Arrhythmia Classification Research Articles

A Temporal Transformer-Based Fusion Framework for Morphological Arrhythmia Classification

By using computer-aided arrhythmia diagnosis tools, electrocardiogram (ECG) signal plays a vital role in lowering the fatality rate associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and providing information about the patient’s cardiac health to the specialist. Current advancements in deep-learning-based multivariate time series data analysis, such as ECG data classification include LSTM, Bi-LSTM, CNN, with Bi-LSTM, and other sequential networks. However, these networks often struggle to accurately determine the long-range dependencies among data instances, which can result in problems such as vanishing or exploding gradients for longer data sequences. To address these shortcomings of sequential models, a hybrid arrhythmia classification system using recurrence along with a self-attention mechanism is developed. This system utilizes convolutional layers as a part of representation learning, designed to capture the salient features of raw ECG data. Then, the latent embedded layer is fed to a self-attention-assisted transformer encoder model. Because the ECG data are highly influenced by absolute order, position, and proximity of time steps due to interdependent relationships among immediate neighbors, a component of recurrence using Bi-LSTM is added to the encoder model to address this characteristic of the data. The model performance indices such as classification accuracy and F1-score were found to be 99.2%. This indicates that the combination of recurrence along with self-attention-assisted architecture produces improved classification of arrhythmia from raw ECG signal when compared with the state-of-the-art models.

Hardware implementation of 1D-CNN architecture for ECG arrhythmia classification

Electrocardiography (ECG) has been used as a diagnostic tool for various heart diseases. It is most effective in detecting myocardial infarction and fatal arrhythmias. This work proposes a safety–critical hardware system for early arrhythmia diagnoses, particularly Atrial Fibrillation. This diagnosis is fairly accurate and unbiased. It is attempted using 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture analysis with the physionet/computing in cardiology challenge database considering the trade-off between accuracy and computational complexity. The state-of-the-art methods do not provide such analysis for CNN hardware implementation. Two software CNN structures are introduced in this work. The foremost Supreme CNN Architecture (SCA) gives an accuracy of 99.17%, which is 7.04% more than existing 1D-CNN architectures for Atrial Fibrillation (AF) classification. Further, it has 18.93%, 12.3%, and 15.99% more precision, recall, and F1 score compared to the state-of-the-art method. It is helpful for software-based arrhythmia classification. The second proposed architecture is the Software-Selected CNN Architecture (SSCA), having lower computational complexity and providing 98.95% accuracy for AF classification. It is used for hardware realization through various optimization techniques considering a reasonable trade-off between accuracy and computational complexity. The proposed multiplier-less Hardware CNN Architecture (HCA) achieves 97.34% Atrial fibrillation classification accuracy for arrhythmia detection. Further, it consumes only 628 mW power on ZYNQ Ultrascale (ZCU106) FPGA, which is 66.95% lesser than the existing 1D-CNN hardware.

An ECG Stitching Scheme for Driver Arrhythmia Classification Based on Deep Learning

This study proposes an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal stitching scheme to detect arrhythmias in drivers during driving. When the ECG is measured through the steering wheel during driving, the data are always exposed to noise caused by vehicle vibrations, bumpy road conditions, and the driver's steering wheel gripping force. The proposed scheme extracts stable ECG signals and transforms them into full 10 s ECG signals to classify arrhythmias using convolutional neural networks (CNN). Before the ECG stitching algorithm is applied, data preprocessing is performed. To extract the cycle from the collected ECG data, the R peaks are found and the TP interval segmentation is applied. An abnormal P peak is very difficult to find. Therefore, this study also introduces a P peak estimation method. Finally, 4 × 2.5 s ECG segments are collected. To classify arrhythmias with stitched ECG data, each time series' ECG signal is transformed via the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and transfer learning is performed for classification using CNNs. Finally, the parameters of the networks that provide the best performance are investigated. According to the classification accuracy, GoogleNet with the CWT image set shows the best results. The classification accuracy is 82.39% for the stitched ECG data, while it is 88.99% for the original ECG data.

Performance analysis of LSTM network in diagnosis of atrial fibrillation class of Arrhythmia

The abnormality in the rhythm of the heartbeat is known as Arrhythmia. This abnormal rhythm can be fast or slow from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Certain abnormalities in the heart can be cured if the diagnosis is done at the earliest. The conventional method of recording and analyzing these rhythms are done using Electrocardiogram. This analysis is done manually which needs the expertise to identify the kind of heart disorder. An alternate solution for this problem is to implement the computer-assisted analysis. Machine learning methods are becoming more popular in various domains which makes a milestone every day through research and development. This paper discusses the results achieved with the implementation of a machine learning algorithm for the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. The methodology used for the study is Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to classify the signals used for the study into a normal and abnormal rhythm.

Performance Evaluation of Quantum-Based Machine Learning Algorithms for Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification.

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most common technique used to diagnose heart diseases. The electrical signals produced by the heart are recorded by chest electrodes and by the extremity electrodes placed on the limbs. Many diseases, such as arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, and heart failure, can be diagnosed by examining ECG signals. The interpretation of these signals by experts may take a long time, and there may be differences between expert interpretations. Since technological developments are intertwined with the medical sciences, computer-assisted diagnostic methods have recently come forward. In computer science, machine learning techniques are often preferred for automatic detection. Quantum-based structures have emerged to increase the machine learning algorithm's speed and classification performance. In this study, a quantum-based machine learning algorithm is applied to classify heart rhythms. The ECG properties were converted to qubit structure using principal component analysis (PCA). The resulting qubits are classified using the quantum support vector machine (QSVM) algorithm. Quantum computer simulation over Qiskit was used for classification studies. Within the scope of experimental studies, comparisons between classical SVM and QSVM were made using different data amounts and qubit numbers. In the results of the analysis, classical SVM achieved 86.96% accuracy, and QSVM achieved 84.64% accuracy. Despite the fact that the entire dataset was not used due to various limitations, these successful performances were achieved. Classification of medical data such as that from ECG has shown that quantum-based machine learning frameworks perform well despite current resource constraints. In this respect, the study includes essential contributions to the use of quantum-based machine learning methods on signal data in medicine.

HARDC : A novel ECG-based heartbeat classification method to detect arrhythmia using hierarchical attention based dual structured RNN with dilated CNN

Deep learning-based models have achieved significant success in detecting cardiac arrhythmia by analyzing ECG signals to categorize patient heartbeats. To improve the performance of such models, we have developed a novel hybrid hierarchical attention-based bidirectional recurrent neural network with dilated CNN (HARDC) method for arrhythmia classification. This solves problems that arise when traditional dilated convolutional neural network (CNN) models disregard the correlation between contexts and gradient dispersion. The proposed HARDC fully exploits the dilated CNN and bidirectional recurrent neural network unit (BiGRU–BiLSTM) architecture to generate fusion features. As a result of incorporating both local and global feature information and an attention mechanism, the model’s performance for prediction is improved. By combining the fusion features with a dilated CNN and a hierarchical attention mechanism, the trained HARDC model showed significantly improved classification results and interpretability of feature extraction on the PhysioNet 2017 challenge dataset. Sequential Z-Score normalization, filtering, denoising, and segmentation are used to prepare the raw data for analysis. CGAN (Conditional Generative Adversarial Network) is then used to generate synthetic signals from the processed data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed HARDC model significantly outperforms other existing models, achieving an accuracy of 99.60%, F1 score of 98.21%, a precision of 97.66%, and recall of 99.60% using MIT-BIH generated ECG. In addition, this approach significantly reduces run time when using dilated CNN compared to normal convolution. Overall, this hybrid model demonstrates an innovative and cost-effective strategy for ECG signal compression and high-performance ECG recognition. Our results indicate that an automated and highly computed method to classify multiple types of arrhythmia signals holds considerable promise.

Automatic classification of arrhythmias using multi-branch convolutional neural networks based on channel-based attention and bidirectional LSTM

Cardiac arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heartbeat and can be life-threatening Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a technology that uses an electrocardiograph machine to record a graph of the changes in electrical activity produced by the heart at each cardiac cycle. ECG can generally be used to check whether the examinee has arrhythmia, ion channel disease, cardiomyopathy, electrolyte disorder and other diseases. To reduce the workload of doctors and improve the accuracy of ECG signal recognition, a novel and lightweight automatic ECG classification method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed. The multi-branch network with different receptive fields is used to extract the multi-spatial deep features of heartbeats. The Channel Attention Module (CAM) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural network (BLSTM) module are used to filter redundant ECG features. CAM and BLSTM are beneficial for distinguishing different categories of heartbeats. In the experiments, a four-fold cross-validation technique is used to improve the generalization capability of the network, and it shows good performance on the testing set. This method divides heartbeats into five categories according to the American Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) criteria, which is validated in the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The sensitivity of this method to Ventricular Ectopic Beat (VEB) is 98.5% and the F1 score is 98.2%. The precision of the Supraventricular Ectopic Beat (SVEB) is 91.1%, and the corresponding F1 score is 90.8%. The proposed method has high classification performance and a lightweight feature. In a word, it has broad application prospects in clinical medicine and health testing.

A fully automatic model for premature ventricular heartbeat arrhythmia classification using the Internet of Medical Things

Cardiac arrhythmias are one of the leading causes of increased mortality worldwide and place a heavy burden on the medical environment. Premature ventricular contraction is the disturbance in electrical activity which is the most dangerous arrhythmia. Frequent occurrence of this type of arrhythmia in a regular heartbeat can lead to sudden cardiac death. Over the last decades, contemporary health-related device usage has increased the demand for efficient computational models for real-time analysis of cardiac arrhythmia. Despite notable experiments that have been done in the past decades, due to the intricate nature of PVC arrhythmia, success stories are still unsatisfying. There are numerous morphological and temporal variations present in ECG signals due to the inter-patient variability issue; extracting important characteristics of ECG signals is the most challenging task. As a result, there is a need to investigate the exact features of PVC arrhythmia, which assist in avoiding biased diagnosis. Precisely predicting it is a difficult task due to the negative polarity of PVC arrhythmia, the irregular mechanic of the ECG cycle, and anomalies between the normal cardiac rhythm. Furthermore, most of the studies in the literature followed the public benchmark dataset for the PVC arrhythmia classification, which is already pre-processed dataset. This study opens the door for a new direction of research using our unique, fully automatic model for PVC arrhythmia classification (FAPAC). This study designed an ECG monitoring module using the IoMT devices to obtain the real-time dataset for experiments and extract the relevant features from ECG signals. To classify the ECG beats, the fastest extended version of the recurrent neural network (RNN) model cyclic echo state networks to predict PVC arrhythmia. Our proposed FAPAC model successfully achieved 99.97% of accuracy, 99.99 % sensitivity,99.99% specificity, and 99.98% positive predictivity using the MIT-BIH-arrhythmia dataset, which is relatively higher than compared studies.

B-LIME: An Improvement of LIME for Interpretable Deep Learning Classification of Cardiac Arrhythmia from ECG Signals

Deep Learning (DL) has gained enormous popularity recently; however, it is an opaque technique that is regarded as a black box. To ensure the validity of the model’s prediction, it is necessary to explain its authenticity. A well-known locally interpretable model-agnostic explanation method (LIME) uses surrogate techniques to simulate reasonable precision and provide explanations for a given ML model. However, LIME explanations are limited to tabular, textual, and image data. They cannot be provided for signal data features that are temporally interdependent. Moreover, LIME suffers from critical problems such as instability and local fidelity that prevent its implementation in real-world environments. In this work, we propose Bootstrap-LIME (B-LIME), an improvement of LIME, to generate meaningful explanations for ECG signal data. B-LIME implies a combination of heartbeat segmentation and bootstrapping techniques to improve the model’s explainability considering the temporal dependencies between features. Furthermore, we investigate the main cause of instability and lack of local fidelity in LIME. We then propose modifications to the functionality of LIME, including the data generation technique, the explanation method, and the representation technique, to generate stable and locally faithful explanations. Finally, the performance of B-LIME in a hybrid deep-learning model for arrhythmia classification was investigated and validated in comparison with LIME. The results show that the proposed B-LIME provides more meaningful and credible explanations than LIME for cardiac arrhythmia signal data, considering the temporal dependencies between features.

Towards Automated Optimization of Residual Convolutional Neural Networks for Electrocardiogram Classification.

The interpretation of biological data such as theElectroCardioGram (ECG) signalgives clinical information and helps to assess theheart function. There are distinct ECG patterns associated with a specific class of arrhythmia. The convolutional neural network, inspired by findings in the study of biological vision, is currently one of the most commonly employed deep neural network algorithms for ECG processing. However, deep neural network models require many hyperparameters to tune. Selecting the optimal or thebest hyperparameter for the convolutional neural network algorithm is a highly challenging task. Often, we end up tuning the model manually with different possible ranges of values until a best fit model is obtained. Automatic hyperparameters tuning using Bayesian Optimization (BO) and evolutionary algorithms can provide an effective solution to current labour-intensive manual configuration approaches. In this paper, we propose to optimize the Residual one Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network model (R-1D-CNN) at two levels. At the first level, a residual convolutional layer and one-dimensional convolutional neural layers are trained to learn patient-specific ECG features over which multilayer perceptron layers can learn to produce the final class vectors of each input. This level is manual and aims to limit the search space and select the most important hyperparameters to optimize. The second level is automatic and based on our proposed BO-based algorithm. Our optimized proposed architecture (BO-R-1D-CNN) is evaluated on two publicly available ECG datasets. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that our BO-based algorithm achieves an optimal rate of 99.95% for the MIT-BIH database to discriminate between five kinds of heartbeats, including normal heartbeats, left bundle branch block, atrial premature, right bundle branch block, and premature ventricular contraction. Moreover, experiments demonstrate that the proposed architecture fine-tuned with BO achieves a higher accuracy tested on the10,000 ECG patients datasetcompared to the other proposed architectures. Our optimized architecture achieves excellent results compared to previous works on the two benchmark datasets.

Improving intrusion detection in cloud-based healthcare using neural network

This research introduces an efficient smart security solution with the effective healthcare technique for Arrhythmia classification using the cloud computing scenario. Initially, the ECG of the patient in both the static and dynamic environment is collected using sensors and is stored in cloud, in which the clustering of the network and cluster head (CH) selection is devised using the Hybrid tempest optimization algorithm. In order to ensure the security for the collected healthcare data, the intrusion detection model is devised and implemented in the cloud storage for secure data access using the Neural network (NN), where the NN is trained using the Hybrid tempest optimization algorithm. The access is granted to the legitimate users for acquiring the data for diagnosis. The hybrid tempest-NN method is analyzed through accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity and obtained the maximal values of 95.72%, 96.78%, and 95.29% respectively.

Analysis And Comparison Of Ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification Using Sodium Channel Parameters With ANN And KNN Classifier

Aim: Aim of this research is to analyze and compare ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia (CA) classification using Sodium Channel (Na+) parameters with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifiers. Materials and Methods: Ten Tusscher Human Ventricular Cell Model (THVCM) (data) is used for arrhythmias classification. THVCM has well defined sodium (Na+) channel dynamics. Sample size was calculated by keeping threshold 0.05, G Power 80%, confidence interval 95% and enrolment ratio as 1. Number of samples considered is 20 for each analysis and will be imported to the classifier, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier to find better accuracy. Finally, the results (accuracy) will be validated by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. Result: Ventricular normal, tachycardia and bradycardia data are fed into novel ANN and KNN classifiers. The results obtained from classifiers for 20 samples are fed to SPSS. In that ANN shows accuracy of 35.6% with standard deviation (3.17822) and Standard error mean (0.71067). Similarly KNN produces an accuracy value of 18.05% with standard deviation (1.19593) and Standard error mean (0.26739). Conclusion: As per the results, it clearly shows that the novel ANN has better accuracy for classification than KNN.

Analysis And Comparison Of Ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification Using Potassium Channel Parameters With ANN And KNN Classifier

Aim: The Motive of this research is to analyze, compare ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia (CA) classification using potassium channel (k+) parameters with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifiers. Materials and Methods: D Noble Model For Human Ventricular Tissue (DNFHVT) is used for our classification. The DNFHVT is a mathematical model of action potential focusing on major ionic currents like K+,Na+ and Ca+.. Size of the sample was calculated by keeping threshold 0.05, G Power 80%, confidence interval 95% and enrolment ratio as 1. Number of samples considered is 20. These data are imported to KNN and ANN classifiers to find better accuracy among them. The accuracy of novel ANN and KNN classifiers for 20 samples is obtained by alternating the cross fold validation. These results will be imported to Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software to identify the overall accuracy for each classifier. Results: The results are obtained from SPSS for novel ANN and KNN classifiers. ANN shows accuracy of 13.14% with standard deviation (1.6800) and Standard error mean (0.3757). Similarly KNN produces an accuracy value of 7.19% with standard deviation (1.6902) and Standard error mean (0.377). Conclusion: As of the results, it clearly shows that ANN has better accuracy for classification than KNN.

Analysis And Comparison Of Ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification Using Calcium Channel Parameters With KNN And ANN Classifier

Aim: Aim of this research is to analyze and compare ventricular cardiac arrhythmia classification using calcium channel parameters with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and K- Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifier. Materials and Methods: For the classification of arrhythmias, A.V.Panifilov (AVP) is used. THVCM contains well defined Calcium channel dynamics and its properties. Sample size was calculated by keeping threshold 0.05, G Power 80%, confidence interval 95% and enrolment ratio as 1. Number of samples considered is 20 for each analysis and will be imported to the classifier such as K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifiers to find better accuracy. Finally, the results (accuracy) will be validated by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. Results: The results obtained from Normal, Tachycardia and Bradycardia data are imported to the ANN and KNN classifier. In which KNN shows accuracy value (12.3950%), standard deviation (0.96490) and Standard error mean (0.21576). And ANN shows accuracy value (35.3400%), standard deviation (3.22285) and Standard error mean (0.72065). Conclusion: From the results, it is concluded that ANN produces better results when compared with KNN classification in terms of accuracy.

Analysis And Comparison Of Ventricular Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification Using Sodium Potassium Pump Channel Parameters With ANN And KNN Classifier

Aim: The intent of this research is to analyze and compare ventricular cardiac arrhythmia classification using sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+) channel parameters with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifiers. Materials and Methods: P.J.Noble and A.V.Panfilov model (PJAV) is used for human ventricular study based on the action potential distance. PJAV uses alternative methods of computer simulations which include major ions, pumps and exchangers. Sample was calculated by keeping threshold 0.05, G Power 80%, confidence interval 95% and enrolment ratio as 1. Number of samples considered is 20. According to these data the accuracy is obtained from the classifiers by training novel ANN and KNN classifiers by alternating the Cross fold validation to obtain 20 different samples. These samples are imported to Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software for graphical representation and overall accuracy. Result: The concluded results shows that ANN has accuracy of 12.25% with standard deviation (4.0911) and Standard error mean (0.9148). Similarly KNN produces an accuracy value of 4.54 % with standard deviation (2.5732) and Standard error mean (0.5754). Conclusion: As of the results, it clearly shows that ANN has better accuracy for classification than KNN.

Enhanced tolerance-based intuitionistic fuzzy rough set theory feature selection and ResNet-18 feature extraction model for arrhythmia classification

Arrhythmia classification on Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is an important process for the diagnosis of cardiac disease and arrhythmia disease. The existing researches in arrhythmia classification have limitations of imbalance data problem and overfitting in classification. This research applies Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) – Enhanced Tolerance-based Intuitionistic Fuzzy Rough Set Theory (ETIFRST) for feature selection in arrhythmia classification. The selected features from FCM-ETIFRST were applied to the Multi-class Support Vector Machine (MSVM) for arrhythmia classification. The ResNet18 – Convolution Neural Network (CNN) was applied for feature extraction in input signal to overcome imbalance data problem. Conventional feature extraction along with CNN features are applied for FCM-ETIFRST feature selection process. The FCM-ETIFRST method in arrhythmia classification is evaluated on MIT-BIH and CPCS 2018 dataset. The FCM-ETIFRST has 98.95% accuracy and Focal loss-CNN has 98.66% accuracy on MIT-BIH dataset. The FCM-ETIFRST method has 98.45% accuracy and Explainable Deep learning Model (XDM) method have 93.6% accuracy on CPCS 2018 dataset.

Severity-Based Hierarchical ECG Classification Using Neural Networks.

Timely detection of cardiac arrhythmia characterized by abnormal heartbeats can help in the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Wearable healthcare devices typically use neural networks to provide the most convenient way of continuously monitoring heart activity for arrhythmia detection. However, it is challenging to achieve high accuracy and energy efficiency in these smart wearable healthcare devices. In this work, we provide architecture-level solutions to deploy neural networks for cardiac arrhythmia classification. We have created a hierarchical structure after analyzing various neural network topologies where only required network components are activated to improve energy efficiency while maintaining high accuracy. In our proposed architecture, we introduce a severity-based classification approach to directly help the users of the wearable healthcare device as well as the medical professionals. Additionally, we have employed computation-in-memory based hardware to improve energy efficiency and area consumption by leveraging in-situ data processing and scalability of emerging memory technologies such as resistive random access memory (RRAM). Simulation experiments conducted using the MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset show that the proposed architecture provides high accuracy while consuming average energy of 0.11 μJ per heartbeat classification and 0.11 mm2 area, thereby achieving 25× improvement in average energy consumption and 12× improvement in area compared to the state-of-the-art.

WavelNet: A novel convolutional neural network architecture for arrhythmia classification from electrocardiograms

Background and objectiveAutomated detection of arrhythmias from electrocardiograms (ECGs) can be of considerable assistance to medical professionals in providing efficient treatment for patients with cardiovascular diseases. In recent times, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based arrhythmia classification models have been introduced, but their decision-making processes remain unclear and their performances are not reproducible. This paper proposes an accurate, interpretable, and reproducible end-to-end arrhythmia classification model based on a novel CNN architecture named WavelNet, which is interpretable and optimal for dealing with ECGs. MethodsInspired by SincNet, which is capable of band-pass filtering-based spectral analysis, WavelNet was devised to achieve wavelet transform-based spectral analysis. WavelNet was trained using a subject-oriented five-class ECG arrhythmia dataset generated from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database while following a benchmark scheme. By adopting various mother wavelets, multiple WavelNet-based arrhythmia classification models were implemented. To investigate whether our wavelet transform-based approach outperforms original end-to-end and band-pass filtering-based approaches, our proposed models were compared with vanilla CNN- and SincNet-based models. Model implementation and evaluation processes were repeated ten times in a Google Colab Pro+ environment. Furthermore, our most successful model was compared with state-of-the-art arrhythmia classification models for performance evaluation. ResultsThe proposed WavelNet-based models showed excellent performance on classifying non-ectopic, supraventricular ectopic, and ventricular ectopic beats because of their ability to perform adaptive spectral analysis while preserving temporal ECG information compared with vanilla CNN- and SincNet-based models. In particular, a Symlet 4 wavelet-adopting WavelNet-based model achieved the best performance with nearly 90% overall accuracy as well as the highest levels of sensitivity in classifying each arrhythmia class: 91.4%, 49.3%, and 91.4% for non-ectopic, supraventricular ectopic, and ventricular ectopic beat classifications, respectively. These results were comparable to those of state-of-the-art models. In addition, the results are reproducible, which differentiates our study from previous studies. ConclusionsOur proposed WavelNet-based arrhythmia classification model achieved remarkable performance based on a reasonable decision-making process, in comparison with other models. As its noteworthy performance is clinically reasonable and reproducible, our proposed model can contribute toward implementing a real-world precision healthcare system for patients with cardiovascular diseases.

A nonlinear analysis of cardiovascular diseases using multi-scale analysis and generalized hurst exponent

Congestive heart failure (CHF) and arrhythmia (ARR) are common heart diseases that affect a growing population of patients worldwide. In this work, we employ multi-scale analysis (MSA) to estimate generalized Hurst exponent (GHE) from electrocardiogram (ECG) records under CHF, ARR, and normal sinus rhythm (NSR). As a result, fractal correlations in short and long fluctuations of CHF, ARR, and NSR are measured. Then, a set of six statistical tests are applied to GHE estimates to check how they are different at each time scale between two different ECG conditions. Particularly, the goal is verify if two different ECG conditions can be statistically differentiated by short or by long fluctuations. The battery of statistical tests includes Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon rank sum, Student t-test, Ansari–Bradley, and F-test. The results from MSA show evidence that CHF, ARR, and NSR all exhibit multi-fractal properties. Besides, the results from statistical tests revealed that long fluctuations statistically differentiate CHF and ARR, ARR and NSR, and CHF and NSR. Therefore, long fluctuations account most for the characterization of CHF, ARR, and NSR. Our findings are helpful to better understand the mechanics of heart disease and normal heart beats, and also promising to eventually designing computer-aided diagnosis systems for CHF and ARR classification.

Classifying Cardiac Arrhythmia from ECG Signal Using 1D CNN Deep Learning Model

Blood circulation depends critically on electrical activation, where any disturbance in the orderly pattern of the heart’s propagating wave of excitation can lead to arrhythmias. Diagnosis of arrhythmias using electrocardiograms (ECG) is widely used because they are a fast, inexpensive, and non-invasive tool. However, the randomness of arrhythmic events and the susceptibility of ECGs to noise leads to misdiagnosis of arrhythmias. In addition, manually diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias using ECG data is time-intensive and error-prone. With better training, deep learning (DL) could be a better alternative for fast and automatic classification. The present study introduces a novel deep learning architecture, specifically a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), for the classification of cardiac arrhythmias. The model was trained and validated with real and noise-attenuated ECG signals from the MIT-BIH dataset. The main aim is to address the limitations of traditional electrocardiograms (ECG) in the diagnosis of arrhythmias, which can be affected by noise and randomness of events, leading to misdiagnosis and errors. To evaluate the model performance, the confusion matrix is used to calculate the model accuracy, precision, recall, f1 score, average and AUC-ROC. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed model achieved outstanding performance, with 1.00 and 0.99 accuracies in the training and testing datasets, respectively, and can be a fast and automatic alternative for the diagnosis of arrhythmias.