Arrhenius Activation Energy Research Articles

Simultaneous impact of magnetic and Arrhenius activation energy on the flow of Casson hybrid nanofluid over a vertically moving plate

The present study deals with the Blasius and Sakiadis flow of Casson hybrid nanoliquid over a vertically moving plate under the influence of magnetic effect and Joule heating. Here, we considered Silver and Copper as nanoparticles suspended in 50% Ethylene-Glycol (EG) as base fluid. Further, the Arrhenius activation energy and convective boundary conditions are taken into the account. The set of PDEs of the current model are converted into ODEs by using suitable similarity variables. The reduced ODEs are numerically solved with the help of RKF-45 method by adopting shooting scheme. The impact of various pertinent parameters on the fluid fields is deliberated graphically. The result outcomes reveal that, rise in values of Casson parameter diminishes the velocity gradient. The escalated values of magnetic parameter decline the velocity profile but reverse trend is detected in thermal and concentration profiles. Moreover, the augmentation in the activation energy parameter elevates the concentration profile.

Arrhenius Activation Energy Effect on a Stagnation Point Slippery MHD Casson Nanofluid Flow with Entropy Generation and Melting Heat Transfer

This study features the entropy generation analysis on a steady two-dimensional flow of an incompressible Casson fluid with heat and mass transfer over a heated linearly stretching surface is investigated using a modified Arrhenius activation energy. The appropriate model governing the physical phenomenon is converted into a dimensionless equation with the aid of appropriate transformation and are numerically solved using the spectral collocation method. The present research model is concerned to study the stagnation point slippery flow, heat, and mass transfer analysis of a Casson fluid flow past an elastic surface with the impact of a magnetic field. The study focuses on the influences of Arrhenius activation energy, melting heat transfer, and heat source on heat and mass transfer behavior posed by Casson fluid. The magnitude of skin becomes lesser for larger values of slip parameter while the rate of mass transfer is enhanced via greater values of the destructive chemical reaction. Also, an excellent agreement is shown with previous studies for the limiting case.

Features of 3D magneto-convective nonlinear radiative Williamson nanofluid flow with activation energy, multiple slips and Hall effect

In this article, the impacts of Hall current and Arrhenius activation energy on three-dimensional hydromagnetic Williamson nanofluid flow past a slendering stretching sheet in the presence of multiple slips, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and binary chemical reaction is analyzed. The presence of nonlinear thermal radiation and nonlinear mixed convection is also taken into consideration. The dimensional governing equations are transformed into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations by using some suitable similarity transformation. The resulting coupled and highly nonlinear boundary value problem is then solved numerically by shooting technique based on Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method. The behaviors of concentration, temperature and velocity distributions w.r.t. the various controlling parameters are illustrated graphically. However, the numerical values of local skin-friction coefficients, local heat and mass transfer rates are explained and presented in tabular form. Furthermore, a result validation is performed to check the accuracy and correctness of the obtained results by comparing the results with previously published results for some limited case of the present problem and an excellent agreement is found between the results.

Novel kinetics model for the crosslinking reaction of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid with cellulose within cotton fabrics

1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has been explored as formaldehyde-free crosslinking agent for many years. In this study, a novel kinetic model for cellulose reacted by BTCA was proposed and the factors that influenced the model parameters were investigated in detail, which could help us understand crosslinking mechanism clearly. Kinetic model, which is a consecutive reaction model, consisting of grafting (esterifying) reaction rate constant and crosslinking reaction rate constant, was deduced. The rate of the whole reaction depends on the rate of grafting reaction, which is related to the diffusion of free BTCA in pores of cellulose. However, the rate of crosslinking reaction depends on thermal vibration of cellulose chain grafted by BTCA, which is more sensitive to the change of curing temperature, especially when the temperature is higher than 150 °C. The Arrhenius activation energies of grafting and crosslinking reactions are 86.3 kJ/mol and 102.8 kJ/mol, respectively, showing high temperature is more conducive to increase the rate of crosslinking reactions comparing with grafting reaction. Moreover, the whole reaction is also affected by catalyst of SHP, which could react with BTCA anhydride to form BTCA-SHP compounds. Due to lower electron cloud density of carbonyl groups, BTCA-SHP compounds have much higher reactivity compared with BTCA anhydrides, which are beneficial to be attacked by hydroxyl groups in cellulose to form ester bonds, imparting excellent wrinkle-resistance to cotton fabrics.

Entropy Optimization in Nonlinear Mixed Convective Flow of Nanomaterials Through Porous Space

Abstract Our intention in this article is to investigate entropy optimization in nonlinear mixed convective unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of nanomaterials in porous space. An exponentially stretched sheet creates the liquid flow. Nanomaterial is considered electrically conducting. The concentration and energy expressions comprise viscous dissipation, Joule heating, thermophoresis and Brownian motion aspects. Arrhenius activation energy is considered. Computation of entropy generation based upon the second law of thermodynamics is made. Nonlinear partial expressions are obtained via suitable dimensionless variables. Resultant expressions are tackled by the OHAM technique. Features of numerous variables on entropy, temperature, velocity and concentration are graphically visualized. Skin friction and the temperature gradient at the surface are also elaborated. Comparative analysis is deliberated in tabulated form to validate the previously published outcomes. Velocity is reduced significantly via the suction parameter. The entropy rate increases for higher values of Brinkman, Biot and Hartmann numbers.

Entropy generation on double-diffusive MHD slip flow of nanofluid over a rotating disk with nonlinear mixed convection and Arrhenius activation energy

The present study deals with the swirling flow problem for the nanoliquid over a radially stretchable rotating disk with the consideration of nonlinear mixed convection and chemical reaction defined by Arrhenius model. The surface of the stretchable rotating disk concedes with the Navier’s velocity slip condition. The temperature jump condition due to imperfect liquid–solid energy interaction is also considered. The flow model is established by incorporating the well-known Buongiorno’s nanofluid model and therefore, Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion are incorporated in the mathematical modeling. Heat transport is performed taking into account the heat generation owing to viscous and Joule dissipations and internal energy generation/absorption of the fluid. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted to the non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through the similarity transformation. These ODEs together with the physical conditions are then solved by the “bvp4c” technique. The impact of present flow characteristics on the entropy generation and Bejan number, flow fields (axial and radial velocities), temperature and concentration profiles are presented graphically. Moreover, the surface drag force, strength of energy and mass transport are calculated and presented in tabular forms. The outcomes show that an increase in magnetic and slip parameter values decrease the fluid velocities (axial and radial). Entropy generation gets improved with the increase in either Brinkman number or magnetic parameter values.

Non-linear MHD convective flow of Carreau nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface with activation energy and viscous dissipation

Numerical approach for a non-linear mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic two-dimensional Carreau nanofluid through an exponentially permeable stretching surface with viscous dissipation and velocity slip under the influence of Arrhenius activation energy in chemical reaction is reported. The effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion are considered. The governing nonlinear equations of this model are transmuted into ODE’s through similarity variables and solved them with a shooting method based on R-K 4th order. Responses of fluid velocity, transfer rates (heat and mass) versus pertinent parameters of the problem for suitable values are obtained and the computational calculations for friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for the both suction and injections regions are presented in plots and tables. It is found that fluid velocity is an increasing function of Weissenberg number. Momentum boundary layer thickness is depressed by magnetic field impact. Increasing trend in Carreau fluid temperature is noticed due to larger values of thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. Concentration field is a decreasing function of Brownian motion but an increasing function of thermophoresis. Activation energy augments the concentration curves and lowered by Schmidt number. Comparison of the results is made with already published results and we got good agreement.

Electrospun Mn₂O₃ Nanofiber Networks as Bio-Transducers: Electrical Characterization, Modeling, and DNA Sensing

In this work, we report the synthesis and electrical characterization of electrospun manganese III oxide (Mn2O3) nanofibers and their application in chemiresistive biosensing. Here, the Mn2O3 nanofibers, which are inherently p-type semiconductors with a direct bandgap in the order of 1.2–1.4 eV, are drop cast across interdigitated electrodes to create the desired chemiresistive networks. Their I–V characteristics are governed by space charge limited current, attributing to nonlinear behavior at higher voltages. However, in the range of ±0.5 V, near-linear behavior is observed. Here, we have used an analogous R–C network to explain the low- and high-frequency behavior of the said nanofibers under different applied-bias conditions. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the said nanofibers’ conductive properties is investigated, and the corresponding Arrhenius activation energy is derived. We have also explored the conductance–temperature dependence concerning the nanofiber network and have analyzed the potential carrier transport mechanisms. Also, operating in the near-linearity window, we have developed a chemiresistive protocol for DNA sensing. Mn2O3 nanofibers decorated with single-stranded probe DNAs act as transducers for surface hybridization with target nucleotides. The DNA sensing carried out in this work has a dynamic concentration range of 10 fM to 10 nM, with a linear response between 100 pM and 10 nM.

Development of Dynamic Model and Analytical Analysis for the Diffusion of Different Species in Non-Newtonian Nanofluid Swirling Flow

The analysis is carried out to analyze the flow through double stretchable rotating disks with the theory of radiative Cross nanofluid under the influence of variable thermal conductivity, the Hall current, Arrhenius activation energy, and binary chemical reactions. The Buongiorno nanofluid model is adopted for the governing equations of the problem which are transformed into ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations and then solved using the homotopy analysis method. The impact of dimensionless parameters on all profiles and physical quantities is presented and discussed. The radial velocity of the two disks increases with their corresponding ratio stretching rate parameter and decreases with the Hall parameter and the bioconvection Rayleigh number. The heat transfer at the lower disk enhances with the variable thermal conductivity parameter, while at the upper disk, opposite trend is observed. Mass transfer increases with the chemical reactions and temperature difference parameters at the lower disk and decreases with Arrhenius activation energy, whereas an opposite trend is observed at the upper disk. The local density number is enhanced for the larger values of Peclet and Lewis numbers. The comparison of the present work with the published literature authenticates the validation of the present work.

Screening of New bio-based materials for radioactive iodide adsorption from water environment

Several bio-based adsorbents containing cations were screened for radioactive iodide removal from a water environment. The efficiency of the selected adsorbents was assessed in different pH, temperature as well as competitive ions. Based on the adsorption capacity, iron-alginate (Fe-Alg), hazelnut shells, and sacha inchi shells were selected as potential adsorbents. They possessed 139, 18.9, and 45.1 mg/g iodide (I−) adsorption capacities, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium time for Fe-Alg was 30 min, while hazelnut shells and sash inchi shells took 120 min to stabilize. The adsorption results fit the Langmuir isotherm model with predicted adsorption capacities similar to those of the experimental data. The fitting of pseudo-first-order reaction and the negative values of the Arrhenius activation energy inferred that the adsorption had a physical nature. The iodine X-ray absorption edges of 4552.83–4553.40 eV from the near-edge structure analysis confirmed the physisorption, as the I− in bio-based adsorbents did not go through any chemical transformation. Fe3+ was used to synthesize Fe-Alg. With an energy dispersive X-ray analysis, magnesium, potassium, and calcium were detected in the hazelnut shells and sacha inchi shells. Consequently, the binding of I− to the surface of the adsorbents was mainly through electrostatic forces, with the cationic species on the surface of the adsorbents. The selected bio-based adsorbents could be used for industrial effluents in natural water environments as they exhibited I− adsorption at various pH levels, temperatures, and in the presence of competitive anions.

Ligand effects in gold-carbonyl complexes: Evaluation of the bond dissociation energies using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation

In a previous work, the ability of gold-carbonyl bond dissociation energies (BDEs) to describe ligand effects in gold(I) complexes was probed using collision-induced dissociation measurements. Despite the large experimental error of the technique, results agreed with theoretical description of these effects. We propose here another experimental approach to evaluate the BDEs of [LAu-CO]+ complexes, by using Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation (BIRD) method which is able to provide absolute energetic measurements. To this aim, the dissociation of 8 gold-carbonyl complexes was studied with this approach to obtain their Arrhenius activation energies. Because these complexes do not reach the rapid energy exchange (REX) limit conditions, critical energies of these dissociations were then determined using the kinetic data and an Equilibrium Truncated Thermal (ETT) internal energy distribution model implemented in the RRKM-QET MassKinetics software. To validate our approach, the known critical energies of proton-bound amino acid dimers were first reinvestigated using this model. The results are in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature. This indicates that the assumptions of this simple model are reasonable and allow the determination of accurate dissociation energies. For [LAu-CO]+ complexes, even though a shift (from 0.18 to 0.26 eV) is observed between binding energies obtained and calculated values, a linear tendency between these two sets of data is still obtained. These results validate the use of BIRD in combination with equilibrium truncated thermal internal energy distributions model to obtain dissociation energies for relatively small ions. It is also shown herein that the measure of the gold-carbonyl bond dissociation energies is a good descriptor of ligand effects in gold(I) complexes that may be reliably evaluated using the BIRD technique.

Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects on bioconvection of rotating Maxwell nanofluid over a Riga plate with Arrhenius activation energy and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux theory

The heat and mass transportation for the bioconvection transient rotating flow of Maxwell nanofluid over Riga plate is inspected in the present investigation. The bioconvection is utilized alongside nanofluids to provide stability to improved thermal transportation. Further, Cattano-Christov theory, Buongiorno model, binary chemical reaction, and activation energy are incorporated. The unsteady three dimensional partially differentiate formulation is simplified in the form of two independent coordinates (ζ,η). For steady-state solution (ζ=1), Glerikin discretization in used to employ finite element simulation in MATLAB environment. The buoyancy ratio parameters, unsteady parameter, rotating parameter, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion parameter escalated the nanofluid temperature field. Modified electromagnetic parameter MH accelerated the primary flow velocity and activation energy augmented the volume fraction of nanoparticles in the boundary layer region. The larger modified Hartmaan number MH reduces the coefficient of skin friction in primary direction but the magnitude of coefficient of skin friction in secondary direction is augmented. The local Nusselt number Rex1/2Nux is directly proportional to MH and β2 but it is inversely related to β1 and αT.

MHD Darcy-Forchheimer flow of Casson nanofluid due to a rotating disk with thermal radiation and Arrhenius activation energy

In this research article, three-dimensional Casson nanofluid under influences of Arrhenius stimulation energy and thermal radiation is considered. The flow is induced by a turning disk. Temperature, velocity, and concentration slips at the outward of the turning disk are deliberated. The effect of Brownian movement and thermophoresis is examined due to the nanosized particles in a Casson fluid dispersed over the turning disk. The appropriate transformation methods for reducing a set of Partial differential equations (PDEs) to nonlinear Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and further solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Numerical simulation using Schmidt number, magnetic, Casson, Brownian movement, and thermophoresis parameters on outspread, temperature, tangential velocities, and nanoparticles are portrayed. Local Nusselt number, Skin friction, and Sherwood number are plotted and investigated. The graphical results show that the tangential velocity of nanofluids decreases because of an addition in Reynolds’ number, while the radial velocity displays the converse patterns. The tangential and radial velocities reduce with the increment magnetic factor. It is also perceived that an augmentation in estimations of radiation parameters enhances the heat transfer rate. Increasing the values of non-dimensional activation energy raises the mass transfer rate.

Activation energy and Coriolis force on Cu–TiO$$_2$$/water hybrid nanofluid flow in an existence of nonlinear radiation

The current exploration reveals the novel circumstances of the activation energy on the two-dimensional, unsteady, rotating Cu–TiO $$_2$$ /water hybrid flow on a stretched moving surface. Significance of buoyancy force due to temperature difference, heat absorption and nonlinear thermal radiation are also invoked. Modified Arrhenius function is adopted to implement the activation energy. Compatible thermo-physical properties of hybrid nanofluid are accomplished. Appropriate dimensionless variables are proposed to modify the current boundary layer equations into the nondimensional form. The nondimensional coupled PDE’s are fixed numerically by employing the explicit finite difference scheme. Since the numerical method is conditionally stable, the convergence and stability limitations were acquired. The significance of miscellaneous parameters on concentration, temperature and velocity profiles are determined and displayed through graphs. In addition, the deviations in engineering coefficients (local Nusselt number, skin friction and local Sherwood number) are demonstrated for distinct arising parameters. The outcomes discloses that the activation energy regulates the heat transfer rate. A significant effect on rate of heat and mass transfer is attained by manipulating radiation parameter. Theoretical results of the impact of Arrhenius activation energy in a chemically reactive system containing the species chemical reactions are essential in problems related to the mechanism of oil reservoir engineering and geothermal.

Arrhenius activation energy theory in radiative flow of Maxwell nanofluid

Recently, nanofluids are habitually proficient to provide a process to intensify the probable heat transport of a structure with quite rare harmful influences formed by its addition. The usage of nanofluids and their optimum attentions has develop a range of prodigious concern with diverse nanofluid applications existence key to a structures attainment or interruption. Here the phenomena of activation energy and radiation in chemically reactive stagnation point Maxwell nanofluid have been elaborated. The magnetic properties with the influence of chemical reaction is also explored. The thermophoretic and Brownian dispersal are incorporated by utilizing the theory of Buongiorno model. The suitable conversions yield PDEs into ODEs. The facets of momentous parameters are examined via homotopic algorithm. The Brownian motion factor reports conflicting impact on temperature and concentration fields, respectively. The concentration field enhances for activation energy factor and decays for fitted rate constant. The Nusselt number decays for higher thermophoretic and Brownian factors.

Analysis and modeling of magnetic dipole for the radiative flow of non‐Newtonian nanomaterial with Arrhenius activation energy

The present investigation deliberates the impact of the magnetic dipole for the flow of non‐Newtonian Williamson nanoliquid by considering the thermal radiation and chemical reaction defined by the Arrhenius model. The flow model is established by incorporating the well‐known Buongiorno's nanofluid model, and as a result, Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion are assimilated in mathematical modeling. The heat transportation process is accomplished by thermal radiation, heat generation owing to internal energy generation/absorption of the fluid, and viscous dissipation. The coupled nonlinear mathematically formulated partial differential equations (PDEs) are metamorphosed into the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through the transformation. The bvp4c method is utilized to obtain the solution of formulated ODEs together with the additional conditions at the boundary. The impact of pertinent flow characteristics on temperature, velocity, and concentration profiles is outlined graphically. Also, the strength of energy, surface drag force, and mass transport are calculated and formed in the tabular form. The outcomes show that a rise in activation energy causes fluid concentration to increase. Velocity gets reduced with the increment in either ferrohydrodynamic interaction factor or Weissenberg number.

Micromechanics of Void Nucleation and Early Growth at Incoherent Precipitates: Lattice-Trapped and Dislocation-Mediated Delamination Modes

The initial stages of debonding at hard-particle interfaces during rupture is relevant to the fracture of most structural alloys, yet details of the mechanistic process for rupture at the atomic scale are poorly understood. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics simulation of a spherical Al2Cu θ precipitate in an aluminum matrix to examine the earliest stages of void formation and nanocrack growth at the particle-matrix interface, at temperatures ranging from 200–400 K and stresses ranging from 5.7–7.2 GPa. The simulations revealed a three-stage process involving (1) stochastic instantaneous or delayed nucleation of excess free volume at the particle-matrix interface involving only tens of atoms, followed by (2) steady time-dependent crack growth in the absence of dislocation activity, followed by (3) dramatically accelerated crack growth facilitated by crack-tip dislocation emission. While not all three stages were present for all stresses and temperatures, the second stage, termed lattice-trapped delamination, was consistently the rate-limiting process. This lattice-trapped delamination process was determined to be a thermally activated brittle fracture mode with an unambiguous Arrhenius activation energy of 1.37 eV and an activation area of 1.17 Å2. The role of lattice-trapped delamination in the early stages of particle delamination is not only relevant at the high strain-rates and stresses associated with shock spallation, but Arrhenius extrapolation suggests that the mechanism also operates during quasi-static rupture at micrometer-scale particles.

Bioconvection casson nanofluid flow together with Darcy-Forchheimer due to a rotating disk with thermal radiation and arrhenius activation energy

In this research article, we examined the Darcy-Forchheimer 3D in bioconvection Casson nanofluid flow in light of a whirling disk with Arrhenius Activation Energy and thermal Radiation. The governing equations are converted to the similarity equations and solved afterward by utilizing the Homotopy Analysis Method on behalf of several controlling parameters. The findings from this study show, that the radial velocity and tangential component of velocity decreasing for increasing values of the Inertia coefficient and the Porosity parameter. Velocity profiles enlarge with the enlargement of Gr for nanofluids. Radial velocity diminishes with expanding Reynolds numbers {text{Re}}_{r} and magnetic field parameters. The tangential component of velocity gleft( xi right) increases with diminishing Reynolds numbers {text{Re}}_{r} and reduces with expanding magnetic field factors. For increasing values of Prandtl number temperature profile is increased. Heat rises with radiation parameter, thermophoresis and Brownian movement parameters. Also, nanoparticles concentration reduces on expanding Brownian motion parameter and Schmidt parameter.

Numerical study of radiative non-Darcy nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with a convective Nield conditions and energy activation

Abstract Numerous industrial processes such as continuous metal casting and polymer extrusion in metal spinning, include flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface. The theoretical investigation of magnetohydro-dynamic thermally radiative non-Darcy Nanofluid flows through a stretching surface is presented considering also the influences of thermal conductivity and Arrhenius activation energy. Buongiorno’s two-phase Nanofluid model is deployed in order to generate Thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects [1]. By similarity transformation technique, the transport equations and the respective boundary conditions are normalized and the relevant variable and concerned similarity solutions are presented to summarize the transpiration parameter. An appropriate Matlab software (Bvp4c) is used to obtain the numerical solutions. The graphical influence of various thermo physical parameters are inspected for momentum, energy and nanoparticle volume fraction distributions. Tables containing the Nusselt number, skin friction and Sherwood number are also presented and well argued. The present results are compared with the previous studies and are found to be well correlated and are in good agreement. The existing modelling approach in the presence of nanoparticles enhances the performance of thermal energy thermo-plastic devices.

Preparation of Fe-Al alloy layer on CLAM steel

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel is one of the candidate materials for tritium breeding module in the fusion reactor. In order to control the permeability of tritium in an acceptable range, coating with low hydrogen isotope permeability, known as tritium permeation barrier, is usually prepared on the surface of such structural materials. The FeAl/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is the first choice of tritium permeation barrier for many countries, because of its fine performance of high permeation reduction factor, corrosion resistance and high-temperature resistance. The surface morphology and microstructure of Fe-Al infiltrated layer have important influence on the quality of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> coating. In this study, Al coating on the surface of CLAM steel is prepared by electroplating of aluminum from AlCl<sub>3</sub>-EMIC. Then the Fe-Al infiltrated layer is obtained by diffusion between Al and substrate by annealing. The effects of annealing time and temperature on the microstructure of Fe-Al infiltrated layer are studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that 20-μm-thick aluminum coating is obtained on the CLAM steel surface by electroplating. The Al coating is uniform and compact, and the size of its surface columnar grain decreases with electroplating current density increasing. Annealing results show that neither hole nor gap is observed between the Fe-Al infiltrated layer and the substrate. In addition, the infiltrated layer is found to be tightly bound to the substrate with a thickness ranging from 7 μm to 45 μm, depending on the annealing parameters. At the initial stage of annealing, Cr enriched Fe-Al alloy is formed evidently. However, such a Cr enrichment disappears at higher annealing temperature or longer annealing time due to diffusion. The surface of infiltrated layer changes from aluminum-rich phase to aluminum-poor phase, and its thickness increases with annealing time or temperature rising. The temperature dependence of the growth rate of Fe-Al infiltrated layer can be described by Arrhenius equation. At this time, the Arrhenius activation energy of aluminization on CLAM steel is calculated to be 78.48 kJ/mol. At 640 ℃ and 760 ℃, the growth of Fe-Al infiltrated layer is controlled by the grain boundary as well as the volume diffusion. When the reasonable thickness and microstructure of Fe-Al alloy layer are used and annealing time or temperature keeps as low as possible, the optimal annealing temperature and time are 700 ℃/10 h, respectively.