Arsi Zone Research Articles

Evaluation of Seed Production and Quality Performance of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Varieties at Kulumsa in Arsi Zone South East Ethiopia

Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.

Assessment of the Wheat Value Chain Role in Food Security in Arsi Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

The study examined the role of wheat value chain in the food security in Arsi Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. It uses both primary and secondary data collected through questionnaires, FGD, interview and desk review from a total of 336 randomly selected households. Data were analyzed using value chain mapping, percentage and cross-tabulations of frequency distribution. The result from the value chain analysis indicates the main actors in the study area include input suppliers, producers, brokers, wholesalers, processors, traders, and consumers, while the supporting actors are DAs, BoARD, cooperatives/unions, trade and industry office, and financial/credit institutions. Farmers receive a low-profit shares (23.81%) despite the fact that they are determined to produce quality wheat and bearing all the related risk of production. Farmers in the study area encounter marketing problem during harvesting seasons which accommodate the cost of production and create profit. Likewise, the well function of wheat value chain enhances the food security status of the poor in increasing their production and productivity, and generating income which increases their economic capacity. Therefore, the study recommends the government and other stakeholder should create effective and efficient market which benefit the farmers on one hand and strengthening the well function of value chain which increases the participation of the farmers in the chain.

Anthelmintic Resistance to Commonly Used Drugs in Naturally Infected Sheep in and Around Bekoji, Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

A study aimed at assessing parasites control practices in use and to determine existence of gastro intestinal nematodes resistance for Albendazole, Tetraclozash and Ivermectin, in naturally infected sheep under field conditions in and around Bekoji Town. Sheep of both sexes were randomly selected from small holder farmers from different peasant associations were used for this study. Before administering of the drugs, screening was done to identify infected sheep with gastro-intestinal nematodes and eggs per grams (EPG) greater than 200 were eligible for inclusion in the field experiment following guidelines by Coles and his colleagues (1). Accordingly a total of 48 animals grouped into four treatment groups’ of Albendazole, Tetraclozash, Ivermectin and Control (i.e. left untreated). Albendazole, Tetramisole and Ivermectin were found 90.53%, 98.1% and 96.59 % respectively. The percentage reduction of fecal egg counts (FECs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), for Albendazole, Tetraclozash and Ivermectin were 95.83 %( 95.1 - 84.4CI), 98.1 % (99 - 90.99CI) and 96.59 % (97.01 - 91.3CI) respectively. Based on this findings Albendazole is resistant to the parasites in the area and it was concluded that development of anthelmintic resistance could be prevented by avoid frequent and unnecessary treatments of this anthelmintic, optioning instead for strategic deworming

Evaluation of Ethiopian Wheat Germplasm Against Yellow Rust <i>(Puccinia striiformis)</i> Disease Under Field Condition

Wheat rust outbreak especially yellow rust is the major production constraint in Ethiopia. Arsi Zone is the hot spot zone for yellow rust (<i>Puccinia striiformis</i> (<i>Pst</i>)) particularly Meraro and Bekoji sites are frequently yellow rust epidemic was occur due favorable environmental and higher pressure of inoculums in the areas. Therefore, the objective the study was to identify sources of resistance against yellow rust at adult plant stage under hot spot sites. In this study, Three hundred seventy five elite breeding and advanced lines were planted at Meraro, Arsi-Robe and Bekoji. The results show that 34, 10 and 54% of the lines at Meraro were found resistant to moderately resistant, intermediate and moderately susceptible to susceptible. At Arsi-Robe 61, 23.5 and 15.5% of lines were showed that resistant to moderately resistant, intermediate and moderately susceptible to susceptible. Finally, at Bekoji 35.5, 21.3 and 43.2% lines at were resistant to moderately resistant, intermediate and moderately susceptible to susceptible category of yellow rust. Average coefficient of infection (ACI) less than 20% showed at Meraro (34%), Bekoji (35.5%) and Arsi-Robe (61%) was good percent of resistance to the current yellow rust pressure respectively, indicating higher disease pressure at Meraro and Bekoji than that of Arsi-Robe. Among the lines, 43.7% showed a good level of resistance (<30% severity) in all locations. Generally, most of the lines, which showed better resistance at Arsi-Robe, were susceptible at Meraro and Bekoji.

Participatory Variety Selection of Field Pea (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Pisum sativum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) and Apparatuses to Understand Farmer’s Selection Criteria in Eastern Arsi Zone of Ethiopia

Field pea is one of the protein rich grain food legumes that have a lion share in human diet in Arsi zone. It is a long time ago that field pea crop improvement started in which more than 16 new varieties released those are selected primarily for yield potential, but there is a traits left considered as a very import by majority of farmers. This study intended to recognize farmers important traits consider for decisive varieties to grow. The study was conducted at south eastern Arsi of Ethiopia, representing five major field pea producing location, in one growing season, using a participatory variety selection approach. A total of nine improved and one local check field pea varieties are used. Majority of farmers’ were found around fourteen traits that can influence the selected varieties across all location. There is also some traits those are more sensitive to gender difference. Among fourteen traits, nine were considered very important in one or all of the location in a growing season. Unfortunately there are preferred traits that are not given high priority by the current field pea breeding program in Ethiopian. This study indicated that there is no field pea variety possesses all desirable characteristics that meet the diverse farmers’ selection criteria that adapted to varied location and a growing season. It is better if farmers’ preference traits would be considered in breeding program for a country Ethiopia where the crop is consumed as a stable food.

Genetic Variability and Associations of Yield and Yield Related Traits for Fieldpea (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Pisum stivum L.&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Genotypes in Arsi Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia

Field pea is an important pulse crops in Ethiopia, however the production is reduced due to many constraints including limited availability of improved variety and traditional farming systems. Twenty five advanced field pea genotypes were evaluate for ten traits at three locations during 2015/16 main cropping season using RCBD with two replications. Thus the objectives of this study were to estimate genetic variability of the genotypes and to assess the associations of yield and yield related traits. The ANOVA result showed that significant variation among genotypes. Mean square from genotype by environment interaction showed that highly significant variation among the genotypes for all traits. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 2.4 to 12.9 and 2.9 to 22 respectively. Heritability estimates and genetic advance as present of mean also ranged from 20% to 90% and from 2.2% to 25.8% respectively. Higher estimate of heritability recorded from days to 50% flowering and thousand seed weight. Grain yield showed a significant and negative genotypic association with plant height and stand count. Stand count, days to 50% flowering, thousands seed weight and powdery mildew have a negative direct effects on grain yield while plant height has appositive direct effect on grain yield. The first two principal components explained about 58.36% of the total variation among the genotypes. The first components explained about 38.97% of the total variation and mostly explained by stand count, powdery mildew and days to 50% flowering. So the research gives as clear information about the 25 field pea genotypes for future breeding strategy.

Perceived role of hot food in the pathogenesis of oesophageal cancer: a qualitative study in the Arsi Zone, Oromia, Central Ethiopia.

Observational studies in Ethiopia have identified a positive association between hot wheat porridge consumption and oesophageal carcinoma. However, a single dietary intake cannot be a sufficient predictor of cancer among populations that have diverse dietary practices. The present study was carried out to explore the community's perspectives on the role of hot foods in the pathogenesis of oesophageal cancer in Ethiopia. Focus group discussions were conducted from May to August 2019 among purposefully selected 112 participants. Data were collected by using open-ended questions; memo writing, audio recordings and photo pictures. All tape-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and inductively coded using Atlas.ti Version 7.0.71 software. Finally, the analysis was performed according to the standard thematic framework analysis techniques. The finding showed that hot foods (porridge, coffee and soup) consumption patterns were perceived as the principal dietary risk of oesophageal cancer. Cooking in unventilated rooms, monotonous cereal-based foods, poor vegetable, and fruit intake, not taking milk with porridge, eating fast, swallowing large bolus of hot porridge and exposure to carcinogens in foods were regarded as predisposing dietary practices to oesophageal carcinoma. Socio-demographic, economic and cultural backgrounds were reported as the underlying risk factors associated with oesophageal cancer. There was a strong perception within the community that oesophageal cancer is linked to several but sequentially interlinked dietary and related practices. Cumulative thermal injuries from the consumptions of hot food could be the immediate dietary risk factors associated with increased risk of oesophageal cancer.

Participatory Variety Selection of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Tools to Understand Farmer’s Selection Criteria in Major Field Pea Producing Areas of South Eastern Arsi Zone of Ethiopia

Field pea is one of the grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Arsi zone. It is a long time ago that fi eld pea crop improvement started in which more than 16 new varieties released those are selected primarily for yield potential, but there is a trait left considered as a very import by majority of farmers. The current study intended to identify traits that farmers consider most important when deciding which varieties to grow. The study was conducted at south eastern Arsi of Ethiopia, representing fi ve major fi eld pea producing location, in one growing season, using a participatory variety selection approach. A total of nine improved and one local check fi eld pea varieties are used. Majority of farmers’ were found around fourteen traits that can infl uence the selected varieties across all locations. There are also some traits those are more sensitive to gender diff erence. Among fourteen traits, nine were considered particularly important in one or all the location in a growing season. Unfortunately, there are preferred traits that are not given high priority by the current fi eld pea breeding program in Ethiopian. This study indicated that there is no fi eld pea variety possesses all desirable characteristics that meet the diverse farmers’ selection criteria that adapted to varied location and a growing season. It is better if farmers’ preference traits would be considered in breeding program for a country Ethiopia where the crop is consumed as a stable food.

The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Value of Conventional Antihypertensive Drugs in the Management of Hypertension: An Ethno-Botanical Review of Commonly Used Antihypertensive Medicinal Plants in Arsi Zone, South-East Ethiopia

Plants have been used to treat a wide range of diseases throughout the history of human beings and this practice continues to date. In traditional methods, plant materials are tested for pharmaceutical purposes. Natural products from plants remain vital in drug discovery where they can be used directly as drugs or serve as leads to new drugs by providing chemical entities. Hypertension (HTN) is a progressive cardiovascular disease characterized by persistently elevated systemic blood pressure. If left uncontrolled, HTN will become the major cause of human suffering as well as imposing severe economic and service burdens on health systems. Today on the market there are large armamentaria of conventional antihypertensive drugs, however, the major concerns that often delay treatment allude to higher costs, unavailability and inaccessibility, undesired side effects of antihypertensive drugs and reduced patient compliance to consume more than a pill per day. The search for natural, cheaper, and nontoxic compounds is becoming necessary. In the past, the drug discovery of the biological compounds from plant materials and the process of identifying the structures of active compounds from the extracts were problematic. In Ethiopia, the long history of using traditional medicinal plants for combating various ailments can be confirmed by referring to the medico-religious manuscripts in the country. Herbal medicines have been also commonly used and remain. Symptoms of HTN can be also resolved by herbals.

Performance and Adaptability Evaluation of Improved Onion Varieties (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Allium cepa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) for Bulb Yield and Some Agronomic Traits

Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world including Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted in Arsi zone at Kulumsa Agriculture Research Center and Ziway Dugda districts under irrigation condition. A total of five improved onion varieties were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications with the objectives of studying the performance and adaptability of improved onion varieties for bulb yield and yield related traits in 2017 during off season. The combined Analysis of variance (variety by location) revealed that significant difference between improved onion varieties for maturity date, marketable and unmarketable bulb yield tons per hectare, bulb length in centimeter, and bulb weight in gram was observed. But non-significant difference for plant height in centimeter, total bulb yield tons per hectare and average bulb diameter in centimeter were observed between improved onion varieties. Except variety Adama Red all the tested improved onion varieties (Melkam, Nafis, Nasik Red and Bombay Red) was well performed and adapted. These varieties were gave more than 40 marketable bulb yield t ha^-1. So those improved onion varieties were recommended for the study area and areas of similar agro- ecological zones under off season growing condition.

Improving Women Farmers’ Income Through Organization of Self-help Group and Crossbred Heifers Distribution at Dodola District of West Arsi Zone

The study was conducted in Kata Barenda Kebele of Dodola district in West Arsi zone with one FREG comprising of 10 participating women household with relatively lower income. The distribution of 10 in calf heifers done with the objective of improving income of rural women farmers and improving family nutritional balance through distribution of improved F1 in calf heifers and increase milk production. Training and experience sharing was arranged before and after heifer distribution. On average, one household own minimum one (1) with the maximum of three (3) crossbred animals. On average, the current monetary value of calves born form distributed crossbred cows were estimated to be 7571.4± 2636.7ETB. Milk production increased from 1.75±1.21 liter/Cow/day to 6.8±1.47 liter/Cow/day. Milk consumption and sale increased from 1.62±1.31 to 3.1±0.99, 0.72±1.27 to 3.4±0.96 lit/day, respectively. On average one household generated additional 1640 ± 469.51 ETB per month from sale of milk after intervention. They cover their expense for purchasing agricultural inputs, miscellaneous household expenditures and student’s school expense from the income generated. Meeting the demand for milk and milk products was the great success for the household after intervention not only meeting family nutrition but also minimizing the cost incurred for purchasing of milk and milk products.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate on Grain Yield and Malt Quality of Three Malt Barley (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Hordeum vulgare &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;L.) Varieties at Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Grain yield and malt quality of barley are largely influenced by the specific variety, soil property and applied nitrogen fertilizer rates. Consequently, nitrogen fertilizer application could lead to tradeoff between grain yield and malt quality and grain yield resulting in significant loss for beverage industries and farmers. Thus a field experiment was carried out during 2018/2019 main cropping season on Nitisol at Arsi Zone of Ethiopia to study the effect of grain yield and malt quality response of malt barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) Varieties to different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Factorial combination of three malt barley varieties (Holker, Ibon and Fanaka) and five rates of nitrogen fertilizer (11.5, 23, 34.5, 46 and 57.5 kg N ha-1) were laydown in split plot arrangement Nitrogen fertilizer rate as main plot and varieties as sub plot replicate three times. Data on soil sample analysis results revealed that, the soil physic-chemical property didn’t show significant variation in both before planting and after harvest. The interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate and varieties had significant influence on grain yield, thousand kernel weight and hectoliter weight. Malt extract content and germination energy were significantly affected by main effect of malt barley varieties, while grain protein content affected only by nitrogen rate. Thus application of 57.5 kg N ha-1 to Ibon malt barley variety produced better (2.629 t ha-1) grain yields at the study area. From this point of view it can be conclude that Ibon Varity fertilized with 57.5 kg N ha-1 was found to be better in terms of both yield performance and economic feasibility for malt barley production in study area.

Adaptability Evaluation of Common Bean (&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus vulgaris&lt;/i&gt; L.) Varieties in South-East Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Common bean (Phaseolus vulagris L.) is a very important legume crop grown worldwide and adapted mid to high altitude areas of Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted on both Farmer’s Training Center (FTC) and Kulumsa research stations of East Arsi zone. The purpose of the study was to select elite and adapted common bean varieties that will maximize productivity and production of common in the target areas. Nine improved common bean varieties were used for this study. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for two growing season (2019-2020) under rain fed condition. The combined ANOVA result indicated, significant difference (P<0.001) among variety, Location and their interaction were observed for all parameters (days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, seed yield, Number of pod per plant, except number of seed per pod which was non-significant due to variety x location interaction. The first and the second IPCA of AMMI biplot were significant ((P<0.001) and 85.1% the variations were explained together. Based on the scatter plot of PC1 against PC2, V8 (SER-119) and V7 (SER-125) were more adapted varieties in most of the locations across two growing seasons whereas, V5 was stable variety Among the tested varieties, the highest seed yield per hectare was obtained from variety SER-125 (3190.4 kgha-1) and SER-119 (3090.3kgha-1) whereas the lowest yield was obtained from variety SAB-736. Therefore, the Variety SER-125 and SER-119 can be recommended as selected varieties and to be promoted in the study areas.

Analysis of Honey Value Chain and Marketing System: The Case of Smallholder Beekeepers in Negele Arsi District of Oromia, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Negele Arsi district, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia to identify honey value chain actors, functions, services providers, major constraints and opportunities of beekeeping. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected by desk research, observations, survey and interview with different actors in the chain. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies, mean and standard deviations using SPSS version 19 and Excel sheets. Whereas, the data collected through interview was analyzed using narration and interpretation. The value chain map was used to get the clear picture of the whole honey market chain and SWOT analysis tool was used to analysis the strength, weakness opportunity and threat of the beekeeping sector in Negele Arsi district. The study result showed that, the major value chain actors in the study district were producers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers, local drink makers and final consumers of the product were the main chain actors, while Negele Arsi livestock development and fisher resource office, Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, IDE (International Development Enterprises) and SNV Ethiopia were the main chain supporters and service providers. Six main alter native market channels were identified for honey marketing and honey follows the six main routes from the point of its production to its consumption. The major constraints of beekeeping identified in the study district were inaccessibility to beekeeping equipments, inadequate of beekeeping knowledge and skills, shortage of bee forage, prevalence of honeybee pests and predators, lack of organized market channel, pesticides poisoning, lack of adequate extension services, honeybee colony absconding and migration and shortage of honeybee colony. Despite these, there are also opportunities such as availability of area closures, high demand for honey at national, regional and international market, presence of government and non-government organizations working on honey, the existence of conducive policy framework in apiculture sub-sector, existence of farmers with indigenous knowledge and skills who are interested to accept improved technologies, existence of reforestation plan and existence of different flowering plants are some of the opportunities for honey production and marketing by most of the producers. Therefore, efforts should be geared to promoting capacity building through training, promoting modern apiculture technologies, access extension service, access to financial support and market promotion and establishment of beekeepers cooperatives are recommended.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Mothers Toward Immunization of Their Infants in Shashemene Referral Hospital, West Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Background: Ethiopian was able to expand the immunization service by introducing new vaccines into the country routine immunization program that increased the number of antigens from 10 to 12. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is one of the key programs in World Health Organization (WHO) Ethiopia under the Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition (MCHN). Compliance to vaccination may be influenced by understanding of the community towards the service. Objective: To assess the knowledge, Attitude and practice of mothers towards vaccination of their infants in Shashemene referral Hospital west Arsi, Zone Oromia Regional state, South-Ethiopia, 2018. Method: Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted in shashemene Referral Hospital from February to April 10, 2018. Face to face structured Interview questionnaire was used by systematic sampling techniques. Data collection was start from March 01 to 30, 2018 G. C and after reviewing, data was analyzing with SPSS software version 20. Result: A total of 228 mothers were participated on this study, giving the response rate of 98.1%. From the total respondents (52.3%) of mothers have good knowledge and (42.3%) of them had good practices of services utilization of vaccination for their infants. Conclusion: This study showed that 52.3%, 67.7%, 42.3% of study participant had good knowledge, attitude, and practice towards immunization of infants respectively. Educational interventions are required to improve parents’ knowledge, attitude, and practice.

Survey of Major Wheat Diseases in South Eastern Ethiopia

Wheat foliar mainly rusts, and root and foot diseases are important biological constraints to wheat production in Ethiopia especially in Arsi and West Arsi - main wheat belt areas of Ethiopia. Both fungal diseases incurred huge economic losses annually. In 2020 main growing season, assessment was carried out with the stress to ascertain the state of major foliar, root and foot diseases of wheat in Arsi and West Arsi zones of Ethiopia. The assessment result showed yellow rust, septoria leaf blotch and stem rust diseases among foliar; fusarium head blight from spike diseases; eyespot and take all from foot and root were found prevalent. The incidence of foliar diseases viz septoria leaf blotch, yellow and stem rust was 100%, 92.7% and 11.8% respectively. While take all and eyespot were observed 52.4% and 48.5% in the same order. Unlike its incidence, maximum disease severity was caused by yellow rust with higher epidemics on Kubsa and Ogolcho varieties that occupied largest volume in assessed farms. Take- all and eyespots were observed on fields where continuous monocropping is practiced with severity ranges of 0-5 and 0-3 respectively. Thus, it is advisable that much works are needed to train producers to use up-to-date released wheat varieties in order to reduce rust diseases and conduct crop rotation and residue management for the control of foot and root diseases thereby decline associated yield losses.

Knowledge and Practice of Breast Self-examination and Associated Factors among Women Students in West Arsi Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause for maternal mortality globally, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. The incidence is increasing specially in developing regions. Regular breast self-examination is one of the most cost-effective methods for early detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic women. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the level of knowledge and breast self-examination practice, and its associated factors among students in private universities at west Arsi zone, south east Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 1 to 30, 2018. A total of 355 undergraduate female students were participated in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Binary and multivariate logistics regression analyses was applied using backward step wise method with p 0.25 criteria to enter and exit from the model respectively. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were computed and significance of all tests was determined at p ≤ 0.05. Results: From all participants 84(23.7%) were knowledgeable about breast self-examination and 148(41.7%) and 65(18.3%) of them have knowledge about sign and risk of breast cancer respectively. Only 112(31.5%) ever practiced breast self-examination, from those 79(22.3) of them practice breast self-examination monthly and most them started breast self-examination between age of 20-30 years. After adjusting for possible confounders; Field of study, knowledge of breast cancer risk and sign were significantly associated with knowledge of breast self-examination. Knowledge about breast self-examination and from constructs of health belief model perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers were significantly associated with breast self-examination practice. Conclusion: knowledge and practice of breast self-examination of undergraduate female students was low as a National guideline of Ethiopia FMOH that states all female age above 20 years should practice BSE. Therefore, the health sector should design strategies to improve female students’ knowledge and practice of breast self-examination.

Assessing Factors Associated with Poor Community Based Health Insurance Client Satisfaction Level with Public Health Care Services in Negele Arsi Woreda Health Centers, West Arsi Zone Ethiopia

Objective: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes are an emerging tool for providing financial protection against health-related poverty. In Ethiopia, CBHI is being piloted in 13 districts and expanded to 427 but community satisfaction with the scheme and health service delivery study have yet limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the satisfaction of CBHI client on the public health service they acquire. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March and April, 2019 in Arsi Nagele Woreda health centers. Three hundred ninety eight participants who visited the health care facility during the study period were included for quantitative and key informants interview were conducted.Data were entered in to and analyzed using SPSS version 22 and analyzed using descriptive and logistic regression model for quantitative and thematic analysis for qualitative study. Result: A total of 399 patients were participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 95% of which, 63.1 % were male, 24.4% of the clients were illiterates and almost 50% were from Kello Dure health center. The findings of the study showed that the overall client satisfaction level of CBHI with the health services received from the targeted health centers were 63.4% (95% CI=26.1-35.2). Clients who aged from 15-24 years [AOR=0.34 (95%CI=1.34-8.00)]. Those who have level of secondary education and above [AOR=0.45 (95% CI: 1.56-4.40)], waiting time at consultation area [AOR=0.68 (95% CI: 1.01-3.87)] and drugs availability [AOR=0.71 (95% CI: 2.15-10.30)]. Clients who were informed about service available at health facilities [AOR=2.11(95% CI: 1.29- 3.47)] were less likely unsatisfied with service delivered at health facilities. Qualitative research showed that the most unsatisfactory aspect for the CBHI clients on health service was lack of human power and Drugs. Conclusion and recommendation: This study showed higher clients’ satisfaction level in Arsi Negele district health facilities when compared to similar studies in the country. Young age, lack of drugs and supplies, poor information provision, long waiting time at consultation, was found to be the major causes of dissatisfaction. Therefore, the districthealth offices better to work on the quality of the service particularly around the waiting time of patient and health care provider interaction and drug accessibility.

Community-Based Active Case Finding to Increase Tuberculosis Case Detection and Treatment Success Rate in High Tuberculosis Burden Areas of Arsi Zone, Oromia

<i>Background</i>: More than 9 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) occur per year and about two million people die of TB. The probable cause of death is delay in diagnosis, low case detection rate and treatment success rate. Due to the low potential of tuberculosis (TB) microscopic examination and the need to increase rate of new TB case identification is also increased. <i>Objective</i>: To determine magnitude of active tuberculosis cases, evaluate the performance of LED-FM and X-pert MTB/RIF assay and characterize treatment outcome <i>Methods</i>: The door-to-door survey for TB in high TB burden areas of Arsi zone was performed. The participants were screened based on typical TB symptoms. The sputum samples were collected and transported to the laboratories. Culture, LED-FM and X-pert MTB/RIF assay were performed to confirm tuberculosis infection. Result was communicated through cell phone or short message system (SMS) for issuing of positive results. The health extension worker would contact diagnosed patients referred to their local health center for care. Finally, the performance of diagnostic tests, case detection rate and treatment success were determined. <i>Result</i>: In this study 344 pulmonary TB suspected study participants were involved from the three study sites. Based on the LED microscope results the general prevalence of pulmonary TB among the current study participants was 2.3%. On the other hand Gene X-pert MTB/RIF assay could show that 9 (2.6%) of the study participants became positive for pulmonary TB cases. There was 1 (0.3%) discordant result between the two assay methods. LED microscope missed one TB suspected case which was detected by Gen X-pert MTB/RIF assay and then confirmed by LJ culture media and become positive for pulmonary TB. Hence, the overall prevalence of pulmonary TB in our current study became 2.6% with 95% CI (1.2-4.5) using LJ culture media as tiebreaker. Of 344 study participants in this study, 9 (2.6%) were positive for pulmonary TB and given first line anti-TB drugs. Of the nine pulmonary TB test positive study participants who had prescribed with first line anti-TB drugs in which 2 (22.2%) were known to be cured as well as 7 (77.8%) had completed the treatment regimen prescribed for them.

Determinants of Project Sustainability: The Case of NGO Projects in West Arsi Zone

This study analyses the sustainability of Non-Governmental Organization implemented projects phased out since 2015. The objective of this study is to assess determinants of projects sustainability in West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. In order to achieve this objective, descriptive analysis and econometric model were carried out. The study employed both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected from sample target beneficiaries using structured questionnaire whereas the secondary data was collected from published and unpublished sources. The target population was 11,626 beneficiaries addressed by Non-Governmental Organizations implemented that get phase out in the past five years (2014-2019) out of which 240 sample respondents were drawn based on probability proportion to sample. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of sample project beneficiaries. Key informant interview was done using two person per each project sampled for the study with a composition of officer and focal person from line project signatory offices. To draw conclusion about population under the study, different tests were undertaken for critical assumption of statistical analysis. The result of tests for assumptions between variables shows that the data is adequate to run regressions. From the result of the study, educational level of Non-Governmental Organizations implemented project beneficiaries, community contribution (money, labor, and local materials, price/cost of project inputs, government involvement and follow up in project after phase out of donors, complementing effort from government and execution of planned exit strategies throughout the whole project life are variables that influence sustainability of projects implemented by Non-Governmental Organizations. It can be recommended that more effective project sustainability results can be achieved through execution of planned project exit strategies throughout the whole project life. Moreover, the finding of the study encourage government to endeavor design and in place of exit strategies, follow up its execution and ensure accountability system if any failure could happen.