Point Of Arrival Research Articles

SALVAGING THE SPIRIT OF THE METER-MODELS TRADITION: A MODEL OF BELIEF REVISION BY WAY OF AN ABSTRACT IDEALIZATION OF RESPONSE TO INCOMING EVIDENCE DELIVERY DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROOF IN COURT

Inside the Juror (Hastie 1994) was, in a sense, a point of arrival for research developing formalisms that describe judicial decision making. Meter-based models of various kinds were mature, and even ready for giving way to such models that would concern themselves with the narrative content of the cases at hand, that a court is called to decide upon. Moreover, excessive emphasis was placed on lay factfinders, i.e. on jurors. It is noticeable that as “AI & Law” has become increasingly concerned with evidence in recent years – with efforts coordinated by Nissan & Martino, Zeleznikow, and others–the baggage of the meter-based models from jury research does not appear to be exploited. In this article, we try to combine their tradition with a technique of belief revision from artificial intelligence, in an attempt to provide an architectural component that would be complementary to models that apply representations or reasoning to legal narrative content.

Strategically Seeking Service: How Competition Can Generate Poisson Arrivals

We consider a simple game in which strategic agents select arrival times to a service facility. Agents find congestion costly and, hence, try to arrive when the system is underutilized. Working in discrete time, we characterize pure-strategy Nash equilibria for the case of ample service capacity. In this case, agents try to spread themselves out as much as possible and their self-interested actions will lead to a socially optimal outcome if all agents have the same well-behaved delay cost function. For even modest sized problems, the set of possible pure-strategy Nash equilibria is quite large, making implementation potentially cumbersome. We consequently examine mixed-strategy Nash equilibria and show that there is a unique symmetric Nash equilibrium. Not only is this equilibrium independent of the number of agents and their individual delay cost functions, the arrival pattern it generates approaches a discrete-time Poisson process as the number of agents and arrival points gets large. Our results extend to the case of time varying preferences. With an appropriate initialization, the results also extend to a system with limited capacity. Our model lends support to the traditional literature on managing service systems. This work has generally ignored customers strategically choosing arrival times. Rather it is commonly assumed that customers seek service according to some well-behaved process (e.g., that interarrival times follow a renewal process). We show that assuming Poisson arrivals is an acceptable assumption even with strategic customers if the population is large and the horizon is long.

A Vision of Love: An Etiquette of Vocal Ornamentation in African-American Popular Ballads of the Early 1990s

Around 1990, buoyed by the success of Bill Cosby's situation comedy and Oprah Winfrey's daytime talk show, there was a renewed visibility of African-American pop culture in the mainstream. Movies such as Do the Right Thing (1989; directed by Spike Lee) and Boyz 'N the Hood (1991; directed by John Singleton) represented a point of arrival for black directors. The new Fox network (and, to a lesser extent, NBC) featured the situation comedies Living Single, Martin, and A Different World, which starred and were, to varying degrees, written, directed, and produced by African-Americans. These shows treated their subject matter in a more unapologetically black way and were less dependent on the stereotypes of past shows like The Jeffersons or Good Times, both from the 1970s.1 Another Fox show, In Living Color, represented a similar increase in the presence of mainstream black comedians (a way paved in the 1980s by Eddie Murphy). Murphy's protege, Arsenio Hall, was able to sustain a mainstream talk-show format from 1989 to 1994 that nevertheless maintained a black point of view.2 And of course in music, which had never lacked a strong African-American presence, hip-hop had made a significant mark on the charts; as a wide range of musicians became familiar with this music, some began to appropriate aspects of it for their own music, though not always with great success. What is significant about all these cultural products is that they demonstrated an unapologetic blackness while still enjoying mainstream popularity. That is, even if the material seemed to be about and to ad-

Point of Arrival

Within the present decade, and thanks largely to an infiux of Asians from Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Leicester, a modest and somewhat unprepossessing town in the Midlands - what has become known to the tourist trade as 'The Heart of England' - will be home to the UK's first majority non-white population (Index, 3/02). Not that Leicester is any stranger to migration: since at least the nineteenth century, the city's prosperity has been built on the labour of incomers from less fortunate parts of the UK as well as from the former empire. For some years, the East Midlands Oral History Archive at Leicester University has been recording the personal histories of many of the migrants. Below, we present a range of their voices.

From The President: A Point of Arrival and Departure

Although I have been back home for a few weeks, the last ECS meeting is still vivid in my mind. How can we forget the excellence of the scientific program, from which arose a multidisciplinary interest in the various symposia rooms that made a continuous flow across the originally intriguing, but soon familiar floors and corridors of the Palais des Congrès?

Estimating photochemically produced ozone throughout a domain using flight data and a Lagrangian model

Can airborne observations from infrequent flights be used to infer the budget of ozone in the upper troposphere with any degree of certainty or representativeness? Fluctuations in ozone mixing ratio observed along flights are dominated by flying between air masses with distinct origins, rather than the recent chemical transformation that has occurred within those air masses. Reverse domain filling trajectories arriving on a high‐resolution three‐dimensional grid (RDF3D) can simulate air mass structure accurately by coloring arrival grid points with specific humidity (q) from the origin of each trajectory. Typical displacement errors in tracer filaments are only about 30 km, but the associated phase errors greatly reduce the correlations between airborne observations of long‐lived chemicals and their model simulations. However, the comparison can be vastly improved if equivalent potential temperature (θe) and specific humidity are used as coordinates to label air masses. Both properties are approximately conserved following unsaturated air and serve as good markers of air masses even if the air is saturated or mixing takes place. Ozone simulations from a Lagrangian model are evaluated against observations in thermodynamic coordinates, factoring out many of the transport phase errors. The proportion of the atmosphere occupied by different chemical air masses is estimated by using RDF3D trajectories to simulate the distributions of q and θe and then assuming that chemical composition is homogeneous within air masses, each with characteristic (q, θe). Mass density in thermodynamic coordinates is used to weight the modeled ozone transformation and error in concentration (calculated along flight tracks) to estimate photochemically produced ozone throughout a volume encompassing the flights.

Descent's Dare on a Stair: Noémie Lafrance in New York

“Descent is and was a truly challenging project given the space we are working in (stairwell) and the media we are working with (dance). Transporting the ‘theatre’ to this location transformed our relationship to dance, from its point of departure (the body) to its point of arrival (your eyes). Our bodies are constantly confronted and influenced by the architecture that our society erects. As we reflect on how we interact with the environment we built for ourselves, movement speaks of space.”—Noemie Lafrance

Calibration processes in desert ant navigation: vector courses and systematic search.

This study investigates the ability of desert ants to adapt their path integration system to an "open-jaw" training paradigm, in which the point of arrival (from the nest) does not coincide with the point of departure (to the nest). Upon departure the ants first run off their home vector and then start a systematic search for the nest. Even if they are subjected to this training-around-a-circuit procedure for more than 50 times in succession, they never adopt straight homeward courses towards the nest. Their path integration vector gets slightly recalibrated (pointing a bit closer to the nest), and their search pattern gets asymmetric (with its search density peak shifted towards the nest), but the bipartite structure of the inbound trajectory invariably remains. These results suggest (1). that the ants cannot learn separate inbound and outbound vectors (i.e. vectors that are not 180 degrees reversals of each other), (2). that the recalibrated vector is dominated by the ant's outbound course, (3). that the recalibration of the vector and the modification of the search geometry are fast and flexible processes occurring whenever the ant experiences a mismatch between the stored and actual states of its path integrator.

Point of Arrival

Point of Arrival

Air Parcel Trajectories and Snowfall Related to Five Deep Drilling Locations in Antarctica Based on the ERA-15 Dataset*

Abstract Five-day backward air parcel trajectories are used to define potential moisture sources of snow falling at five Antarctic deep drilling locations: Byrd, DML05, Dome C, Dome F, and Vostok. The trajectory calculations are based on European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data, ERA-15 (1979–93). Based on model precipitation, a distinction is made between cases with and without snowfall at the point of arrival. ERA-15 precipitation is in reasonable agreement with measured accumulation at Byrd, but seriously underestimates the amount of precipitation on the East Antarctic ice sheet. The trajectories show that the oceans closest to the site contribute the most moisture. The latitude band contributing most (∼30% of the total annual precipitation) is 50°–60°S, that is, the area just north of the sea-ice edge. The calculated trajectories show seasonal dependency, resulting in a seasonal cycle in the moisture sources, which is further enhanced by a seasonal cycle in the amount of preci...

The regional distribution of ozone across the British Isles and its response to control strategies

The spatial pattern of summertime ozone concentrations across the British Isles has been revealed using a simple long-range transport model (ELMO). The model describes the chemical development of air parcels reaching an array of 3064 arrival points after 4 days of travel across Europe during typical summertime photochemical episodic conditions. Model results have been compared against observations and the model responses to VOC and NO x controls against established indicator ratios. The model has been used to assess the likely impacts of policy commitments under the Gothenburg Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and other policy instruments.

Stability of explicit advection schemes. The balance point location rule

AbstractThis paper introduces the balance point location rule, providing specific necessary and sufficient conditions for constructing unconditionally stable explicit advection schemes, in both semi‐Lagrangian and flux‐form Eulerian formulations. The rule determines how the spatial stencil is placed on the computational grid. It requires the balance point (the center of the stencil in index space) to be located in the same patch as the departure point for semi‐Lagrangian schemes or the same cell as the sweep point for Eulerian schemes. Centering the stencil in this way guarantees stability, regardless of the size of the time step. In contrast, the original Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition requiring the stencil merely to include the departure (sweep) point, although necessary, is not sufficient for guaranteeing stability. The CFL condition is of limited practical value, whereas the balance point location rule always gives precise and easily implemented prescriptions for constructing stable algorithms. The rule is also helpful in correcting a number of misconceptions that have arisen concerning explicit advection schemes. In particular, explicit Eulerian schemes are widely believed to be inefficient because of stability constraints on the time step, dictated by a narrow interpretation of the CFL condition requiring the Courant number to be less than or equal to one. However, such constraints apply only to a particular class of advection schemes resulting for centering the stencil on the arrival point, when in fact the sole function of the stencil is to estimate the departure (sweep) point value—the arrival point has no relevance in determining the placement of the stencil. Unconditionally stable explicit Eulerian advection schemes are efficient and accurate, comparable in operation count to semi‐Lagrangian schemes of the same order, but because of their flux‐based formulation, they have the added advantage of being inherently conservative. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Looking for progenitors: a molecular approach to finding the origins of an invasive weed

One of the major problems in determining the origin of invasive species is that often their arrival is unnoticed. Only when population levels increase is their presence noticed but by this time determining the point of arrival is confounded by the extensive spread of the species. Here we use molecular markers (ISSRs) to determine the origin of an invasive weed in the Kalahari region, a species for which several origins could be possible. We show that molecular markers can be useful tools in determining the origin of invasive species

Du Dieu qui vient à l'action. Le dénouement blondélien

The attempt made by Blondel in his thesis of 1893 entitle L'Action to think the coming of God into the field of philosophy remains original. By refusing to posit it as a theoretical postulate or again as a point of arrival in thought, Blondel seeks to follow the logic of action in its integral unfolding and according to a method of immanence. Setting out from a reflection on the radical indigence in being of the subject and on the profound inadequacy which marks it, he seeks to show how the dynamism of the willing action comes to meet the inevitable heteronomy of transcendence. Far from metaphysical demonstrations, from mystical elans and from generous dogmatisations, this thought refuses too untie the reflection of the subject about himself from that of the practical and efficacious existence of God. The project also seeks to be critical, notably by criticising superstitions and idolatrous action. Thus it retains its anthropological and ethical bearing, since revelation has meaning and proof only in the augmentation of the humanisation of action.

The Itacolomis: large and unexplored reefs at the arrival point of the first Europeans in Brazil

The Itacolomis: large and unexplored reefs at the arrival point of the first Europeans in Brazil

Underground Tests of the Radio Pulsed Effect Seismoelectric Method at the Lynx Mine, Canada

Field trials of a Soviet inspired seismoelectric method at an underground zinc mine in British Columbia, Canada, have demonstrated its effectiveness and confirmed some of the claims by the inventors of the method. The deposit investigated is a massive sulphide orebody principally made up of sphalerite, grading about 15% Zn in the area investigated. This deposit is a difficult target for standard geophysical techniques as it is virtually indistinguishable from the andesite/rhyolite host rock. However, we were able to demonstrate that the massive sulphide ore produces high frequency electromagnetic emissions when a strong seismic wave passes through the orebody.An explosive seismic source (less than 1 kg) and wide bandwidth, 1-5000 kHz, EM sensors connected to a computer data acquisition system were used to produce and collect the seismoelectric signals. Our experiments show that there was a substantial increase in high frequency EM activity when seismic waves passed through the orebody. Thus, EM signal arrival time and shot point location could be used to locate the source of the EM signals. To demonstrate this capability shotpoints were placed around a known portion of the orebody in order to image the extent of the ore zones. A two dimensional image of the zones creating the EM signals was constructed from data gathered at 14 shot positions. The location and extent of a large anomaly in the image corresponds well with the drill-inferred position of the orebody. Another smaller anomaly appears to be coincident with the known location of a pillar of ore left behind by previous mining.

Moisture source of precipitation in Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

Moisture sources for snow falling in Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica, are calculated for 1998 using three dimensional 5-days backward air parcel trajectories. The drilling site of the European Project on Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) in DML is chosen as the main arrival point (75.0°S, 0.01°E). A distinction is made between trajectories with and without snowfall at arrival. Of the snowfall trajectories, 40–80% are located in the Atlantic Ocean within four days before arrival. Evaporation along these trajectories is largest three to four days before arrival. The air parcels are then located between 40° and 60°S in the Atlantic Ocean where surface temperatures range between 0° and 20°C. A case study for May 1998 shows that when snow falls exceptionally high temperatures and wind speeds prevail in the atmospheric boundary layer. The position of the trajectories in the boundary layer suggests a source region for this event between 40° and 50°S and 20° and 60°W in the Atlantic Ocean, where sea surface temperatures vary between 5° and 15°C.

Safety, environment, ATM: Three key issues!

Abstract Demand for air travel increases rapidly - world-wide by about 5% annually. Between 2000 and 2020 more than 14,000 large new airliners will have been delivered to create a world fleet of 20,000 airliners after old types are withdrawn. About 40% of world-wide air travel has a European arrival or departure point. What are consequences of these predictions? This article introduces the section on Air Transport, where these problems will be covered in more depth.

REVOLUTION RECONSIDERED: INSTITUTION-BUILDING IN A MORAL VOID

The series of events that began in early 1989 and culminated in the free elec­ tions in March 1990 have been characterized as of one of four kinds. According to the British journalist T. G. Ash, it was a resolution suggesting that what happened in Hungary was more than reform but less than a Though intended as a clever oxymoron, the term is grossly misleading as it ob­ scures and trivializes the qualitative difference between the point of departure and the point of arrival, that is, the difference between dictatorship and democracy Acccording to the former democratic oppositionist ideologue Janos Kis and several others who chose this formulation, the Hungarian events amounted to a lawful revolution. The term stresses the notion of legal continuity and the non­ violent and non-confrontational nature of events. In my view, it is a misnomer as it deliberately overlooks the essentially politicsand power-driven substance of the process and, by design, fails to make any kind of moral distinction between the before and after spirit and normative content of laws and institutions. Constitutional was the label chosen by Andras Bozoki and his fellow editors and contributors to an 8-volume documentary collection and ana­ lytical commentary to characterize the outcome of the National Roundtable talks of the summer of 1989 which paved the way to free elections and the change of the political regime in March-April 1990. The formulation is attractive, yet it is still an oxymoron which fails to reconcile, in terms legitimacy and cognitive con­ sonance, the yawning gap between the means, that is, an improvised legal artifact in the form of a modified constitution, and the ends, that is, revolution and the customary epistemological connotations of this term. Negotiated revolution, is my formulation, that depicts the events as a series of elite pacts which culminated in public endorsement of the outcome by free elections in March-April 1990. Such pacts, by the nature of the enterprise, tend to incorporate the negotiators short-term political and economic interests and hide their personal beliefs, ethical choices, and moral preferences. The point is that real revolutions are meant to be fought and won on the barricades rather than behind closed doors at the negotiating table. Moreover, real revolutions are ex-

Proyecto de trabajo para el nivel polimodal El viaje de González El territorio de La Pampa a principios del siglo XX

A didactic proposal addresed to history teachers working on Nivel Polimodal is posed here. We suggest the possibility to implement a work project towards the teaching and learning of socio-historic realities of Territorio Nacional de La Pampa Central in the early 20th century. We have a source available which is very valuable due to its didactic potential: the report sent by Governor Diego Gonzalez to the National Minister of Interior Dr. Rafael Castillo, concerning the journey made through the Territorio in October 1905. Advising the adoption of a narrativist approach, we propose a didactic sequence and three axis for analysis: the subjects intervening in the account, the relationship among state-civil society/ territory state-national state, and the issue of technology, especially the one concerning communications. Finally, we emphasize the importance of establishing the relationships between past and present since, in the last analysis, it is historic present the point of departure and arrival of History as well as the teaching of History.