Array Of Tests Research Articles

Boswellia Extract Promotes Healing and Resolving Inflammation in Oral Ulcers of Rat.

Recurrent aphthous ulcers significantly impact patients' quality of life due to their painful and recurrent nature, necessitating more effective treatments. This study explores the therapeutic potential of Boswellia to treat recurrent aphthous ulcers by its anti-inflammatory and healing promotion effect in a rat oral ulcer model. Network pharmacology techniques were employed to elucidate Boswellia's active components and potential targets. Intersecting targets of Boswellia and oral ulcer-related genes were screened for protein-protein interaction network analysis and functional enrichment. An oral ulcer model in rats was used and rats were treated with Boswellia extract. The healing process was monitored by measuring the ulcer area and body weight changes. Histological analysis was performed, and the role of Boswellia in macrophage polarization was investigated through gene expression analysis and protein array tests. The underlying mechanism involving PPARγ activation was also explored. Network pharmacology analysis revealed Boswellia's interaction with key genes and pathways associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism, such as MAPK3, PPARG, and PTGS2. Boswellia extract significantly accelerated oral ulcer healing and recovered weight loss in rats. Histological examinations revealed reduced tissue swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration in treated groups. Furthermore, Boswellia extract decreased infiltration of M1 macrophage presence while increasing M2 macrophage, indicating an inflammation-resolving effect. Invitro studies showed that Boswellia extract enhanced M2-related gene expression and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is PPARγ dependent. Boswellia extract promotes oral ulcer healing and resolves inflammation, primarily through the modulation of macrophage polarization via PPARγ activation.

Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato antibodies in English adult blood donors: A nationwide cross-sectional study, 2021-2022.

Estimates of Lyme disease incidence in England are based on reporting of cases with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis only, underestimating total cases. In 2017 - 2018, two independent reviews commissioned by the UK Government highlighted the lack of official data on Lyme disease prevalence and incidence as a critical knowledge gap. To estimate the prevalence of IgG antibodies in the English adult population specific for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), the causative agent of Lyme disease. The prevalence of Bbsl-specific antibodies in the English population was estimated in a cross-sectional cohort, selected from an archive of residual NHS blood donor plasma samples (age range 17 - 84, collected between 2021 - 2022). 10,000 samples were randomly selected proportionate to the population size of each of the nine English administrative regions. 9,994 samples were tested using a standard two-tiered testing strategy, with an IgG/IgM ELISA followed by an IgG immunoblot (array) test for any sera with positive or indeterminate reactivity in the ELISA. Out of the 9,994 samples tested, 482 were seroreactive by screening ELISA. After two-tier testing, 49 were confirmed positive. Regional and demographic differences in seroprevalence were observed after two-tier testing, but due to the low overall seroprevalence, were not significant upon multivariable analysis. The seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific IgG in the English adult population (2021 - 2022), determined using two-tier testing was estimated at 0.49 % (95 % CI 0.36 - 0.65). This is lower than neighbouring UK nation Scotland and other northern European countries.

Ultrasonic Phased Array Testing and Identification of Multiple-Type Internal Defects in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Based on Convolutional Neural Network.

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics inevitably develop defects such as delamination, inclusions, and impacts during manufacturing and usage, which can adversely affect their performance. Ultrasonic phased array inspection is the most effective method for conducting nondestructive testing to ensure their quality. However, the diversity of defects within carbon fiber reinforced plastics makes it challenging for the current ultrasonic phased array inspection techniques to accurately identify these defects. Therefore, this paper presents a method for the ultrasonic phased array nondestructive testing and classification of various internal defects in carbon fiber reinforced plastics based on convolutional neural networks. We prepared an ultrasonic C-scan dataset containing multiple types of internal defects, analyzed the defect features in the ultrasonic C-scan images, and established an autoencoded classifier network to recognize manufacturing defects and impact defects of varying sizes. The experiments showed that the proposed method demonstrates superior defect feature extraction capabilities and can more accurately identify both impact and manufacturing defects.

Smartphone-assisted colorimetry and array test strip integrated platform for urine multi-index simultaneous precise quantification and personalized healthcare monitoring

As a non-invasive monitoring method, urine analysis is one of the “three routines” of medical examination, which is of great significance for the early diagnosis, therapeutic effect judgment and long-term fine monitoring of chronic diseases such as metabolic system diseases and kidney diseases. It is imperative to develop a home urine routine detection system. In this paper, Smart Urine Analyzer is innovatively developed by combining smartphones with array urine dipsticks, and equipped with the unique design of adjustable bracket suitable for camera position of different smartphones. The optimal colorimetric value was selected for analysis based on chromogenic response characteristics combined with digital image colorimetry, and the breakthrough from qualitative semi-quantification to precise quantification of 9 kinds of urine biomarkers was completed. And a smartphone App for automated image recognition and processing was developed, which was applied for at-home routine healthcare. 100 clinical urine samples were used to evaluate the reliability of the system. Among them, the ROC curve showed a high consistency between Smart Urine Analyzer and the Dirui H-800 urine analyzer in hospital, which further verified the practicability. As a result, the user-friendly Smart Urine Analyzer can share health data and condition with doctors in real time, which provides a new scheme and means for the home detection of urine biomarkers, and has great practical application value as a potential home medical service assistant.

Ultrasonic nonlinear frequency diverse array: principle and applications

In ultrasonic testing, omnidirectional wave propagation presents challenges of nonfocus energy loss and interface interference. Traditional phased array (PA) methods, despite their focusing capabilities, suffer from limitations in energy utilization and target detection accuracy. Frequency diverse array (FDA) technology, initially developed for radar, has demonstrated potential for improved range-angle-dependent ultrasonic beampatterns but still exhibits limitations due to S-shaped coupling. This study proposes an ultrasonic nonlinear frequency diverse array (ultrasonic-NFDA) with nonuniform frequency offsets to address these issues. The ultrasonic-NFDA employs modulated frequency offsets by introducing nonlinear carrying functions and incorporating additional parameters to manipulate beamforming and enhances energy concentration at focal points. Furthermore, the multi-objective differential evolution algorithm is used for parameter optimization. The proposed method decouples the range-angle beampattern and improves the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. Numerical evaluations and simulations demonstrate that ultrasonic-NFDA outperforms the ultrasonic linear FDA and PA series, achieving better peak sidelobe level and half-power beam width. Experimental validations confirm the effectiveness of ultrasonic-NFDA in practical ultrasonic testing scenarios, showing significant improvements in defect detection and imaging clarity. The optimized beampatterns effectively reduce artifacts and enhance the precision of defect localization. The proposed integration of nonlinear frequency offsets and parameter optimization in array testing offers a robust solution for more accurate and efficient ultrasonic inspection methodologies.

Pretransplant Chromosome Genomic Array Testing Improves Prognosis for Myelofibrosis Patients Undergoing Transplantation.

Despite its known superior diagnostic yield for chromosomal anomalies compared with karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies, chromosome genomic array testing (CGAT) is not used as a routine clinical test for myelofibrosis. Although many prognostic systems exist that risk stratify patients at diagnosis, limited tools are available to prognosticate transplant outcome. The current study aimed at testing whether CGAT results obtained before transplantation improves prognosis of post-transplant outcome in patients with myelofibrosis compared with current risk categorization systems, for example, DIPSS plus (Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System). We studied patients with myelofibrosis who underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation between 2000 and 2017 at our center (N = 44). We assessed the prognostic significance of CGAT, DIPSS plus, and the total count of gene mutations for post-transplant clinical outcomes, including relapse-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). Abnormal CGAT results were seen in 24 patients (55%), including 18 with copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH, 41%). With a median follow-up of 91 (range 2-258) months starting from the CGAT sample date, RFS was 59% and OS was 68%. The outcome analysis showed significant prognostic implication from CGAT (normal vs. abnormal), specifically for patients with intermediate risk by DIPSS-plus scores and those with 0∼2 mutations. CGAT alone significantly stratified the patients' RFS outcome (P = .03). The addition of CGAT to DIPSS-plus improved the significance from a P value of .08 to .003, whereas the addition of CGAT to mutation count improved the P value from .02 to .01. The best stratification system for RFS was achieved when CGAT, DIPSS-plus, and mutation count were all considered (P = 1e-08). The current study also confirmed individual anomalies that are prognostically significant, including U2AF1 mutation (n = 5, P = .03) and 1q gain (n = 3, P = .01), which were associated with worse RFS. ASXL1 mutations (n = 14) appeared to associate with a later onset of chronic GVHD (P =.03). Pretransplant CGAT analysis augments the existing risk stratification tools and may be considered as routine clinical testing for myelofibrosis.

Mechanical Characterization of Individual Needles in Microneedle Arrays: Factors Affecting Compression Test Results.

Background: This study aims to investigate the impact of test conditions on the results of the compression testing of microneedle arrays (MNAs). Methods: Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on polyglycolic acid-fabricated biodegradable MNAs. Load-displacement curves were obtained for varying conditions, including the number of microneedles (MNs) compressed simultaneously, compression speeds, and compression angles. Subsequently, the buckling load and stiffness were calculated, and the MN deformation during compression was observed. Results: The buckling load and stiffness per MN decreased significantly with a simultaneous increase in compressed MNs. The mean buckling load and stiffness of 52 MNs in single-needle compression tests were 0.211 ± 0.008 N and 13.9 ± 1.3 N/mm, respectively, with no variation among the three MNAs. However, a significant difference in buckling load and stiffness was observed among the MNs within the MNAs. Additionally, buckling loads and stiffnesses were significantly lower in certain MNs at the same location in different MNAs. Buckling load and stiffness decreased significantly during inclined compression compared to during vertical compression. While the tests evaluate the mechanical properties of MNAs, test results may vary depending on test conditions. Conclusions: Compression testing of the individual MNs comprising an MNA helps evaluate the mechanical properties of MNs and ensure the quality of MNAs.

Expanding the Genetic and Phenotypic Spectrum of Mowat-Wilson Syndrome: A Study of 10 Turkish Patients With an Intrafamilial Recurrence Caused by First Intragenic Large Deletion.

Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a complex disorder caused by heterozygous ZEB2 gene variations creating haploinsufficiency. The main clinical features are evolving facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, eye and brain malformations, and various organ anomalies. Our study examines 10 Turkish patients, who had clinical diagnosis, underwent evaluation, clinical investigations, and genetic tests in multiple tertiary centers across Türkiye, and were molecularly diagnosed with MWS. Molecular analysis with sequencing techniques alongside array testing unveiled disease-causing variations in addition to novel variants, including two siblings with recurrent multiexon deletion. Clinical presentations varied, featuring neurodevelopmental delay and characteristic facial traits and organ malformations across all cases, alongside less frequently reported manifestations such as laryngomalacia or rocker bottom feet in addition to new features such as macroorchidism and osteoporosis. Our findings expand the genetic and phenotypical spectrum of MWS, and hint at potential implications of gonadal mosaicism. While establishing clear genotype-phenotype correlations poses challenges, comprehensive genetic testing remains pivotal for precise diagnosis and management. The study highlights the complexity of MWS genetics, with potential implications of gonadal mosaicism on recurrence. Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms driving phenotypic variability, potential hotspots, and mechanisms for recurrent variations. We report on the largest cohort with MWS from Türkiye.

Genomic Proximity Mapping (GPM): Evaluation of a Next Generation Cytogenomic Assay for Improved Risk Stratification in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Cytogenetics encompasses a suite of diagnostics assays that provides critical diagnostic and prognostic information that can help guide care for acute myeloid leukemias (AML) patients. Routine cytogenetic workup for AML includes karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for known recurrent variants. The workup can be extended to include chromosome genome array testing (CGAT) but because all 3 of these tests have a non-overlapping set of limitations that can necessitate multiple, often iterative, rounds of testing in complex cases and may miss information in cases with cryptic fusions or small copy number alterations. Therefore, there is an unmet need for an accurate, fast and reliable test that can provide a solution to these limitations. In this study, we evaluate Genomic Proximity Mapping (GPM), a novel method that captures much of the same information as karyotyping, FISH, and CGAT in a single assay. GPM uses proximity ligation sequencing to capture ultra-long range contiguity information from conventional short-read sequencing. In brief, 200,000-500,000 cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or aphersis samples are crosslinked with formalin prior to library preparation. Because sequences that are closer on a chromosome are more likely to physically interact and be crosslinked, GPM can use the frequency pairwise of crosslinked sequence interactions to determine the structure of chromosomes. In order to evaluate its performance, we benchmarked GPM against standard-of-care cytogenetics conducted on newly diagnosed 166 AML cases in a multicenter, retrospective study utilizing real-world patient samples. There was a strong concordance between GPM and cytogenetic findings, with 100% of European LeukemiaNet (ELN) specified cytogenetic risk variants identified by cytogenetic being identified by GPM. However, GPM also identified additional variants of known clinical significance not observed by standard-of-care cytogenetics. To determine if GPM findings had clinical benefits for risk stratification, we compared overall survival (OS) of patients, risk-stratified using ELN 2022 criteria, using either cytogenetics or GPM to determine the cytogenetic abnormalities. Separation of favorable, intermediate, and adverse risk categories were statistically significant when variants identified either by cytogenetics or GPM were used for risk categorization (GPM, P = 0.0006; cytogenetics P = 0.0009 for GPM and cytogenetics, Mantel-Cox log rank test). However, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that GPM greater separation in intermediate (median OS 2.1 years for GPM and 2.4 years for cyto), and adverse (median OS 1.1 yrs for GPM and 0.9 years for cytogenetics) categories. The ELN-directed risk based on karyotype and FISH presentation was revised for 14 (8.4%) out of 166 cases with available data based on GPM assay results. These findings argue that GPM can be used as a single assay to accurately stratify AML patient risk and may provide additional benefits over cytogenetics, yielding more accurate risk stratification. Support: NIH/NCI U10CA180888, U10CA180819, U24CA196175, R44CA278140

4q Copy Neutral Loss of Heterozygosity and KMT2A Partial Tandem Duplication Identified By Chromosomal Genomic Array Testing (CGAT) Correlated with Decreased Overall Survival in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

4q Copy Neutral Loss of Heterozygosity and KMT2A Partial Tandem Duplication Identified By Chromosomal Genomic Array Testing (CGAT) Correlated with Decreased Overall Survival in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Ultrasonic Total Focusing Method Technology in Carbon Steel Butt Weld Application

Carbon steel butt welds are widely used in aircraft carrier, shipbuilding, railway, aerospace and other industries. As a new technology of ultrasonic non-destructive testing, Total Focusing Method (TFM) technology is a method of image reconstruction in which the value of each constituent datum of the image results from focused ultrasound. TFM may also be understood as a broad term encompassing a family of processing techniques for image reconstruction from full matrix capture (FMC). This paper compares resolution and focus between TFM and conventional phased array technology, by using phased array test block type B. The paper also introduces the testing system, including equipment, probe, wedge, calibration block as per ASME, PC analysis software, for detection of 21mm thickness carbon steel welds. In order to improve the defect detection ability, a customized software on board was designed based on TFM technology, and an appropriate propagation mode was adopted for different types of defects, such as longitudinal cracks on surface, lack of fusion, porosities, slag inclusions. The test results showing that compared with conventional phased array technology, the defect information such as length and depth detected by TFM are nearer to the actual situation, and the shape is closer to the physical one. TFM technology has more advantages in quantitative and qualitative capabilities in testing carbon steel butt welds, and can meet the requirements of on-site testing.

Sensor array and color-coded test paper tongue based on multivariate cross-responsive AIEgen functionalized bimetallic lanthanide infinite coordination polymers: Toward smart identification and systematic analysis of antibiotics

Building and improving the monitoring technology system for newly emerging contaminants with a positive attitude is the first step to enhance governance capacity, which is in good accordance with the requirements of worldwide sustainable development strategy nowadays. With the urgent needs of smart identification and simultaneous detection of multiple antibiotics co-existing in the aquatic system in mind, we intentionally synthesized the aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) functionalized bimetallic lanthanide infinite coordination polymers (TPE-TS@Tb/Eu-AMP ICPs) series. The intrinsic physical and chemical properties of target antibiotics (flumequine, four kinds of tetracyclines, and sulfadiazine) triggered the complex chemical recognition reactions of TPE-TS@Tb/Eu-AMP ICPs series to give birth to multivariate cross-responses. Based on these theoretical-oriented sensing elements and rationally selected smart statistical tools, the “lab-on-TPE-TS@Tb/Eu-AMP ICPs” antibiotic sensor array is established with superior analytical performance. Moreover, the unique optical dominance of TPE-TS@Tb/Eu-AMP ICPs series on solid substrate enabled the subsequent exploitation of test paper tongue (TPT) with simultaneously altered RGB values as elements. Being further coded by the excitation modulation on commercial dark box UV-lamp, even promoted analytical behaviors of the TPT can be realized for the first time. With the aid of the smartphone, robust pattern recognition and accurate systematic analysis of antibiotics in the actual environmental samples were achieved by our sensor array and color-coded TPT, which may provide important scientific supports and technical reserves for the antibiotic control actions in future.

Waterborne novolac epoxy‐based thermal resistant and fire‐retardant thermal insulation coatings

AbstractWaterborne novolac epoxy based thermal resistant and fire‐retardant thermal insulation coatings were developed in this work. Novolac (phenolic) epoxy emulsion (PEE) was prepared by the phase inversion method based on formulation optimization by orthogonal array testing. The prepared emulsions have similar particle size, viscosity, and stability to commercial bisphenol a glycidyl ether epoxy emulsion (PZ). DSC results showed that the varnish film based on PEE had a higher glass transition temperature and initial thermal decomposition temperature compared with PZ cured by the same curing agent. Waterborne thermal insulation coating with PEE and PZ as binders and hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) as thermal insulation fillers were studied. The results indicated that the thermal conductivity of the coating decreased with an increase in HGMs content. Specifically, the thermal conductivity of the PEE coating containing 20 wt% HGMs is as low as 0.093 W/(m·K). It reduces the exterior temperature of the hot tank from approximately 200 °C to approximately 106 °C. Furthermore, the HGMs/PEE waterborne thermal insulation coating exhibits good thermal stability and flame retardance.

Evaluating the effectiveness of the TOPSIS approach for three-wire electrode machining of D2 steel using the wire EDM method

Due to the high demand for D2 steel as a tool material and the difficulty of the machine, optimization of process parameters in advanced manufacturing machines is needed. This study investigates three wire electrodes: brass, coated copper, and annealed copper, analyzing their impact on tool material. Employing 0.25 mm wires, 10 mm D2 steel cubes are cut for consistent comparison. An L27 orthogonal array tests six parameters at three levels, optimizing with analytic hierarchy process technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (AHP-TOPSIS). The response parameters were the metal removal rate (MRR) and kerf width (KW). Pulse on/off time, wire tension, spark voltage, input current, and wire feed rate vary systematically for each wire. The tests validate the efficacy of the AHP-TOPSIS method in optimizing WEDM parameters and machining performance. ANOVA reveals pulse-on and pulse-off times as crucial factors for various wire electrodes. Under diverse conditions, pulse duration increases spark efficiency. Based on the AHP-TOPSIS method results, weights of outputs revealed that the annealed copper wire yields the highest MRR value (0.232 mm3/sec). The brass wire exhibited the lowest MRR value (0.127 mm3/sec) compared to the others.

Research on heat exchanger tube sheet to shell fillet weld testing and engineering application using total focusing phased array technique

Abstract According to structure of the heat exchanger tube sheet to shell fillet weld, the total focusing phased array technique was adopted to settle down this testing difficulty. Firstly, the inspection background and detection difficulties of the fillet weld was introduced in this paper. Secondly, the sound field simulation and typical flaw response simulation was carried out using CIVA software, and the special blocks were manufactured on the base of the simulation result. Thirdly, the total focusing phased array testing study was carried out in laboratory, and the drilled holes, grooves, as well as the typical flaws of incomplete fusion, incomplete penetration and crack in blocks were successfully detected. Finally, the total focusing technique engineering application of one heat exchanger in chemical device was put into effect, the incomplete fusion and incomplete penetration flaws were successfully detected. The total focusing phased array technique was successfully applied to the heat exchanger inspection project, the research result of this paper have high practical value for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of heat exchanger, and can be popularized and applied in the engineering project.

Ultrasonic phased array testing to quantify material texture for metal additive manufacturing

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes result in complex microstructures, porosity, material texture, and residual stresses. These properties may vary throughout AM parts. Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is essential for understanding the processes leading to these variations. However, the use of single-element transducers to scan AM parts with complex geometries can be challenging. Such measurements may require multiple scans to level a surface or excite various wave types within a part. On the contrary, phased array ultrasonic transducers (PAUTs) can be much more efficient for these studies. In this presentation, custom AM sample designs are discussed which allow multiple ultrasonic wave speeds to be measured using a PAUT. The manufactured samples were assessed with the sectorial scan feature of the PAUT to scan multiple positions and directions quickly without moving the probe. Data from these scans were then used to estimate material wave speeds, material texture, and residual stress along multiple directions within the samples. The results from these scans were also compared with experiments that used single-element ultrasonic transducers. This presentation will describe the sample designs, the experiments, and the analysis in order to highlight the usefulness of PAUTs for scanning AM parts.

An efficient multi‐probe enabled midfield over‐the‐air test method for 5G base station antenna pattern reconstruction

AbstractWith the accelerated deployment of 5G massive multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO)‐structured base stations (BSs), accurate and efficient testing of massive MIMO arrays is essential to ensure that the 5G massive MIMO antenna array can perform as expected. The increasing trend of both antenna element and array physical size makes massive MIMO antenna pattern measurement in the direct‐far‐field OTA environment unrealistic due to the signal attenuation, long measurement time, and ultra‐high test system construction cost. Therefore, the necessity of a compact, efficient, low‐complex, yet accurate OTA test method is evident, especially for 5G massive MIMO BS arrays. This paper proposes a novel multi‐probe‐enabled midfield (MF) OTA test method for 5G massive MIMO devices in compact measurement settings where antenna pattern measurement can be efficiently performed. The detailed theoretical analysis for the 5G massive MIMO array MF antenna pattern reconstruction method is presented, and the simulated validation results based on the typical 5G BS antenna arrays are provided and analysed, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MF OTA test method and can provide insights into the radio frequency parametric measurement for 5G massive MIMO devices.

Prognostic significance of chromosomal genomic array testing in adults with newly-diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Prognostic significance of chromosomal genomic array testing in adults with newly-diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Experimental research on the horizontally getting together behaviors of acoustically manipulated bi-particle

This study aims at the controllability of acoustically manipulated non-contact aggregation of bi-particle. Based on the acoustic wave radiation model of the transducer and the acoustic wave interference theory, the mathematical model between the spatial levitation point and the phase of the phased array ultrasonic array unit is established. A double-sided phased array test system was developed and the phase calculation algorithm for independently manipulating bi-particle was optimized. The algorithm is capable of independently distributing the energy applied to each levitation point. Through simulation and experiment, the horizontally aggregation characteristics of two levitated particles are investigated, and a interesting relationship between particles aggregation and standing wave phase difference is revealed, which follows the law of “attraction in the same phase but repulsion in the opposite phase”. By adjusting the tilt angle of the standing wave acoustic trap, the critical distance when particles to accelerate and collision is sharply reduced from 1.5λ to 0.5λ, which provides a new perspective and potential application path for acoustic manipulation technology.

Uncommon high distribution of HPV-16, HPV-54, and HPV-56 in female referred to a laboratory in Karaj, Iran: indications of a paradigm shift in HPV genotypes?

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is among the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections, particularly prevalent among sexually active individuals. While many HPV infections clear up over time, some may progress to various cancers such as anal cancer, cervical cancer and, vaginal cancer. This study examines the prevalence of different HPV genotypes, classified as high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR), among females of various age groups who visited the laboratory in Karaj.Material and methodsGenital specimens were gathered from the individuals involved in the study and subjected to DNA extraction (DNA/RNA extraction AmpliSense, Moscow, Russia) followed by amplification using Real-Time PCR. HR- and LR-HPV genotypes were identified using the GenoFlow HPV Array test kit (GenoFlow; DiagCor Bioscience, Hong Kong) and homemade HPV genotyping kit. Demographic information such as age, was examined alongside statistical virological data.ResultsOverall, 367 (17%) out of the 2109 (100%) female cases tested positive for HPV. Among these, 219 (46.2%) were classified as low-risk, 44 (9.3%) as potentially high-risk, and 211 (44.5%) as high-risk. The highest percentage of positive test results was detected in individuals under 30 years old (35%) and those aged 40–50 (18%). Individuals in the < 30 age group were primarily infected with HR genotypes. The most commonly identified genotypes overall were HPV-16 (11.7%), HPV-54 (10.3%), HPV-56 (8.4%), HPV-40 (8.1%). The lowest frequency was observed for HPV-70, HPV-71, HPV-82, and HPV-90, each recorded in only a single case.ConclusionOur results highlight the notable occurrence of HPV among females who visited the laboratory in Karaj, especially in the < 30 age group. Identifying HPV-16 as the most prevalent genotype in our examination highlights the necessity of tailored interventions for specific age ranges. While HPV-16 is covered by vaccination programs, HPV-54 and HPV-56 are not, emphasizing the need for effective screening and preventive plans to manage the consequences of HPV-related diseases in future.