Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Water Research Articles

Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment in the Ganga River: source diagnostics and health risk assessment on dietary exposure through a common carp fish Labeo rohita.

We evaluated spatial distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments at four selected sites of the Ganga River. Also, we measured PAHs in muscle tissues of Rohu (Labeo rohita), the most common edible carp fish of the Ganga River and potential human health risk was addressed. Total concentration of PAHs (∑PAHs) in water was highest at Manika Site (1470.5ng/L) followed by Knuj (630.0ng/L) and lowest at Adpr (219.0ng/L). A similar trend was observed for sediments with highest concentration of ∑PAHs at Manika (461.8ng/g) and lowest at Adpr Site (94.59ng/g). Among PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) showed highest concentration in both water and sediment. Of the eight major carcinogenic contributors (∑PAH8C), Indeno (1,2,3-C,D) pyrene (InP) did appear the most dominant component accounting for 42% to this group at Manika Site. Isomer ratios indicated vehicular emission and biomass combustion as major sources of PAHs. The ∑PAHs concentrations in fish tissue ranged from 117.8 to 758.0ng/g (fresh weight basis) where low molecular weight PAHs assumed predominance (above 80%). The risk level in fish tissues appeared highest at Manika Site and site-wise differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ILCR (> 10-4) indicated carcinogenic risk in adults and children associated with BaP and DBahA at Manika Site and with BaP at Knuj Site. Overall, the concentrations exceeding permissible limit, carcinogenic potential and BaP equivalent all indicated carcinogenic risks associated with some individual PAHs. This merits attention because the Ganga River is a reservoir of fisheries.

Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water from Hand-dug Wells in Some Communities in Ekpeyeland, Rivers State, Nigeria

Well water sources from selected communities in Ekpeyeland were assessed for the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The assessment was conducted seasonally in six communities. The concentrations of the PAHs were determined using standard methods and procedures and finally quantified by the use of GC-MS chromatography. The result showed the presence of all the 16 USEPA priority PAHs in the examined water samples. Seasonal variations were not significant. The summed values of PAHs from stations and seasons were above the permissible limit required for by WHO. Classification of the different categories of PAHs identified higher molecular weight (HMW) PAHs more in concentration than lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs in the wells. Source identification proved that both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources were responsible for the presence of PAHs in the well water. However, pyrogenic source was the more prominent source of PAHs in the water. There was high level of carcinogenic PAHs in the water and thus the water portends danger to the users. Therefore, the locals are advised not to consume the water to avoid its effect on the long run.

The sources, diffusion, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of a typical underground river in South China

The sources, diffusion, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of a typical underground river in South China

Sources and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and air of the Yangtze River

PAHs concentration in water and air of Yangtze River exhibited a typical spatial trend that was higher in the west but lower in the east. PAHs in the water of the Yangtze River are likely to exert chronic long-term effects on more than 5% of aquatic organisms.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments of a shallow, lowland dammed reservoir (on the example of the reservoir Blachownia, South Poland)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bottom sediments of a shallow, lowland dammed reservoir (on the example of the reservoir Blachownia, South Poland)

Composition, Concentration and Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waters and Bottom Sediments of Lake Baikal and Its Tributaries

The aim of this study was the systematization and generalization of data obtained by authors during the last decade and the comparison of these data with those obtained by other authors. Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used for the determination of PAHs and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for source apportionment of PAHs. It was found that the total concentration of 16 priority PAHs in surface waters varied from 5 to 200 ng/L, whereas the concentration of 16 PAHs in bottom sediments varied from 50 to 700 ng/g. The 2–3-ring PAHs were dominant in water, whereas the 4–6-ring PAHs were dominant in sediments. That was due to PAHs fractionation in the soil–water system. The source apportionment results showed that the PAHs in both water and sediments mostly originated from the combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. In contrast to sediments, there was a PAH fraction in water that did not originate from a single source. The pollution of freshwater ecosystems manifested itself in the lack of correlation between values of octanol/water partitioning coefficients and sediment/water partitioning coefficients of PAHs.

Simultaneous ozonation of ethylbenzene and fluorene in water, soil, and air

Most of the studies regarding aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by ozone focus on individual treatment. Hence, two aromatic hydrocarbons, ethylbenzene (ETB) presented in water and fluorene (FL) distributed in soil, were selected to be eliminated simultaneously in water, soil, and air using ozone. In this study, the effect of the physicochemical properties of ETB and FL, the distribution of FL on sandy and agricultural soils, and the influence of the presence of moisture in both soils were analyzed. The chemical composition of the agricultural soil (mainly metal oxides) enhanced the FL degradation by the possible catalytic ozone decomposition into reactive species, such as •OH, O2•−, H2O2, O3•−, and O•, which reduced its treatment time 4.5-fold in this solid matrix compared to the sandy soil. Moreover, the moisture liberated from water by the gas flow and adsorbed on the soil bed (up to 0.33% at 180 min) reduced the ozonation time 2-fold in the agricultural and sandy soils, due to the •OH formation. Contrary to FL, the rapid elimination of ETB (< 20 min) in both soils did not allow to observe the possible effect of reactive species generation on ETB decomposition due to the low amount of moisture accumulated during this time (<0.06%). The proposed simultaneous ozonation scheme permitted to achieve up to 96% and 100% of the ETB and FL decomposition. Some identified by-products, such as maleic, malonic, oxalic, and formic acids, suggest that ozone and possible reactive species formed on the soil surfaces reacted with both compounds, leading to non-toxic simple by-products with their partial mineralization (≈80%), which was proven by a toxicity evaluation (phytotoxicity and eco-toxicity). The rapid and efficient simultaneous ozonation of aromatic hydrocarbons in water, soil, and air (only ETB) proves the feasibility of ozone to treat different organic pollutants in more than one phase.

The Preparation of Covalent Bonding COF-TpBD Coating in Arrayed Nanopores of Stainless Steel Fiber for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water.

Covalent organic framework (COF)-TpBD was grafted on the arrayed nanopores of stainless steel fiber (SSF) with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as the cross-linking agent. The prepared SSF bonded with COF-TpBD showed high thermal and chemical stability and excellent repeatability. The prepared SSF bonded with COF-TpBD was also used for the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of seven kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in actual water samples, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) determination, which exhibited low limits of detection (LODs), good relative standard deviation (RSD) and high recoveries.

Impact of biochar on sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Impact of biochar on sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Ecological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water, Sediment, and Fish in the Suez Bay, Egypt, and Related Human Health Risk Assessment

Ecological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water, Sediment, and Fish in the Suez Bay, Egypt, and Related Human Health Risk Assessment

Turning a Novel Janus Electrospun Mat into an Amphiphilic Membrane with High Aromatic Hydrocarbon Adsorption Capacity

Aromatic hydrocarbons in water is one of the collateral effects of the petrochemical industry and represents a serious problem both for their toxicity and environmental contamination. In this work, an innovative amphiphilic membrane was developed capable of rapidly removing hydrocarbons (such as BTEX) present in water under the solubility limit. Firstly, a Janus nanostructured membrane was developed from the deposition of superhydrophobic carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNPs) synthesized by radiofrequency plasma polymerization on a hydrophilic electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) mat. Secondly, this membrane was turned amphiphilic by UV exposure, allowing water to pass through. The surface properties of the membranes were studied through SEM, contact angle, and FTIR analysis. Dead-end experiments showed that the toluene and xylene selective sorption capacity reached the outstanding adsorption capacity of 647 mg/g and 666 mg/g, respectively, and that the membrane could be reused three times without efficiency loss. Furthermore, swelling of the PVA fibers prevented the liberation of NPs. The selective sorption capacity of the UV-exposed CNPs was explained by studying the interfacial energy relations between the materials at play. This work provides a simple, low-cost, and scalable technique to develop membranes with great potential for water remediation, including the removal of volatile organic compounds from produced water, as well as separating oil-in-water emulsions.

Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters and sediments from Olt River dam reservoirs in Romania

This study provides important data on the distribution, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in surface waters and sediments collected from dam reservoirs on middle and lower course of the Olt River, the main tributary of the Danube, until the discharge into the Black Sea. A wide variation range of total PAHs concentrations in water (from 1.3 to 46.2 ng/L) and sediment (from 1.78 to 614.04 μg/kg) samples was emphasized by the results. The highest average PAHs concentration in water was recorded in the cold season and the lowest in the summer. In sediments, no differences were observed depending on the sampling period. Spatial distribution of PAHs in waters and sediments was correlated with the main anthropogenic activities along the river course. Regardless of the method used to attribute PAH sources (diagnostic ratios of specific PAHs, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis), it was confirmed that the potential anthropogenic sources of PAHs were both pyrogenic (incomplete combustion of biomass and coal) and pyrolytic (incomplete combustion of liquid fossil fuels and vehicle exhaust emissions), with a dominant pyrolytic input. Ecological risk assessment based on environmental quality standards, mean effect range-median quotient (m-ERM-Q), toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and risk quotient (RQ) methods indicated potentially low ecological risks from PAHs. The ecological status of the Olt river waters poses no potential risk, and pollution of surface sediments can be classified as low polluted, except for two sites near industrial activities classified as moderately polluted. Therefore, a regular monitoring of PAHs concentration in the waters and sediments should be performed to prevent further contamination of PAHs in the studied area, especially in densely populated industrial areas.

Facile Preparation of Ag-NP-Deposited HRGB-SERS Substrate for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water

In this study, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on high-refractive-index reflective glass beads (HRGBs) was prepared by a facile method and successfully applied to the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The HRGB-SERS substrate was prepared by depositing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) onto the surface of HRGBs. The preparation procedure of the substrate was simplified by accelerating the hydrolysis of (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and increasing the concentration of Ag NPs. Compared with previous methods, the HRGB-SERS substrate prepared with one round of deposition has the same detection performance, a simpler preparation process, and lower cost. Additionally, halide ions were used to modify the substrate to increase the detection sensitivity of PAHs. Adding 10 mM KBr solution to the HRGB-SERS substrate was found to achieve the best modification effect. Under the optimal modification conditions, the detection sensitivity of pyrene was improved by 3 orders of magnitude (10−7 M). Due to the HRGB-SERS substrate’s excellent performance, the rapid identification and trace detection of spiked water samples mixed with anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene was realized using a Raman spectrometer with only a volume of 10 μL of the water samples.

Effects of microplastic sorption on microbial degradation of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have a toxicity similar to that of dioxin. Microplastics exist widely in the environment, and their sorption allows them to act as carriers of HPAHs, potentially changing the bioavailability of HPAHs. However, to the best of our knowledge related studies are limited. In this study, degrading bacteria of five HPAHs were cultivated from mangrove sediments. Among them, the Hyphomicrobium genus has good degradation ability on 9−BrAnt, 2−BrPhe and 2−ClPhe. The degradation process is in line with the first−order degradation kinetic characteristics. The kinetic equations of five kinds of HPAHs showed that the degradation half−lives are 0.65 days (2−BrFle), 0.79 days (9−ClPhe), 1.50 days (2−ClAnt), 5.94 days (9−BrPhe) and 14.1 days (9−BrAnt). The greater the number of benzene rings and the heavier the halogen substituents, the slower the degradation of HPAHs. The sorption of microplastics inhibited the biodegradation of HPAHs, and the degradation half−life of HPAHs will be extended from 0.65 to 14.1 days (the average is 4.59 days) to 1.71–9.93 days (average 5.40 days) for PA, 0.70–35.2 days (average 12.8 days) for PE, 6.02–28.2 (average 15.7 days) days for POM, and 4.60–24.0 (average 19.2 days) days for PP, which is mainly related to the partition coefficient between microplastics and water. This study provides a reference for reducing the uncertainty of the ecological risk assessment of HOCs in the aquatic environment.

The extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples with aromatic-dithiocarbamate modified magnetic nanoparticles.

Considering the urgent need for the analysis of trace-level pollutants in water samples, the pre-concentration of micropollutants in water samples has been the focus of extensive research. Among current pretreatment methods, the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique has received enormous attention because of its low cost, ease of operation and high efficiency. In this work, a new adsorbent (Fe3O4@Au@DTC NPs) was acquired through modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with gold (Au) and dithiocarbamate (DTC). To investigate their application ability, the adsorbent were utilized as an SPE adsorbent to enrich polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water (PAHs, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo anthracene, benzo fluoranthene, benzo pyrene). The obtained Fe3O4@Au@DTC NPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and UV-Vis spectrum. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curves were obtained in the range of 10-500 ng L-1, while the limit of detection (LOD) ranged in 1.17-2.31 ng L-1. Furthermore, 50 mg of Fe3O4@Au@DTC NPs could extract trace PAHs from 500 mL real water samples into 1 mL eluent, and the spiked recoveries of five PAHs in river water and tap water reached 72-106% with relative standard deviations varying between 3.3-5.18%. Through the conversion of amines into DTC, we acquire desiring group modified Fe3O4 NPs, which showed great prospects in magnetic solid-phase extraction sphere and environmental field.

Investigation of monthly residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment samples from Kirikkale Kizilirmak River Basin.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain two or more benzene rings and are categorized as general environmentally harmful pollutants. PAHs occur because of various combustion and pyrolysis processes with different environmental and anthropogenic sources. The Kizilirmak River is one of the major important water sources used for drinking water and irrigation purposes in Turkey. There are important industrial facilities around the river and PAH pollution is important in terms of environmental health. This study was carried out to determine the residues of PAHs in water and sediment samples according to month and to identify the pollution sources. Thus, water and sediment samples were collected from five different stations in the Kirikkale basin of the Kizilirmak River every 15days for a year. In this way, 120 water and 120 sediment samples were collected over a year and analyzed in terms of 16 priority PAHs according to the Environmental Protection Agency. The monthly average of the water and sediment samples was calculated. Analyses were carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography based on solid phase extraction. GC-MS was used for confirmation. Acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene were not found in the water samples. The total PAH levels in water and sediment were detected in the range of 0.04 to 1.545μg/L and 43.15-386.115μg/kg, respectively. PAHs found in water and sediment samples had pyrogenic and petrogenic origin and pollution changed significantly between autumn and winter. As a result, precautions should be taken in terms of preventing environmental pollution.

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Fish and the Associated Human Health Risk at Porto-Novo Lagoon, Benin Republic

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Fish and the Associated Human Health Risk at Porto-Novo Lagoon, Benin Republic

Uncovering strong π-metal interactions on Ag and Au nanosurfaces under ambient conditions via in-situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Uncovering strong π-metal interactions on Ag and Au nanosurfaces under ambient conditions via in-situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONTENT IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS IN THE MIDDLE PART OF SHATT AL-ARAB RIVER- SOUTHERN IRAQ

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are more carcinogenic and can remain in the water environment by the bioaccumulating in aquatic creatures like fish. The Shatt Al-Arab River begins north of Basrah City at the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and travels for about 190 kilometers till it reaches the Arabian Gulf. The current study included measuring the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments of three sites chosen from the middle part of the Shatt Al-Arab River (Al-Ashar, Al-Karmah, and Al-Deir), and some environmental factors were measured, which included (Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Salinity and Turbidity). The results of the current study showed that the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water ranged between 6.01-21.7 ng/L, as well as the concentrations in sediments were ranged between 14.6 – 52.5 ng/g D.W. On the other hand the highest concentrations of PAHs appeared during winter while the lowest concentrations appeared during summer. Furthermore, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediments were affected by the sites, seasons and a number of studied environmental factors, where the temperature was the most important factor.

Selective solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water based on oriented phosphorus-containing titanium oxide nanofibers grown on titanium support prior to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A novel solid-phase microextraction coating of phosphorous-containing titanium oxide composite was developed using titanium fiber as a support and a titanium source by hydrothermal oxidation in a phosphoric acid solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The morphology of the fiber coatings was controlled by the conditions of the hydrothermal oxidation reaction. The oriented nanofiber coating was employed to extract several types of representative aromatic analytes. The experimental results demonstrated that the as-prepared fiber exhibited excellent extraction efficiency toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, main extraction conditions were optimized, including pH, ionic strength, extraction temperature, stirring rate, extraction time and desorption time. The established method presented good linearity from 0.05 to 200 μg/L with limit of detection ranging from 0.012 to 0.126 μg/L. This convenient and green procedure was suitable for the selective extraction and determination of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples. The relative recoveries of 85.8-112% were obtained for the determination of target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples spiked with 5.0 and 15.0 μg/L. Moreover, the as-prepared fiber showed at least 210 extraction/desorption cycles due to its high mechanical and chemical stability.