Arrow Points Research Articles

The Taskuduk Camp Site in the Northern Caspian Sea (preliminary results of the study)

The article presents the results of a study of the Taskuduk site in 2023, located in the Kharabalinsky district of the Astrakhan region. These investigations were a continuation of the 2022 research. An aim of excavations was the clarify cultural layer boundaries and obtain new materials. Planographic analysis allowed the authors to determine the borders of the cultural layer. The stratigraphic analysis gave the possibility for artifact distribution. The excavations provided an increase in the information base of sources about the Late Neolithic of the Northern Cis-Caspian region. A representative collection of stone tools has significant importance. A homogeneous combination of products from different types of raw materials has been proven. The specificity of microscrapers in the Late Neolithic stone industry was established by a typological method. The adze with traces of processing and polishing was found. The unique arrow point, which is untypical for the stone industry of this region was determined. The application of technical and technological analysis as well as the thin section analysis of pottery allowed the authors to determine the recipes of ceramic pastes. A lot of vessels have an influx on the inside of the corolla. This pottery feature has analogies with the vessels of the Dzhangar and Orlovka cultures. On the base of gas chromatography analysis of the charred food crusts on ceramics the diet of ancient people was reconstructed. The study of a representative collection of animal bones provided information about the economic strategy on this site. The radiocarbon dating supports the Late Neolithic age of this site.

Distinguishing Prehistoric Arrow Points from Dart Points in the Basin-Plateau Region

The replacement of the atlatl and dart weapon system with the bow and arrow system in the Basin-Plateau region was a significant technological event. Distinguishing dart points from arrow points is one component of understanding the timing of this event. Previous analyses demonstrated that size differences of shoulder widths distinguish dart from arrow points. However, neck width and thickness of a stone projectile point are better variables for differentiating arrow points from dart points because these variables directly relate to the attachment of a projectile point to a foreshaft or mainshaft. Because of overlaps in foreshaft diameters, projectile point neck widths, and thicknesses between darts and arrows, it is not always possible to separate projectile points into arrow points and dart points. In such cases, it is only possible to provide a probability estimate of correct classification for any individual specimen falling within the overlapping ranges.

When humans were the hunted: bone-tipped arrow points in Prehispanic Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina

ABSTRACT This paper presents the techno-typological study of seven bone projectile points closely associated with a burial assemblage excavated from El Alto 5 (~550 cal BP, Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina). The bone points provide a comparative model for interpreting the function of arrow points, primarily concerning how archaeologists can accurately differentiate the arrow tips used for warfare or hunting. Bone points have barbed shoulders to resist removal from the wound and serrated stems for secure hafting. They required shafts a few millimeters thicker than stone-tipped arrows for hafting, involving more kinetic energy to inflict severe injuries. Identifying a dark residue spattered over the blades opens the possibility that poison was applied to enhance the effectiveness of the shoot. The study is considered a starting point to build more accurate models to identify interpersonal violence during the Late Prehispanic Period, where most bone points occurred as domestic refuse of campsites.

Soil failure characteristics and loosening effectivity of compacted grassland by subsoilers with different plough points

Mechanical disturbance of compacted grassland soil can reduce the compaction level. This paper aimed to provide recommendations for optimising plough point design and the formulation of grassland loosening operation standards by analysing the disturbance degree and loosening effectivity of compacted grassland soil. A grassland disturbance test was conducted by using different types of plough points (straight, chisel, diamond, and arrow), tillage depths (50, 100, and 150 mm), and shank spacings (250, 300, and 350 mm). A soil disturbance model was established to determine the disturbance threshold of the compacted soil. The results showed that the straight point cut through the grassland soil along the edge of the shank, the chisel point sheared it into strips and blocks, the diamond and arrow point produced furrows in the grassland. The disturbance degree of the grassland soil increased as the tillage depth increased for all four points and as the shank spacing decreased for the chisel, diamond, and arrow point. The average values of the soil disturbance index (SDI) were 1.19, 1.34, 1.30, and 1.22 for the straight, chisel, diamond, and arrow point, respectively. The significance analysis showed that the loosening effectivity of the chisel and diamond point was significantly better than that of the straight and arrow point. The chisel point plot had the highest mean SDI, indicating it was more effective than the other three points in loosening the compacted grassland soil. The optimum loosening effectivity was achieved at a soil disturbance rate of 26%.

Radiocarbon dates, projectile points, and the spread of bow-and-arrow technology in Sierras of Córdoba (Argentina)

The analysis of chipped-stone and bone projectile points recovered from the Late Holocene sites of Sierras of Córdoba (Argentina) are presented in this article. The aim is to establish the chronology of the initial spread of bow-and-arrow technology in the region and the social context in which it occurred. Projectile points were related to radiocarbon dates, classified in typological sub-groups and functionally assigned to arrow or atlatl dart points based on gross weight, shoulder width, and neck width. The earliest evidence of the use of the bow and arrow was documented ca. 1300 cal years BP in archaic forager's context. However, their use was widespread ca. 1200 cal years BP, when a mobile mixed foraging and cultivation economy was adopted. Within this frame, the use of bow-delivered projectiles facilitated a broad-spectrum foraging base and minimized the cost of failure in the capture of the prey they depended on. It also led to adjusting the hunting or defense strategy to the size of the groups, encouraging the development of more independent family-based economic and political systems, and facilitating that minimal social units colonized new farming lands or hunting territories.

Reassessing the terminal ballistic performance of trilobate and quadrilobate arrow points on Iron Age battlefields.

In the Eurasian Iron Age arrow points comprise a prominent class of artifact. Projectile experiments are useful for studying the ballistic performance of ancient arrow points and implications of arrow point innovations in warfare and shifting socio politics in Eurasia. However, when projectile experiments are not representative of past weapon use, they can lead to misinterpretations of the archaeological record. Notable problems arise when homogeneous target simulants used in controlled experiments are not representative of the targets past weapons were designed to encounter. This article explores the relationship between arrow point morphology and design choices in the Iron Age using different target media. Shooting arrow points into pottery clay leads to the conclusion that more blades reduced penetrating performance on ancient battlefields, but a very different result obtains by shooting the same points into thick tooling leather as a simulant for leather body armor. The results help explain patterns observed in the Eurasian archaeological record, where trilobate arrow points-initially developed by lightly armored horse archers on the Eurasian steppe-were increasingly adopted by a wide range of societies across Eurasia throughout the Iron Age.

Perdiz arrow points from Caddo burial contexts aid in defining discrete behavioral regions

ABSTRACT Recent research into Caddo bottle and biface morphology yielded evidence for two distinct behavioral regions, across which material culture from Caddo burials expresses significant morphological differences. This study asks whether Perdiz arrow points differ across the same geography, which would extend the pattern of morphological differences to a third category of Caddo material culture. Perdiz arrow points were employed to test the hypothesis that morphological attributes differ, and are predictable, between the two communities. The analysis of linear metrics indicated a significant difference in morphology by behavioral region. Using linear metrics combined with the tools of machine learning, a predictive model – support vector machine – was used to assess the degree to which community differences could be predicted, achieving a receiver operator curve score of 97% and an accuracy score of 94%. The landmark geometric morphometric analysis identified significant differences in Perdiz arrow point shape and size between behavioral regions – one characterized by a comparatively smaller blade and larger stem (north), and the other by a comparatively larger blade and smaller stem (south) – coupled with significant results for modularity and morphological integration. These findings build upon recent investigations that posited two discrete Caddo behavioral regions defined on the basis of discernible morphological differences, expanded here to include a third category of Caddo material culture.

КОСТЯНЫЕ НАКОНЕЧНИКИ СТРЕЛ ИЗ РАННЕТАГАРСКИХ (БИДЖИНСКИХ) КОМПЛЕКСОВ КУРГАННОГО МОГИЛЬНИКА САГАЙСКАЯ ПРОТОКА-4

The article deals with the results of an instrumental and contextual study of the bone arrowheads found during urgent excavations on the Sagayskaya Protoka-4 kurgan cemetery (Khakassia, the Askiz district). The morphological characteristics of the artifacts and the results of their traceology study are presented as well as the circumstances in which the arrow points were found in burial assemblages. The material for studied in the present article artifacts were long bone walls of big animals. The study of changes on the points’ surface allowed us to determine the main peculiarities of their production technology. All studied artifacts were shaped with a metallic knife. In one case, polishing was used. The obtained data allow us to continue the database of technologies of production not only of bone arrow points but also Tagar bone objects in general. The materials of an assemblage (tomb 2 in kurgan 3) with a dead body with tools in situ pushed us to turn to the bone arrowheads in Tagar burials. It is noted, that the consistent presence of this category of tools in burial practice is connected to the Bidzha group of the Early Tagar burial assemblages (the 8th –6th centuries BC). Based on analogies, it was stated that the arrow points sets were always put on the left of the body. Compact arrangement and the same orientation of the points indicate that they were in a quiver (wrappage). The found regularities are specific to Bidzhin assemblages of the whole Tagar culture area.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИИ НЕОЛИТА–ЭНЕОЛИТА НИЖНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

In the Low Volga region, the diversity of cultures seems to have manifested itself particularly evident in such transition periods as the Neolithic and the Eneolithic when metallurgy and domestication appeared. However, a reliable source base must support these suggestions. Recently discovered sites characterized by clear stratigraphy as well as settlements with a single cultural layer give more additional information. A marker of the Later Neolithic in the pottery typology is the influx inside of vessel corolla. The combing technique in the ornamentation of vessels is an indicator of non-local culture. Stone maces can be a marker of the Later Neolithic. The lack of copper items makes it difficult to attribute the complexes to the Early Eneolithic. The morphological features of pottery could not be clearly a criterion of belonging to the Early Metal epoch. Syncretic signs can be explained by both transition features and coexistence. Quantitative indicators of stone tools do not indicate the attribution to later stages like vestigial Neolithic or Neo-Neolithic periods. Forming radiocarbon dates array makes the question about the coexistence of Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures clearer. It is possible to determine the transition periods. A criterion of that can be a change of raw material base, the technique of an enhanced push-up for stone tool production, the arrow points with double-sided retouching, preservation of liner technology, the change of vessel shapes and system of pottery ornamentation, development of domestication. The paleoclimatic factors influenced the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Eneolithic as well.

Rethinking Stone Drill Manufacture

AbstractDrills and projectile points from a site often share a similar shaped base, and it is typically assumed that these drills are reworked hafted points. Measurements of triangular-shaped drills and triangular arrow points from an Iroquoian site indicate that, on average, these drills had narrower bases and were thicker than points. Additionally, most preserved point foreshafts from the western United States are too short if used as a simple drill shaft, and most dart and arrow shafts are too long to serve as convenient drill shafts if used with a strap or bow drill. These data call into question the assumption that drills were reworked hafted points at Iroquoian and possibly other sites.

Obsidian projectile point conveyance patterns in the lower Humboldt Valley, Nevada

Despite their ubiquity, surface occurrences of obsidian artifacts at archaeological sites throughout western North America have traditionally been viewed as unworthy of serious attention because of the difficulty in dating them. In the past 40 years, the time sensitivity of certain Great Basin projectile point types has been established, which brings the importance of surface collections more center stage. With the coming of age and refinement of geochemical methods, obsidian artifacts from these surface sites can now be analyzed using nondestructive instrumental methods and matched to their geological eruptive origin on the basis of congruence in trace and rare earth element chemistry. Many of these surface assemblages in the Great Basin contain considerable numbers of obsidian projectile points that, when matched to their chemical source of origin, open up entirely new ways to investigate change and continuity in past land use and social relations. The present study was conducted in the lower Humboldt Valley of western Nevada, where large numbers of obsidian projectile points have been collected by professional archaeologists over the past century and housed in academic institutions and museums. In this study, more than 900 obsidian projectile points and bifaces were analyzed from 24 sites and localities within the lower Humboldt Valley using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to bring data to bear on the question of whether changes in obsidian source use occurred there over the past 5000 years (as determined by time-sensitive projectile points). Significant changes were identified in the direction and distance-to-source of arrow points vs. dart points, and in the source and direction of Humboldt series points and of Humboldt Basal-notched bifaces, which implicate directional shifts through time in social relations among peoples using—and during some periods living at sites in—the lower Humboldt Valley. These results provide independent data to evaluate current views about land use, artifact conveyance, social relations, and technological change in the western Great Basin and beyond.

Demystifying Small Concha-type Microtia: Advancements in Classification and Surgical Approach.

The accurate identification of microtia type is foundational to preoperative planning and intraoperative strategies for auricular reconstruction using an autologous costal cartilage framework. Although the repair of lobule type microtia has similarities to that of small concha-type, the latter has specific nuances that must be considered to optimize functional and aesthetic outcomes. The article describes the senior author's advancements in repair of all microtia types: use of an "auricular rectangle" to determine ideal ear placement, W-flap manipulation for vestige transposition, and skin trimming. The additional focus on small concha-type microtia addresses common errors in identification and reconstruction of the conchal bowl.

S2123 Refractory Case of Malignant Eosinophilic Colitis Leading to Ischemic Colitis

Introduction: Eosinophilic colitis (EC) is a rare inflammatory condition involving eosinophilic infiltration of the mucosa in the absence of a secondary cause or peripheral eosinophilia. Clinically, EC presents with non-specific symptoms. We present a case of malignant EC that is refractory to different therapies. Case Description/Methods: A 30 years old male with known EC on azathioprine, pulmonary embolism and superior mesenteric venous (SMV) thrombosis onrivaroxaban, had multiple admissions with abdominal pain and hematochezia secondary to Clostridioides difficile (C. diff). His rivaroxaban and azathioprine were held given his hematochezia and recurrent infections. He presented a month later with worsening symptoms but C. diff was negative. CT abdomen/pelvis showed non-occlusive SMV and portal venous (PV) thrombosis with signs of ischemia of the sigmoid colon (Figure 1b). Patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic SMV/PV aspiration thrombectomy that was complicated by a large right hemothorax, causing hemorrhagic shock. Subsequent flexible sigmoidoscopy showed signs of colonic ischemia (Figure 1a). Colonic biopsies demonstrated active colitis without evidence of chronicity, and 60 eosinophils per high powered field. Patient underwent a subtotal colectomy with end ileostomy with clinical improvement immediately postoperatively. He was discharged on a steroid taper and apixaban. He was started on the interleukin-5 (IL-5) inhibitor benralizumab for his EC. Outpatient follow-up was notable for continued rectal bleeding. Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed diffuse severe erythema, contact bleeding, and friable mucosa throughout the rectal pouch (Figure 1c). Vedolizumab was started in combination with benralizumab, however, on long-term outpatient follow-up, no notable clinical or endoscopic improvements were noted on combination therapy. Multi-disciplinary decision in conjunction with patient resulted in planned proctocolectomy with permanent end ileostomy. Discussion: There are currently no FDA approved management options for EC. The IL-5 inhibitor Benralizumab is FDA approved for treatment of eosinophilic asthma and therefore it was worth a trial in this patient. In a small number of case reports, Vedolizumab has shown some clinical improvement as well as reduction in eosinophilia in EC patients. Due to the rarity of EC diagnosis, data for therapies in EC is severely lacking. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a patient with severe refractory EC that led to the development of ischemic colitis.Figure 1.: (a) shows an endoscopic image of ischemic colitis. (b), the red arrow points at the portal vein thrombosis and (c) shows diffuse severe erythema, contact bleeding, and friable mucosa throughout the rectal pouch.

S2032 Epiploic Appendagitis as an Uncommon Cause of Abdominal Pain

Introduction: Acute epiploic appendagitis (EA) is a self-limited inflammation of the appendices epiploicae. Epiploic, also known as omental, appendages are pouches that derive from the peritoneum. These appendages are made of adipose tissue and each appendage contains a venous and arterial supply. If torsion of the appendage occurs, occlusion of the vascular supply can lead to ischemia and may cause EA. Acute EA is associated with obesity, abdominal hernias, and heavy or unaccustomed exercise. EA management is supportive. The increased utilization of CT imaging for acute abdomen visits to emergency rooms nationwide has led to increased identification of this condition. Such radiographic diagnosis has obviated the need for unproven therapies such as antibiotics and surgery. Case Description/Methods: A 66-year-old male with past medical history of gastrointestinal stromal tumor status post small bowel resection presented to the emergency room complaining of epigastric abdominal pain of one day duration. The pain was constant, non-radiating, cramping, and awakened him from sleep. The patient rated the pain as 7/10 in intensity. The pain was not alleviated by acetaminophen use and was associated with 3 loose, non-bloody, non-mucoid bowel movements. A CT of the abdomen/pelvis showed an ovoid fat density area adjacent to the descending colon with a high-density rim and mild surrounding inflammatory fat stranding, suggestive of EA (Figure). He was treated with oral anti-inflammatory medications and discharged home. At follow-up one week later his abdominal pain had completely resolved. Discussion: This case illustrates that EA is not commonly considered in the differential for abdominal pain. Fortunately, this condition is easily diagnosed on CT imaging. With the rise of CT scan use in the work-up of acute abdominal pain, EA is easily identified and can be appropriately managed. Radiographically, acute EA is described as an oval-shaped mass lesion of fat density with a hyper-attenuating dense rim. EA is a self-limited and self-resolving condition. The treatment is oral anti-inflammatory medication with recovery expected within 10 days. There is no indication for antibiotics in acute EA. Correct diagnosis is meaningful to avoid unnecessary hospital stay. The importance in highlighting this case is that EA diagnosis is very unlikely in the absence of CT scanning due to lack of clinician awareness and uncommon nature of the disease. This case highlights the radiologic assessment of EA and its appropriate treatment.Figure 1.: Yellow arrow points to the hyper-enhancing dense rim of an oval-shaped lesion with fat density, indicative of acute EA.

Morphologically Similar, but Regionally Distinct: Perdiz Arrow Points from Caddo Burial Contexts in the American Southeast

ABSTRACT Generally considered diagnostic of Late Prehistoric Toyah assemblages, Perdiz arrow points are characteristic of the transition from the Late Prehistoric to the Protohistoric. If larger Perdiz arrow points from Caddo burials are conceived of as products of trade and/or exchange with Toyah groups, then those with longer blade lengths provide inference to shifts in Caddo selective preference, while those with shorter blade lengths evince local approaches to resharpening and/or retouch that were uniquely Caddo. This study asks whether linear shape variables convey discrete regional resharpening strategies, whether morphological trajectories differ between the northern and southern behavioral regions, and whether morphological disparity differs between larger and smaller size classes, as defined by differences in blade length. Results demonstrate distinct regional resharpening strategies and divergent morphological trajectories for Perdiz arrow points included as Caddo mortuary offerings in the northern and southern behavioral regions.

Wayfinding strategies guide mobile commerce in sharing economy development

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to integrate wayfinding strategies and open innovation to examine the factors of mobile application (M-App) design.Design/methodology/approachThe study formulated an M-App model from the wayfinding sense-making and open innovation perspective. Samples were collected from the M-Apps users of Airbnb.com in a survey based on the principle of snowball sampling, and 416 samples were returned in total. The hypothesis testing of the model was conducted using structural equation modeling with Linear Structural Relations.FindingsThe operators of the lodging industry should design the recommended route on the M-Apps for tourists to reach the accommodation on the map function conveniently.Practical implicationsThe orientation of wayfinding sense-making integrates the accommodation host to mark the direction of the accommodation on the map function of M-Apps to indicate the direction of the location.Social implicationsThe operators of the lodging industry should design the recommended route on the M-Apps for tourists to conveniently reach the accommodation on the map function.Originality/valueFor the M-Apps designer of the lodging industry, devising the function with an arrow point on the map would enable tourists to check their current location handily. Moreover, the M-Apps of lodging businesses can reduce marketing expenses from the high recommendations of tourists.

Aerodynamic characteristics of bare-shaft archery arrow

The flow past an archery bare-shaft arrow is computed by using a CFD code. Two types of arrow point, i.e., bullet point and streamlined point, are simulated for the Reynolds number, based on the shaft diameter, in a range 1.0 × 104 ≤ Re ≤ 2.0 × 104, and the attack angle, α, varied between 0.0° and 1.0°. The flow field around the arrow point and the surface of shaft is visualized mainly for the quasi-steady state flows. The drag coefficient CD is computed for the ranges of Re and α, and compared with the previous analytical, as well as experimental values.The results of the present study appears to suggest that for the arrow with bullet point and non-zero attack angle, the onset of unsteadiness is triggered by the separation at the joint portion between point and shaft, while for the arrow with streamlined point, unsteadiness manifests at the arrow tail and gradually spread upstream on the surface of the shaft.

Numerical analysis of the effect of attack angle on the boundary layer flow along an archery bare shaft arrow

The velocity boundary layer, formed on an archery bare-shaft arrow, is computed by using two kinds of finite difference codes; an axisymmetric code and a three-dimensional code. Two types of arrow point, i.e., bullet point and streamlined point, are attached to a cylindrical arrow shaft. The Reynolds number, based on the shaft diameter, is varied in a range 10, 000 ≤ Re ≤ 20, 000, and the attack angle, α, is fixed at α = 0.0°. Critical assessment is performed on the grid dependency of velocity profiles, the difference in velocity profiles between axisymmetric and 3D computations, the effect of interpolation method on the interpolants by comparing the spline and the tri(bi)-cubic interpolations. The results of assessment indicates that the effect of varying the number of grid points, simulation codes and the interpolation method, considered in the present study, is reasonably small for the steady state boundary layers.

Aerodynamic Analysis of an Arrow with Different Fletch Configurations: A Computational Approach

Archery is being contemplated from hundreds of years; however there have been not many investigations expressing and clarifying the optimal design and aerodynamic effectiveness of an Arrow. Presently Archery has turned into a significant game in Olympics. Every nation is showing colossal interest in delivering champions. So, it is important to work on the solidness of the Arrow to such an extent that its precision and aerodynamic characteristics improve. Broad examination is proceeding to work on the streamlined exhibition of the Arrow. So, this study intends to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of an Arrow for various fletches and diverse Arrow points. To accomplish this, the initial trends of aerodynamics characterization were obtained by XFLR5 v6.51 and then deep flow analysis was performed by Computational Fluid Dynamics using ANSYS Fluent. The outcomes are upon to show that the Arrow performs better at a speed range of 40-60 m/s and angles of attack from - 5 to +5 degrees. MATLAB is employed in plotting all of the non-dimensional data fluctuations, since it is the most trusted plotting software. The outcomes are validated with existing research work and significant conclusions are obtained.

Points of contention: Tradition, resistance, and arrow points in the California missions

Archaeological excavations at California mission sites have revealed diverse projectile points manufactured and used by Indigenous people. Through the examination of assemblages from four central California missions—San José, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San Carlos—this paper considers the potential of lithic technologies to illuminate the interrelated issues of tradition and resistance. Based on our case study, and a comparative discussion of similar projectile points from other missions in Alta and Baja California, we argue that these artifacts offer an opportunity to move beyond the idea that the persistence of cultural traditions equals passive resistance in colonial settings. In addition to strong continuities of arrow point types from precontact times into the colonial period, the data from California also demonstrate that Native people incorporated new materials into their lithic technologies and perhaps even created new point types after the Spanish invasion. These patterns speak to the dynamic nature of tradition as well as the varied ways that Indigenous people sought to repudiate the values of colonialism in their daily lives. Taken together, the projectile points from California mission sites encourage archaeologists to consider how lithic technologies may reflect the capacity (realized or not) for Indigenous autonomy and active refusal of colonialism.