyond the practical purposes of edging paths and garden ways for walking, hunting, or horse and carriage riding, allées played a vital role in marking visual and landscape connections and thus the spatial projection of the noble estate, its wealth, and social rank. In Historical Hungary, Baroque architecture and garden art appeared in German-Austrian and French examples in the 18th century. The Széchenyi Linden Allée is an outstanding linear garden space of Baroque Garden art at Nagycenk, West Hungary. The generous composition, created by the prominent Count Széchenyi family in the mid-18th century, has remained a magnificent entity in the landscape ever since. Despite barely two hundred years of detected or unknown environmental or habitat changes, as early as 1942, the allée received a nature conservation nomination. More than a half-century later, in 2002, the allée became a historical and landscape aesthetical heritage within the Fertő-Hanság Cultural Landscape World Heritage site. Unfortunately, the once magnificent tree lines have severely eroded in recent decades due to mature trees’ subsequent death, inadequate replacement, lack of regular maintenance and tree care, and effects of climate change. In recent years (2011, 2018), landscape and horticultural analyses and visual and instrumental tree assessments were performed to help the conservation and rebirth of the allée, maintain the mature trees, and restore the landscape within a long-term renewal plan. Along with the 2018 survey and plan, the short-term maintenance works were completed in 2019–2020. This study, based on site surveys in 2022 and 2024, aims to identify the results of the primary management, analyses the vitality of mature trees after crown reductions, and then proposes a resilient and sustainable regeneration method with the habitat, cultural, natural, and genetic heritage, and the feasible maintenance contexts in focus. As proposed in the 2018 plan, the reproduction of mature trees started in 2020 and resulted in well-developing grafts for a later allée restoration. Due to the challenges of climate change, the regeneration project requires a special, long-term restoration management plan with a special focus on the still vital and possible remaining mature trees, the well-growing individuals from previous replanting, and the nursery school seedlings conserving the genetic heritage of the Széchenyi lime trees with long-viability capacity.

Research on the Design of Child-Friendly Landscape Space in Chengdu Crown Community Based on SDG

Objective: This study aims to explore and implement a child-centred landscape space design strategy to support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in the old residential environment of the Crown Community in Chengdu, China. Theoretical Framework: The study constructs a theoretical framework for child-friendly communities based on the United Nations' children's rights and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and Goal 13 (Climate Action). Method: Through literature review and field research, combined with questionnaires, this study collected 120 child samples, analyzed their behavioural needs, and proposed corresponding landscape space design strategies. Research Implications: The study found that the needs of children in the Crown Community mainly focus on natural experience, research experience, game interaction, and hiding exploration. The design strategy transforms the existing space into an art garden, a book garden, and a children's playground to meet these needs and promote the realization of SDGs. Research Significance: The study emphasizes that improving children's living environment through landscape design is significant to achieving the goals of sustainable cities and communities in SDGs. Originality/Value: This study provides an innovative approach to integrating SDGs into renovating old communities and offers a new perspective for designing child-friendly landscape spaces, which will help promote the renewal of old urban communities and the construction of child-friendly cities.

A Brief Discussion on Mr. Congzhou Chen's Thoughts on Garden Art

The role and significance of Mr. Chen multiple identities, personal practices, and academic history in the formation of his personal thoughts and theories on the art of gardening are discussed to explore Mr. Chen's inheritance and innovation of Chinese thoughts on landscape gardening. Analyzing Mingxuan, Yuyuan, and Nanyuan from the perspective of poetic and picturesque aesthetics, we discover the course of Mr. Congzhou Chen's gardening ideas and his inheritance and innovation of traditional garden culture. As Mr. Chen said, Mingxuan is an imitation with some new ideas, Yuyuan East is a continuation with some new ideas, and Nanyuan is an independent design, which is a concrete embodiment of his garden theory. The process of gardening is a perfect combination of practice and Concept of Garden Design.Mr. Congzhou Chen's theoretical topics on traditional Chinese gardens are widely spread and far-reaching.

Парки-пам’ятки садово-паркового мистецтва Вінниччини як об’єкти історико-культурного туризму

The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the study of parks as monuments of landscape art in Vinnytsia region. Attention is focused on historical and cultural tourism, the purpose of which is to visit places related to history and historical heritage, which includes such objects as palace and park ensembles, historical buildings, and natural monuments of the native land. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and systematicity. The purpose and objectives of the study led to the use of general scientific and special historical methods. The former include the methods of analysis and synthesis (of historical facts and sources), comparison and generalization in drawing conclusions. Among the historical methods is the chronological method, which allowed us to study the process of development of landscape gardening in Ukraine and in Vinnytsia region in chronological order. We also used the following methods: regional (which allowed us to trace the regional peculiarities of the region), problematic-chronological, comparative-historical. The scientific novelty of the study is that the information about parks as monuments of landscape gardening art of Vinnytsia region is comprehensively systematized. The main objects of garden and park tourism of national and local importance are characterized. Conclusions. Parks adorn the Vinnytsia land, have great natural, historical, scientific, educational, recreational, tourist and aesthetic significance, and are an integral part of the cultural heritage of our people. For this reason, they should be considered as important objects of tourist activity in the region. The article covers the history of the parks: Antopilskyi, Verkhivskyi, Nemerchenskyi, Nemyrovskyi, Obodivskyi, Tyvrivskyi, Cherniatynskyi, Pecherskyi and Tulchynskyi. Each of these parks-monuments of landscape art has its own past, associated with historical events, prominent personalities who visited it, legends and stories. The parks have preserved valuable plantings and architectural and artistic monuments that are important not only historically but also have a certain significance for contemporary practice. The main purpose of parks-monuments of landscape art is to preserve, maintain and restore park landscape compositions, as well as to conduct excursions and public recreation. Their territories can also be used for scientific research. They combine environmental protection functions with historical, tourist, cultural, and aesthetic ones. That is why they deserve special attention, care, maintenance and protection.

Revitalization of regular landscape compositions of the park-monument of landscape art «Sharivskyi»

Introduction. The perception of the landscape as a space for living has led to the formation and development of a special group of anthropogenic landscapes, namely garden and park landscapes, which are characterized by a wide range of functions from utilitarian to aesthetic and spiritual. Currently, approximately 30% of cultural heritage sites are in disrepair, and 80% require serious restoration work. Therefore, the revitalization of the landscape structure of historical garden and park landscapes is an urgent scientific problem and meets two sustainable development goals (goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities and goal 15 - Life on land). The purpose of article. To substantiate the concept of revitalization of regular landscape compositions of the park-monument of landscape gardening art of national importance "Sharivskyi" and to provide a graphic 3D model of architectural, planning and volumetric-spatial solutions of the proposed concept of revitalization of regular compositions of the studied landscape. Research methods. Method of historical analysis: with a focus on the period of the highest embodiment of the artistic compositional intent of the restored space, when the estate belonged to the successful sugar producer Leopold Koenig. The graphic presentation of architectural, planning, and three-dimensional solutions of the proposed revitalization concepts for the studied landscapes was achieved through the use of QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze 2022-08-31, Sketchup, and Realtime Landscaping Architect software tools. Main findings. In order to preserve the original idea and characteristics of the landscape compositions, the concept of revitalization of the White Garden was proposed, which was suggested by the "Genius loci" of the historical landscape of Sharivsky Park. Using the QGIS geographic information system, OSM standard map and Google Satellite Hybrid map, the 3D authentic relief of regular landscape compositions of the Sharivsky Palace and Park Complex was modeled. Using the Sketchup 2020 software tool, a graphical representation of the architectural, planning, and three-dimensional solutions of the studied historical landscape was made. The Sketchup 2020 software tool was also used for the graphic 3D reconstruction of numerous architectural details that adorn the palace, including balustrades, windows, doors, and towers decorated with ornaments. The dendrological plan was developed using species and cultivars of ornamental plants with identified historical and aesthetic value to ensure the continuity of new and preserved plant elements of landscape compositions. Scientific novelty and practical value. The proposed vision of preserving the sustainable features of the place, the selection of plants with identified historical and substantiated aesthetic value can be used in the complex reconstruction of regular garden and park landscapes of the Sharivskyi Park, a monument of landscape gardening art of national importance.

Differences and Integration of Chinese and Western Urban Garden Architectural Aesthetics

From the perspective of Chinese and Western urban aesthetics, the article studied 15 existing scientific literature sources in terms of building types, building scale, gardening art, the relationship between gardens and architecture, the aesthetic style of castles and buildings, artistic origins, and aesthetic tastes. Using the classification and comparative analysis method, the artistic characteristics of Chinese and Western classical gardens were compared, the reasons for the differences in the artistic characteristics of Chinese and Western classical gardens were analyzed, and it was pointed out that the integration of Eastern and Western garden arts has reference significance for Chinese urban greening.

From Chinese Painting to Jiangnan Gardens: Inheritance and Innovation of Artistic Style

This paper undertakes a rigorous exploration of the intricate inheritance and innovation of the Chinese painting artistic style within Jiangnan Garden design. Through an extensive analysis of the historical evolution of Chinese painting, delving into its various styles, techniques, and themes, the study reveals how these elements have been influential in shaping the aesthetics of gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. Furthermore, by closely examining the unique artistic characteristics of Jiangnan gardens, such as their meticulous attention to detail, harmonious blend of nature and architecture, and their emphasis on creating an immersive experience, the paper highlights the profound connections between Chinese painting and garden art. Additionally, this study sheds light on the enduring influence and transformation of traditional artistic styles in contemporary garden design. It examines how modern garden designers are drawing inspiration from historical precedents while introducing innovative elements to cater to the tastes and needs of contemporary society.

Visualization and Interaction Model of Outdoor Landscape Design Based on Virtual Reality Technology using Optimized Sparse Spectra Graph Convolutional Neural Network

The artistic thought of traditional garden landscape design has significant effect on garden art, architectural theory, gardening theory are also inextricably linked. In modern gardens, traditional architecture lacks applicability to construction of garden painting environment. In this Manuscript, Visualization and Interaction Model of Outdoor Landscape Design Based on Virtual Reality Technology using Optimized Sparse Spectra is Graph Convolutional Neural Network is proposed (VIM-OLD-VRT-SSGCNN).Initially the data is collected fromArcbazer.com data. Afterwards sparse spectra graph convolutional neural network (SSGCNN) is used to design the Outdoor Landscape. In Generally, SSGCNN doesn’t expose some adoption of optimization systems for calculating optimal parameters for exactly design the Outdoor Landscape. Hence, Piranha Foraging optimization Algorithm (PFOA) is proposed to optimize SSGCNN which precisely design Outdoor Landscape. Finally Visualization and Interaction Model of Outdoor Landscape Designed. The proposed VIM-OLD-VRT-SSGCNN method is implemented python and performance metrics likes accuracy, precision, F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, computational time, RoC are evaluated. The performance of VIM-OLD-VRT-SSGCNN method provides 18.31%, 20.72%, 21.67% greater accuracy, 17.83%, 18.42%, 20.38% greater precision and 21.75%, 22.36%, 23.59% greater computational time while compared with existing techniques like Utilizing Deep Learning to Generate Font with Backyards in Landscape Architecture(UDL-GFB-LA), Urban Landscape Design Depend on Data Fusion with Computer Virtual Reality Technology (ULD-DF-CVRT),perception of urban sounds cape and landscape utilizing different visual environment reproduction techniques in virtual reality (PUSL-DVER-VR) respectively.

The Research on the Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Based on Sustainable Livelihood : The Case of Yangjiabu Folk Art Garden and Red Sorghum Movie City

The Research on the Development of Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Based on Sustainable Livelihood : The Case of Yangjiabu Folk Art Garden and Red Sorghum Movie City

한중일의 정원에 나타난 자연주의 사상과 반영성

The purpose of this study is to explore what the views of nature and gardens of Korea, China, and Japan are, how naturalistic ideas are expressed and projected in gardens, what their characteristics are, and what their aesthetics and message are to modern gardens. It was conducted using a literature review research method, and the results are as follows. First, Korea, China and Japan have a view of nature that humans should be in harmony with nature. Second, the views of nature and gardens in Korea, China, and Japan were influenced by shamanism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Zen. Third, Korea has created nature-friendly gardens that minimize human interference, China has created a somewhat artificial garden culture that creates another nature by reconstructing natural objects, and Japan has created symbolic garden art that brings nature into the house and contemplates it. Fourth, the gardens of Korea, China, and Japan all aimed for natural landscapes and gave symbolism to garden compositions, making it a mechanism to transform garden appreciators into a private world.

Exploring Strategies and Approaches for the Inheritance of Traditional Chinese Landscape Garden Culture

With the development and changes in social background, usage demands, technological levels, and aesthetic preferences, the inheritance of China's classical landscape garden culture is inevitable. Currently, research on the inheritance and practice of Chinese landscape gardens often starts from the traditional gardening techniques, describing and summarizing their characteristics. This paper explores the cultural connotations of Chinese landscape garden, combining them with the current era's background, to investigate the inheritance strategies and pathways of Chinese landscape gardens. It aims to enrich the theoretical content of the inheritance and innovation of Chinese garden art, adhering to the path of garden construction with Chinese characteristics. The goal is to provide references and guidance for promoting the inheritance of traditional Chinese garden culture and the construction of modern gardens.

A Study of Architectural Design Approaches Informed by the Relationship Between Painting and Garden Aesthetics in the Context of Song Dynasty Literary Gatherings: A Case Study of Jin Y Garden

Garden art has always held a significant place in traditional Chinese culture. During the Song Dynasty, literati, with their unique aesthetic perspectives and creative methods, produced a wide range of garden designs, creating a high level of aesthetic value. Literati excursions served as a vital means of promoting cultural prosperity and artistic creation. Excursions, as a form of social gathering among Northern Song literati, emerged as a defining activity of the era. This paper aims to delve into the incorporation of painting and narrative into garden design and garden exploration by studying the literature and images associated with Song Dynasty literati excursions. Using Jin Y Garden as a case study, the paper discusses the corresponding architectural design approaches and their applicability in contemporary garden architecture practice. It explores a garden design methodology imbued with cultural and artistic value.

JAPANESE GARDENS: FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO PUBLIC SPACES OF THE MEIJI ERA

Gardens in Japan appeared in the 7th century AD and were formed in accordance with Chinese geomantic ideas. They were not intended for aesthetic admiration and had primarily a utilitarian function: protecting the owner of the house from harmful environmental influences (evil spirits). This function was ensured by the “correct” arrangement of stones and the “correct” arrangement of water flows. These rules were formulated in the first treatise on garden art that has come down to us, “Sakuteiki” (“Records on the Arrangement of Gardens”), which was written by Tachibana no Toshitsuna (1028–1094). To avoid curse from other people, the garden plan was kept secret and known only to the owner. During the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), princes (daimyo) began to establish huge gardens, which served as an indicator of their power. Strangers were not allowed inside, but these gardens acquired an aesthetic function, as demonstrated by the example of the Rikugien Garden in Edo. After the Meiji Revolution, the class organization of society was abolished and the goal of creating a unified Japanese nation was posed. The establishment of gardens of a new public (Western) type was supposed to serve to attain this goal. All types of former gardens were models of ideal nature; public gardens were designed to model state values. Using the example of the Ueno Garden, it is shown that public gardens were a specific space where the authorities demonstrated to the Japanese the value picture of a “modern” imperial-type state.

У ИСТОКОВ ТЕОРИИ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО САДА. ТРАКТАТЫ ОЛИВЬЕ ДЕ СЕРРА (1600) И ЖАКА БУАСО ДЕ ЛА БАРОДРИ (1638)

The article analyzes the early stages of the theory of the French garden style forerunning the world-famous treatise “Theory and Practice of Gardening” (1709). It considers the process of transitioning from practical instructions to the theory of good proportions and new elements of the garden (Charles Etienne, “Agriculture and the rural house”, 1564), as well as the creation of the image of an exemplary “French” garden (Olivier de Serres, “Theater of agriculture and field care”, 1600). The most important stage in the development of the theory was the “Treatise on gardening, in accordance with the rules of nature and art» by the caretaker of the royal gardens, Jacques Jacques Boysseau de la Barodrie (1638). The expressive means of French garden art were formulated here, such as the garden parterre, the forms of its ornamental filling, green architecture, elongated proportions of the garden and the dynamics of impressions. The author’s strict requirements for the education of a gardener were likely to affect the career of Andre Lenotre, who graduated from the Academy of Arts and embodied the principles of the “Treatise” in his works.

Analysis of the project proposals for the reconstruction of the Tomilivskyi park, a memorial of landscape gardening art of local significance

In Ukraine, about 500 objects have the status of a park-memorial of landscape art, most of which require restoration measures. That is why the analysis of project proposals for the reconstruction of a park-memorial of landscape art on the example of Tomylivskyi Park, a park-monument of local importance, is an urgent task. This park was created in the middle of the last century near the city of Bila Tserkva as an arboretum of the forestry on an area of 2.4 hectares. The inventory revealed that 76 species of woody plants grow in the park, some of which are 60–70 years old. Their preservation is one of the goals of the reconstruction. The project was based on a reference plan made on the basis of a geodetic survey of the territory and an inventory of the park’s plantations. A detailed study of the situation made it possible to divide the trees into three large groups: the most valuable, relatively valuable, and those to be removed, and to mark their growth areas on the plan in different colours. The development of park management measures involves sanitary and landscape felling and the formation of tree crowns. At this stage dead, dying and heavily infested with Viscum album L. trees are to be removed. For the remaining trees, branches infested with mistletoe and lower branches up to a height of 4–6 m, as well as damaged branches, are removed, which will significantly improve the illumination of the canopy under the trees and free up space for planting new trees and shrubs and create conditions for the growth of herbaceous plants. The need to remove some healthy trees of self-seeding origin is discussed. It is proposed to expand the network of park paths, to ensure the expansion of existing paths and to install a hard top surface. It is proposed to install small architectural forms for utilitarian and decorative purposes. It is planned to create a number of wooden sculptures from the trunks of dead trees. The optimization of the park plantations involves planting 76 species and cultivars of woody plants, creating of compositions based on a systematic principle, addition of trees groups with backdrops of ornamental shrubs and forming of multi-tiered plantations on the edges of lawns and along the park’s borders. The planting of long-lasting coniferous and deciduous trees next to existing mature specimens is justified. Key words: landscaping, species, trees, shrubs, cultivar, planting, optimization, landscape, park, reconstruction, herbaceous perennials.

The effects of the natural visual-aural attributes of urban green spaces on human behavior and emotional response.

Nature-based solutions (NBS) have been used to address a wide range of urban environmental challenges, an important aspect of which is to improve human health and well-being. However, most relevant studies focus either on what positive influences nature may have or on identifying what natural factors can have these benefits. Few have investigated the sensory composition of nature and the effects of nature in different sensory aspects on human health. Setting out from the multi-sensory perspective, this study aims to explore human behavior and emotional response from visual and aural contact with urban nature. Taking Jiangjia Art Garden in Chengdu as an example, natural attributes such as its visual (landscape) and aural (sound source) characteristics as well as people's activities (behavioral responses) were measured by on-site mapping analysis. This was done while a questionnaire-based survey was conducted to investigate people's emotional responses regarding their overall satisfaction, pleasantness, calm, and agreeableness. The results indicated that nature-dominated visual landscapes such as grassland, waterscapes, and woodlands, as well as natural sounds such as bird sounds, chirp sounds, and wind sounds were found to be positively correlated to the vitality of activities and people's emotional status. Regarding behavioral responses, it was shown that grasslands and woodlands are more likely to be attractive places for recreation, and the vitality measured became extremely high when these two were paired with lakes. As for the emotional responses, people's perceived overall satisfaction, calm, and agreeableness were equally reflected in their behavioral patterns, suggesting a strong relationship with natural factors. The research findings were visually presented in behavior and emotional maps to provide direct cues of informing the future design of high-quality urban green spaces and promoting the application of aural-visual experience in the design of urban nature areas.

Research on Gardening Art from the Perspective of Different Aesthetic Forms

Aesthetics is an important part of art design, and the analysis of gardening art from the perspective of different aesthetic forms can enhance the designer's aesthetic mood, understand the harmony and richness between people and the living world, and improve people's living space and spiritual realm. Ming Dynasty private gardens are a climax in the history of Chinese gardens, with good craftsmanship, good interest and fine aesthetics, which is a model for the study of contemporary gardening art aesthetics. The past analysis of the aesthetics of garden landscape is mainly from the ancient Chinese traditional thought pattern or mood style, this paper will be analyzed from different aesthetic perspectives. The different forms of aesthetic objects include natural beauty, social beauty, personality beauty, artistic beauty, scientific beauty, technological beauty and ecological beauty. This paper analyzes the gardening art of Jiangnan private gardens in the Ming Dynasty based on different forms, so as to understand and summarize the aesthetic value of the gardening art of Jiangnan private gardens in the Ming Dynasty, in the hope of exploring the more far-reaching aesthetic meaning of gardening art through research.

Hampton Court Palace and 'Anne of the Thousand Days'

This year marks the 500th anniversary of the coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England , on 1 June 1533. In Tudor history, 7th September 1533, Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, gave birth to Queen Elizabeth I. And this year marks the 500th anniversary of Elizabeth I’s birth. In 2022, on the March 4 marked 500 years to the day of Anne’s first recorded appearance at the English court in 1522. On September 1, 1532, Henry VIII had taken an unprecedented step: He had elevated a woman into England’s hereditary nobility. It was both a gift of love and compensation for enduring years of frustration while Henry tried to put an end to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The article devoted to Hampton Court Palace and Anne Boleyn the Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henrich VIII. Anne Boleyn is called 'Anne of the Thousand Days' because Henrich VIII replaced her after roughly three years. Anne who waited seven years to marry the King was dismissed and disgraced within a third of that time. Despite ruling for just three years during the Tudor dynasty, Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens in British History. She played a major role in the English Reformation along with Henry VIII. The author presents Hampton Court Palace in London and its History, its historic landscape gardens features elements that illustrate significant periods of the art of gardens.

Applying the Ideas, Principles, and Theories of Past Landscape Architects to Modern Day Environmental Concerns

Throughout history, landscape architecture developed from garden art, and many different factors contributed to the development of this tendency. Even though landscape architecture is typically involved in the planning and design of land and water, it also contributes to the development of a safe, resilient, and sustainable view, which in turn encourages healthy living and responsible stewardship of the environment. At this time, the excessive use of land for settlement in the wake of urbanisation has resulted in the fragmentation of habitats, the loss of agricultural land, a lack of ancient ties, and the destruction of cultural landscapes. It would be to everyone's benefit to go back in time and explore the innovative approaches that landscape architects of the past were able to take in order to find answers to the pressing problems that are prevalent at the time. As a consequence of this, the research looks into well-known landscape architects from across history and the ways in which their designs have had an enduring effect. The findings of this study, which combine theoretical and analytical approaches, suggest that the restoration of landscapes may be viewed both as a means and a goal in addressing contemporary environmental concerns.