Arrangements In China Research Articles

Living with parents or attaining residential independence? A comparative study of young adults’ living arrangements in China and South Korea

This study examines the living arrangements of never-married urban young adults in China and South Korea from 2003 to 2018. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Korean General Social Survey, we investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and young adults’ living arrangements. Our findings show that a majority of Korean young adults lived with their parents during the observed time period, while Chinese young adults experienced large shifts in their living arrangements. Findings from weighted logistic models demonstrate that employed or high-income young adults were more likely to leave the parental home than those who were not working, suggesting the important role of economic security in independent living. Highly educated young adults in China tended to have residential independence, while education was not significantly associated with Korean young adults’ living arrangements. Korean young adults with highly educated fathers were more likely to stay with parents. The interconnection between family socioeconomic characteristics at the micro level and variations in opportunity structures at the macro level results in country-specific patterns of living arrangements.

How does housing affordability affect migration intentions of married migrant workers? Social integration as a mediating variable

Increasing migrant workers’ belongingness to the locality is an important step in accelerating high-quality urbanization. Settlement intention can largely indicate this sense of belongingness, which is crucially affected by housing and social integration. Although the settlement intention of migrant workers has been widely investigated, inadequate attention has been paid to hukou transfer intention, which reflects the unique institutional arrangement in China. As family migration has become a trend, this study aims to investigate the two-dimensional migration intentions of married migrant workers in China, i.e. settlement intention and hukou transfer intention, and the mediating role of social integration between housing affordability and migration intentions. Based on the data from China Migrants Dynamic Survey 2017, the structural equation modelling was employed. Furthermore, four dimensions of social integration were examined (economic, social relation, cultural and psychological). The overall hukou transfer intention of married migrant workers was found to be low, whereas the settlement intention was relatively high. Social integration partially mediated the relationship between housing affordability and migration intentions. The regional characteristics of original and inflow places should be given special attention because they substantially affect married migrant workers’ levels of social integration and migration intentions.

Stay behind children's differential educational performance: The impact of parental migration arrangements in China

Millions of children live apart from their parents who migrate for work. This dynamic raises questions about parental migration's impact on children's schooling. This paper investigated how Chinese junior high school students’ educational performance was shaped by the specific patterns of parental migration: whether it was only the mother, only the father, or both who migrate. The study analyzed data from 4204 students through a nationally representative panel survey, comparing children who experienced parental migration between two survey waves and those who did not. Difference-in-differences models were paired with propensity score weighting to estimate the immediate effects of parental migration. Results indicated that children's educational performance was heterogeneously affected by different arrangements of parental migration. Children's academic performance declined when mothers migrated alone, a pattern not mirrored when only fathers or both parents migrated. The findings indicate that the adverse effects of parental absence outweigh the financial benefits from migration, particularly in the scenario of mother-only migration.

Division of household labor in urban China: Couples’ education pairing and co-residence with parents

The norm in which wives usually undertake a greater share of household labor than their husbands in China is deeply rooted in the fact that historically, women were of a much lower educational, social, and economic status than men. One significant change in recent decades is that the rapid improvement in women’s educational attainment has increased the share of marriages in which the wife has more education than the husband. Does the division of household labor vary among couples of diverse education pairings? How does living with parents – a common living arrangement in China – weaken or strengthen this traditional norm? We explore these questions using data from the China Family Panel Studies conducted in the 2010s. Focusing on recently married couples with young children, we show that homogamous couples in which both spouses have high school or college education and hypogamous couples in which the wife has the educational advantage have the most equitable division of household labor. Co-residence with parents does not alleviate the gender gap for most couples, but living with paternal parents tends to reduce the housework for lower educated daughters-in-law while living with maternal parents appears to benefit daughters who have one-level education more than their husbands. This study reveals reduced gender inequality in housework among the homogamous and hypogamous couples, but gender division remains strong overall, despite improvement in women’s educational attainment and potential support from paternal or maternal parents through co-residences.

Do multigenerational homes moderate the intergenerational transmission of maternal adverse childhood experiences?

ABSTRACT Background: Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may lead to increased behavioural problems in children. However, the mediating roles of psychological distress and corporal punishment, two common mechanisms underlying the intergenerational transmission of maternal ACEs, in these relations have not been examined in Chinese samples. Multigenerational homes (MGH) are the dominate living arrangement in China; however, limited research focuses on the effects of MGHs on the intergenerational transmission of maternal ACEs. Objective: This study explored the parallel mediating effects of corporal punishment and psychological distress on the association between maternal ACEs and children’s behaviour and whether MGHs can strengthen or weaken the relationship between maternal ACEs and corporal punishment or psychological distress. Participants and setting: Participants were 643 three-year-old children and their mothers (mean age of 32.85 years, SD = 3.79) from Wuhu, China. Methods: Mothers completed online questionnaires measuring ACEs, psychological distress, corporal punishment, their family structure, and children’s behavioural problems. This study used a moderated mediation model. Results: The findings suggest that psychological distress and corporal punishment mediate the association between maternal ACEs and children’s behavioural problems. The mediating role of corporal punishment was found depend on whether mothers and their children reside in MGHs. MGHs were not found to have a moderating role in the indirect relationship between maternal ACEs and children’s behaviour problems via psychological distress. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of addressing psychological distress and corporal punishment when designing interventions targeted Chinese mothers exposed to ACEs and their children, especially those living in MGHs.

Developing new sugarcane varieties suitable for mechanized production in China: principles, strategies and prospects.

The sugar industry, which relates to people's livelihood, is strategic and fundamental in the development of agricultural economy. In China, sugar derived from sugarcane accounts for approximately 85% of total sugar production. Mechanization is the "flower" of sugarcane industry. As the saying goes "when there are blooming flowers, there will be sweet honey." However, due to limitations in land resources, technology, equipment, organization, and management, mechanization throughout the sugarcane production process has not yet brought about the economic benefits that a mechanized system should provide and has not reached an ideal yield through the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic practice. This paper briefly describes how to initiate the mechanization of Chinese sugarcane production to promote the sound, healthy, and rapid development of the sugarcane industry, and how to ultimately achieve the transformation of sugarcane breeding in China and the modernization of the sugarcane industry from three perspectives, namely, requirements of mechanized production for sugarcane varieties, breeding strategies for selecting new sugarcane varieties suitable for mechanized production, and screening for sugarcane varieties that are suitable for mechanization and diversification in variety distribution or arrangement in China. We also highlight the current challenges surrounding this topic and look forward to its bright prospects.

Caring about bequest, so caring for parents? Evidence from China's housing sector

AbstractThis article reveals an informal eldercare arrangement in China by focusing on how the value of housing owned by aging parents affects adult children's caregiving behavior. Using three waves of national survey data in 2011–2015, we find that when the potential housing‐bequest value increases, adult children from multi‐child households provide more emotional support for their parents, demonstrating the role of the intergenerational‐exchange mechanism in China's current eldercare arrangement. However, such an informal mechanism is weakened by the prevalent social norms of son preference and is also less effective among emerging only‐child households. Therefore, we call for more market‐oriented arrangements.

Can good ESG performance reduce stock price crash risk? Evidence from Chinese listed companies

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of growing worldwide attention towards environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations, this study investigates how ESG performance affects the probability of stock price crashes. The research explores samples of Chinese A‐share listed companies during the period from 2010 to 2019. The outcomes indicate that commendable ESG performance lowers the likelihood of stock price crashes, and these results persist robust even after executing a series of robustness and endogeneity examinations. Moreover, the available evidence indicates that good ESG performance mitigates the risk of stock price crashes by curbing both earnings management and corporate risk. However, the positive influence of good ESG performance on reducing the risk of stock price crashes diminishes when analyst coverage increases. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis infers that the effect of good ESG performance in reducing stock price crash risk is more significant for non‐state companies. Heightened economic policy uncertainty weakens the effect of good corporate ESG performance in mitigating stock price crash risk. Of the three ESG performance dimensions—environmental, social, and corporate governance—the latter is the most effective in lessening such risks. This research carries notable implications for reinforcing the ESG disclosure arrangement in China and other developing economies. It also guides government institutions and regulators in the creation of policies that foster high‐calibre economic progress.

论文人审美对中国传统插花艺术风格的影响

China's traditional culture has a long history. Among many cultures, the traditional flower arrangement art is more distinctive. It has been included in the national Intangible cultural heritage list, and has been widely recognized by the academic community. Compared with traditional art forms such as painting and calligraphy, flower arrangement art is unfamiliar to people, and there are relatively few studies on the value of Chinese traditional flower arrangement art. However, with the rapid development of economy and society, People's living standards are improving day by day, and their spiritual and cultural values have been fully enriched. Therefore, as a popular art, flower arrangement has once again returned to the public's view. By analyzing the traditional art style of flower arrangement in China, it is beneficial to improve the education of beauty and inherit and promote traditional culture. The author conducted an in-depth analysis of literati aesthetics and traditional Chinese flower arrangement art style, and on this basis, systematically elaborated on the profound impact of literati aesthetics on traditional Chinese flower arrangement art style.The traditional flower arrangement art in China has an early origin. Throughout history, there have been numerous works created by literati and literati with the theme of flowers, plants, and trees. Flower arrangement mainly refers to the art of combining artificial decoration with natural plants. Due to its poetic shape, dignified and elegant visuals, and the artistic conception of both form and spirit, traditional flower arrangement has been widely respected. As one of the traditional arts, flower arrangement itself has a unique style, possesses national spirit and era characteristics, and is led by literati aesthetics. It analyzes the aesthetic values of ancient literati, In order to clarify the style and characteristics of traditional flower arrangement art, and ultimately expand the influence of traditional flower arrangement art, traditional flower arrangement art will radiate new vitality.

Understanding living alone among the young- and middle-aged in China (1990-2010): A gender perspective

ABSTRACT Living alone is becoming a noticeable living arrangement in China. A growing body of literature documented the transformations of the Chinese family structure. However, research on the relatively new household structure of living alone, with a focus solely on the young- and middle-aged, is limited. This article used China’s 1990, 2000, and 2010 census microdata to analyze how marital status, migration status, and education level were associated with living alone behavior among the young- and middle-aged. A gender perspective was involved in the entire analyses. We found that singlehood, migration, and education were all combined with gender and woven into a picture depicting the Chinese living alone during 1990–2010. Never married rural men (since 2000) and all divorced women have a relatively higher risk of living alone; mobility was more likely to bring about living alone for rural-hukou holders than urban-hukou holders. Decomposition analyses revealed that the increase in living alone of the young- and middle-aged was mainly driven by changes in migration and marital status, with changes in educational level playing a particularly important role in the rise of women living alone. In conclusion, unlike the observed pattern of living alone in the West, living alone in China is highly gendered and embodied in a rural-urban dual institution.

Fisheries tenure arrangement in China: Legislative ambiguity, judicial settlement conflicts, and the gap in protecting traditional fishers’ rights

With fish stocks declining and fishing control improving, the delineation of rights and restrictions over fisheries resources for small-scale fisheries needs to be attached with more attention globally. As China’s social and economic environment changes, Chinese traditional fishers have also been facing growing challenges in maintaining their customary fisheries operation. With this as the core issue to be addressed, this paper examines the legislative status of fisheries tenure rights in China and the judicial opinions on disputes involving overlapping users’ rights to fisheries-related resources. It adopts a qualitative empirical analysis by reviewing two cases between long-practicing fishers and other entities and by generalizing nine other cases with similar factual backgrounds. It finds that the ambiguous tenure rights legislation in China cannot provide a solid basis for Chinese traditional fishers to affect fisheries-related decision-making processes. As a result, Chinese courts give incompatible judgments without sufficient consideration of traditional fishers’ customary tenure rights. A normative analysis of traditional fishers’ tenure arrangement in China is also rendered, mainly by drawing on the guidelines of FAO on sustainable small-scale fisheries. Then, this article provides suggestions for legislative improvement with a human rights dimension, including enhancing traditional fishers’ participation in decision-making processes and strengthening their property rights protection. This article offers a new perspective on the relationship between traditional fishers’ well-being, administrative powers, and legislative and judicial protections.

The Allocation Change of Rural Land Consolidation Type Structure under the Influence Factors of Different Geographical and Economic Development of China.

Land consolidation structure reflects land consolidation function, and studies about its spatio-temporal change and driving mechanism can serve for regional management and control land consolidation. At present, the analysis of regional differences, time changes, and driving factors of land consolidation type structure change is relatively lacking. Based on the data of provincial acceptance projects from 2000 to 2014, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal change of rural land consolidation type structure in China, discusses the impact of relevant policies, and identifies the socio-economic driving factors in key regions by employing correlation analysis and the PLSR (partial least squares regression) method. The results showed that from 2000 to 2014, the proportional increase of land arrangement in China was significantly correlated with the proportional decrease of land reclamation (R2 = 0.93), and the proportional decrease of land development (R2 = 0.99) showed an obvious co-evolution pattern of increase and decrease; TILC (The area of land development/The area of land arrangement) decreased from 2.14 to 0.91 in 2002-2003. Since 2003, the dominant type of land consolidation in China has gradually changed from land development to land arrangement. However, the proportion of land development in QT (Qinghai-Tibet), JY (Jin-Yu), and FGH (Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan) areas is still more than 40%; the change of land consolidation type structure was influenced by policies, social and economic factors, such as urbanization rate, fixed assets investment, industrial proportion, and population density, and the regional difference was significant: the eastern section (JZS, Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai) is the industry proportion, the central area (HHAJ, Hunan-Hubei-Anhui-Jiangxi) is grain production and fixed assets investment, the western region (NW, Northwest China) has the urbanization rate, grain production, population density, and fixed assets investment. Land consolidation structure should be configured differentially in each region based on the identification of regional function orientation and comprehensive consideration of regional resource endowment and development needs and directions to improve the efficiency of land consolidation.

Buying a house without a formal title: A property rights perspective for understanding informal housing ownership in Shenzhen, China

ABSTRACT Informal housing accommodates a large number of populations in the worldwide and has received considerable attention. However, there is still a lack of understanding on the diversified informal settlers and their housing incentives, constraints, and risks they face. Based on existing research on property rights and informal settlements, this study presents a conceptual framework that includes four dimensions of property rights (the right of possession, the right of use, the right to earn rental income and the right of transfer) to explore the de facto property rights of Small Property Rights Housing (SPRH) owners for a better understanding on informal housing ownership and its relationship with formal and informal institutional arrangements in China. In-depth interviews with SPRH owners were conducted to explore the de facto property rights of SPRH ownership. Findings reveal that the “small” property rights shaped by formal and informal institutional arrangements have resulted in unique housing values of SPRH. Such housing values have met a wide range of housing needs and motivated heterogeneous social groups to obtain SPRH ownership in urbanizing China. Constructive attempts to clarify the “small” property rights of SPRH should consider the different social groups of informal housing owners and their diversified housing needs.

The impact of migration characteristics on rural migrant households' farmland use arrangements in China.

This paper investigates the impacts of migration characteristics on rural migrant households’ farmland use arrangements in China. The results reveal that trailing migration, duration of migration and the proportion of co-migrants have a significant effect on the probability of rural migrant households’ farmland abandonment. Commercial employment migration has a negative impact on the abandonment of farmland by migrant families. Migrant households are most likely to choose farmland abandonment in the western and middle regions of China and in small farmland areas. In the eastern region, and first tier and second tier Chinese cities, migrant households are more inclined to choose farmland transfer. Household earnings increase, which induces households to gradually give up the cultivation of farmland or to transfer farmland, constituting a mechanism in Chinese households’ farmland use arrangements. Notably, the consolidation of arable land should be the focus in areas of low economic development. Furthermore, an effective mechanism for the transfer of farmland should be established.

Understanding subcontracting organizational arrangements for construction projects in China: integrating capabilities and uncertainty

PurposeChinese construction projects commonly implement subcontracting, but organizational arrangements have received little attention. Some studies have debated the impact of firm capabilities on subcontracting. To address these issues, this study differentiates the general contractor’s technological capabilities and alliance management capabilities and investigates how capabilities affect the degree of subcontracting and subcontracting dispersion based on the resource-based view and transaction cost economics.Design/methodology/approachBy conducting a survey, 219 valid questionnaires were collected from Chinese construction companies. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the influence of capabilities on subcontracting organizational arrangements and the moderating role of uncertainty.FindingsThe results show that technological capabilities decrease the degree of subcontracting, whereas alliance management capabilities increase the degree of subcontracting as well as subcontracting dispersion. The results also indicate that the positive effects of alliance management capabilities are weakened by project uncertainty.Practical implicationsThis study provides a better understanding of the diversity of subcontracting organizational arrangements in China. In addition, the findings may help general contractors carry out a rational arrangement by considering their capabilities and transaction hazards.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a holistic understanding of how capabilities determine subcontracting by distinguishing technological capabilities and alliance management capabilities and refining the degree of subcontracting and subcontracting dispersion. Meanwhile, the findings highlight the complementarity of the resource-based view and transaction cost economics by examining the moderating effect of uncertainty.

Can managerialism promote organisational transformation in private universities?

Used as a method of university reform, new public management (NPM) involves an ideology of managerialism that conflicts with collegiality and causes ‘hybridisation’. In management organisations, when organisational goals are not shared at the individual level, this adjustment mechanism shifts to the organisational level. This study aimed to examine whether there are coordination mechanisms at the organisational level in universities by focussing on those in Japan, particularly private universities that require autonomous management. Multi-level analysis results revealed that although there is hybridisation associated with increased managerial pressure, there are no organisational-level mechanisms to reduce conflict. In conclusion, the authors point out the difficulty of organising private universities based on managerialism and suggests that university reform in Japan may be ‘hollowing out’ in the public sector as well. Further, the study emphasises the importance of undertaking a comparative study of governance arrangements in China’s private universities in the future.

Reviewing international anti-corruption cooperation arrangements in China – based on the implementation review mechanism of UNCAC

Reviewing international anti-corruption cooperation arrangements in China – based on the implementation review mechanism of UNCAC

The disembedded digital economy: Social protection for new economy employment in China

AbstractThis research focuses upon employment in the new economy, exploring labour protection and social protection in the digital age in China. Through an empirical survey conducted in three Chinese cities, social insurance and the labour rights of employees in the digital economic sector, such as gig employment, e‐commerce, and various other forms of online employment, have been examined in‐depth. This study reveals new regulatory loopholes in the digital labour market, which have substantially eroded the basis of social policy arrangements in China, “softening” participation in social insurance branches and compliance with labour regulations remarkably. Drawing upon the theoretical concepts of Polanyi on embeddedness and disembeddedness, we argue that the digital employment sector in China has been increasingly disembedded from social institutions and social control. The new configuration in the digital field of social policy requires novel conceptual models and institutional settings to cope with increasing social risks in virtual spaces.

Empowerment or Disintegration? Migration, Social Institutions, and Collective Action in Rural China

This article integrates literature on social movements and migration to examine how migration shapes both the cognitive and social foundations of collective action in origin communities. Using longitudinal data and in-depth interviews from rural China, the author finds that outward migration spurs collective resistance in origin communities and shapes the form and scale of collective action. Migration fosters noninstitutionalized rather than institutionalized collective action, because it induces relational diffusion that empowers peasants to mobilize and employ more effective resistance strategies. This holds more for small- and medium-size collective action than for large-scale mobilizations, mainly because out-migration can also trigger community disintegration that inhibits larger-scale action. Furthermore, local social institutions condition the role of migration: migration has a stronger positive impact in close-knit villages embedded in strong lineage networks than in less cohesive villages. The author contextualizes the findings against the distinct institutional arrangements in China, which were originally engineered to disenfranchise rural-origin people but which instead have inadvertently politicized migrants and peasants alike.

Small horse pulls big cart in the scalar struggles of competing administrations in Anhui Province, China

With its various layers of territorial administration, China provides a picture of the intricacies of scalar practices designed to enhance the competitive position of local governments. In this paper, we examine one arena of scalar competition, a fourth-tier city in Anhui Province that struggles to maintain its authority over its component parts. We focus on contests that play themselves out both vertically and horizontally over prestige projects and territory that can enhance revenue and fill coffers, noting their intensity and complexity. We argue that scalar arrangements in China have at least two distinctive features: they are bound into an all-encompassing system of hierarchical ranks, which covers not only territorial administrations but also all party and state institutions and officials; and the competition they engender is first and foremost related to position within this hierarchy. We discuss the scalar struggles of territorial administrations in terms of flux and fixity, the flux induced by intense competition and the hierarchical fixity sought by the central state. We conclude by arguing that these processes diverge from conventional analyses that explain state reterritorialisation as a response to capital flows.