Military Recruits Research Articles

We Are Family

We Are Family Cruz Medina (bio) The House of Broken Angels Luis Alberto Urrea Little, Brown and Company www.littlebrown.com/titles/luis-alberto-urrea/the-house-of-broken-angels/9780316516259/ 368 Pages; Print, $11.99 The House of Broken Angels by Luis Alberto Urrea brings to life the story of a family gathering for the funeral of the de la Cruz family's oldest living member, Mamá América, in what the author describes as "a Mexican Finnegan's Wake." On the day after the funeral, the family celebrates the last birthday of Big Angel, who is deteriorating from cancer and concerned with who will take his place as the family's patriarch. Full of humor, tender moments, and feelings of loss, this story of a multigenerational family reuniting presents a complicated, at times heartwarming, glimpse of an individual Mexican American family at a time of grief and joy, providing a necessary slice of humanity. The pages drip with the inside jokes by family members deathly afraid of the silence that hangs thick with tension from the passage of time that collapses amongst loved ones, bringing back youthful longing and forgotten heartache. In House of Broken Angels, Urrea follows in the tradition of Latinx storytellers. A family tree at the end of the novel diagrams the de la Cruz family and harkens back to the Buendia family of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). Instead of a Columbian village learning of the invention of ice, Urrea's House invents a San Diego barrio with true-to-life depictions of the harsh realities that immigrants face crossing into the US, struggles to keep a family together, confrontations with racism, and reconciliation with the myth of the American Dream. For audiences desiring the familial tales from times past, Urrea includes the struggle of life in Mexico that precipitates crossing over into the US. Over the course of the two days when the novel takes place, Urrea takes the reader on a flashback to Big Angel's youth, setting out to earn money as a young man on a boat with an unscrupulous Chentebent. Wanting to make his way in the world and out of the Mexican city of La Paz, Big Angel escapes the boat of Chentebent, where Angel is captive to the whims of the drunken and criminally violent boat captain. Though not as dire as circumstances facing Central Americans in countries ravaged by narco violence, Angel's experience in Mexico helps the audience to understand how motivations to migrate often come from life-threatening factors back at home that are beyond a migrant's control. In the context of Trump-era "build the wall" political rhetoric, Urrea includes complicated histories and generations of crossing the border, with the voices of former crossers and the children of immigrants. Almost torn from headlines circulating in social media, The House of Broken Angels includes the voices of an emboldened woman in Target who tells family members to "go back to their own country" and the everyday racist command to "speak English." The novel does not linger on these moments for too long, although their inclusion undergirds the world in which the characters occupy as one anchored in our own politically turbulent moment. In his good-natured way, Urrea tells a very real story of a Mexican American family with a divorce that forever damaged relationships between characters and mixed backgrounds that include an educated professor, Little Angel, Yndio the Cher impersonator, someone simply called "Pato" (because of his duck laugh), and Lalo the army vet. Lalo grapples with having served and injured in the US army overseas, though he is unable to receive citizenship as the army recruiter promised. The familial tensions are timeless while the individuals caught in the flawed immigration process and the struggle for LGBTQIA rights speak to commonplaces in our current political landscape. Never one to dedicate too much text to description, Urrea captures the feelings and smells of homes with well-placed asides about the merits of instant coffee or facial tattoos indicative of a gang murder. Capturing differing perspectives in the multigenerational family, the dialogue is layered with...

Neutralizing and Neuraminidase Antibodies Correlate With Protection Against Influenza During a Late Season A/H3N2 Outbreak Among Unvaccinated Military Recruits.

BackgroundAntibodies that inhibit hemagglutination have long been considered a correlate of protection against influenza, but these antibodies are only a subset of potentially protective antibodies. Neutralizing and neuraminidase antibodies may also contribute to protection, but data on their associations with protection are limited.MethodsWe measured preoutbreak hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization (PVN) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) antibody titers in unvaccinated military recruits who experienced an H3N2 influenza outbreak during training. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between titers and protection against influenza illness or H3N2-associated pneumonia using logistic regression.ResultsWith every 2-fold increase in PVN titer, the odds of medically attended polymerase chain reaction–confirmed H3N2 infection (H3N2+) decreased by 41% (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], .45 to .77; P < .001). Among those who were H3N2+, the odds for pneumonia decreased by 52% (OR, 0.48; CI, .25 to .91; P = .0249). With every 2-fold increase in NAI titer, the odds of medically attended H3N2 infection decreased by 32% (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, .53 to .87; P = .0028), but there was no association between NAI titers and H3N2-associated pneumonia. There was also no synergistic effect of PVN and NAI antibodies.ConclusionsPVN and NAI titers were independently associated with reduced risk of influenza illness. NAI titers associated with protection had greater breadth of reactivity to drifted strains than PVN titers. These findings show that PVN and NAI titers are valuable biomarkers for assessing the odds of influenza infection.

The secret of quick thinking: The invention of mental speed in America, 1890–1925

In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other objects of temporal measurement and rationalization such as factory work, little scientific or popular consensus existed over how to clock the invisible phenomenon of thought. The cultural and scientific ascent of mental speed thus poses an unsolved historical problem: how and why did Americans adopt this new ideal of intelligence? This essay offers an answer in the introduction and popularization of a new and controversial practice: the timed test. The first timed tests did not so much formalize an existing conception of mental efficiency as establish a new one, using one of the key tools of measurement available to experimental psychology, the mechanical time-keeper. Initially frustrated in their efforts to correlate their subjects' laboratory-measured reaction time with socially recognized achievements such as academic grades, psychologists in the late 1890s borrowed a still-obscure concept from stenography and telegraphy: words per minute. At first, few scientists or members of the public equated reading, speaking, writing, and listening rate with intelligence. Only after American educators, military recruiters, and vocational guidance experts began to adopt timed testing in the 1910s for administrative convenience did mental speed begin to indicate intelligence and knowledge. What began as a way to test minds efficiently evolved almost inadvertently into a test of their efficiency.

Chondromalacia Patella among Military Recruits with Anterior Knee Pain: Prevalence and Association with Patellofemoral Malalignment.

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of chondromalacia patella (CMP) and to evaluate its relation with trochlear morphometric and patellofemoral alignment measurements as well as with edema in superolateral region of Hoffa's fat pad (SHFP) in military recruits with anterior knee pain (AKP).Materials and Methods:Knee magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 288 military recruits with AKP were retrospectively evaluated. Patellar cartilage lesions were graded using modified Noyes system. Quantitative measurements of trochlear morphology (sulcus angle, trochlear sulcus depth, and lateral trochlear inclination [LTI]) and patellofemoral alignment (patellar translation [PT], lateral patellofemoral angle (LPA), Insall-Salvati index, and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance) were made. The SHFP region was assessed for the presence of edema. Mean values of measurements in knees with and without CMP and in knees with early and advanced stage CMP were compared.Results:We found CMP in 169 (58.7%) patients. Patients with CMP demonstrated a significantly greater sulcus angle (P = 0.012), smaller LTI (P = 0.004), greater PT (P = 0.01), smaller LPA (P = 0.036), greater Insall-Salvati ratio (P = 0.034), and higher incidence of SHFP edema (P = 0.001) compared to those without CMP. While none of the measurements were associated with the severity of cartilage damage, the incidence of SHFP edema was significantly correlated with the severity of CMP (P = 0.001).Conclusion:CMP is a common disorder among military recruits with AKP. Patellofemoral malalignment is an important contributory factor in the development of CMP, and the presence of edema in SHFP may be a strong indicator of underlying severe CMP in this population.

Economic Aspects of the Development of Peasant Household in Russia During the World War I

Development features of peasant household of some Russian provinces during World War I are described in the paper. World War I had a great impact on Russian agriculture. Military recruitment, requisition of horses and cattle, lack of agricultural tools, machines and fertilizers, transport difficulties had a negative impact on agriculture. About 7.5 million people were taken from agriculture in the first year of war. About 6 million of people were called on military service in the second and third year. As a result, a large number of households were without male work power. Women, old men and teenagers had a major role in agriculture due to a lack of male work power. Agriculture lost a great number of horses. They were taken into the army. 3167 thousand of horses were in the army according to records for September 1, 1917. This is 10% of all livestock of horses in the country. A large number of cattle were confiscated during the war. This had a great impact on agriculture of the southern and western provinces. A great requisition was in middle-class households and in poor households. However, despite a number of negative economic factors connected with the war, country economy had necessary human resources, material and technical resources, showing steady increase in work productivity and crop yield. Political events of critical period in the history of Russia in the beginning of the 20th century showed that the country was dependent on the peasantry. It was because the peasantry was the majority of population. Rural and army support played a great role in a victory of the Left in revolutionary events of 1917 and the subsequent Civil war. Agrarian revolution showed that Russian peasantry resolved complex problems of agrarian development by confiscatory and distributive actions. It was called «Black Repartition» in Russia.

A randomized trial of brief web-based prevention of unhealthy alcohol use: Participant self-selection compared to a male young adult source population

BackgroundHow much a randomized controlled trial (RCT) sample is representative of or differs from its source population is a challenging question, with major implications for generalizability of results. It is particularly crucial for freely-available web-based interventions tested in RCTs since they are designed to reach broad populations and could increase health disparities if they fail to reach the more vulnerable individuals. We assessed the representativeness of a sample of participants in a primary/secondary prevention web-based brief intervention RCT in relation to its source population. Then we compared those recruited to those not recruited in the RCT. MethodsThere is a mandatory army recruitment process in Switzerland at age 19 for men. Between August 2010 and July 2011, 12,564 men (source population) attended two recruitment centers and were asked to answer a screening questionnaire on alcohol use. Among 11,819 (94.1%) who completed it, 7027 (59.5%) agreed to participate in a longitudinal cohort study with regular assessments. In 2012, these participants were invited to a web-based brief intervention RCT. Participation was not dependent on the presence or quantity of alcohol use. We assessed the representativeness of the RCT sample in relation to the source population and compared participants recruited/not recruited in the RCT with respect to education level and alcohol use. ResultsThe RCT sample differed from the source population: individuals 20 and over were significantly less represented (34.3% vs 37.9%, p = 0.006), as were those with lower education level (58.6% vs 63.0%, p = 0.0009). The prevalence of any alcohol use was higher in the RCT population (92.3% vs 90.6%, p = 0.03) but unhealthy alcohol use was less represented (37.1% vs 43.2%, p < 0.0001). Differences on alcohol use measures and education were similarly found when those recruited in the RCT were compared to those who were not, including in a multivariable model, showing independent associations between less unhealthy alcohol use and higher education and recruitment in the RCT. ConclusionsRCT participants differed from other members of the source population, with those participating in the RCT having higher prevalence of any alcohol use but lower levels of consumption and lower prevalence of indicators of unhealthy alcohol use. Individuals with higher education were overrepresented in the RCT sample. Selection bias may exist at both ends of the drinking spectrum and individuals with some indicators of greater vulnerability were less likely to participate. Results of web-based studies may not adequately generalize to the general population.Trial registration: The trial was registered at current controlled trials: ISRCTN55991918.

Uma lei para os libertos: recrutamentos e território quilombola no Recôncavo da Bahia, 1800-1860

Este artigo analisa a ação repressiva das autoridades coloniais e provinciais sobre os escravos e libertos da Bahia, que viviam nas franjas do condado de Nazaré das Farinhas, na primeira metade do século XIX. Também são analisadas as diferentes estratégias levadas a cabo por homens livres para burlar o recrutamento militar, especialmente a formação de quilombos e a construção de territórios negros. O estudo enfatiza o movimento de escravos fugitivos que estavam tentando sobreviver nas cidades e nos distritos da região, as revoltas que protagonizaram e sua relação com a comunidade de homens livres suspeitos. Além do uso de uma bibliografia atualizada, a pesquisa se baseou em documentos expedidos pelos Juízes de Paz, os censos do governo da Capitania, relatos de viajantes, correspondências da Presidência da Província e municipais, ordenanças, acordos e regulamentos do período colonial, processos criminais, assentamentos em livro batismal e documentos emitidos pela polícia da época.

DEATH AND THE MODERN EMPIRE: THE 1918–19 INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC IN INDIA

ABSTRACTIn India the 1918–19 influenza pandemic cost at least twelve million lives, more than in any other country; it caused widespread suffering and disrupted the economy and infrastructure. Yet, despite this, and in contrast to the growing literature on recovering the ‘forgotten’ pandemic in other countries, remarkably little was recorded about the epidemic in India at the time or has appeared in the subsequent historiography. An absence of visual evidence is indicative of a more general paucity of contemporary material and first-hand testimony. In seeking to explain this absence, it is argued that, while India was exposed to influenza as a global event and to the effects of its involvement in the Great War, the influenza episode needs to be more fully understood in terms of local conditions. The impact of the disease was overshadowed by the prior encounter with bubonic plague, by military recruitment and the war, and by food shortages and price rises that pushed India to the brink of famine. Subsumed within a dominant narrative of political unrest and economic discontent, the epidemic found scant expression in official documentation, public debate and/or even private correspondence.

Unwanted sexual experiences and retraumatization: Predictors of mental health concerns in veterans.

Repeated exposure to traumatic events has consistently been shown to negatively impact mental health functioning; however, the role of timing of such events has received less attention. The present study evaluated the role of trauma that has occurred prior to military service, during service, and across both points in contributing to the most common and deleterious mental health concerns experienced by military personnel: posttraumatic stress, depression, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. Utah and Idaho National Guard personnel (n = 997) completed online self-report questionnaires of their current posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms, as well as history of potentially traumatic experiences, suicidal thoughts, and actions. Results indicated that history of trauma across time points is associated with negative outcomes across each of these outcomes, with the exception of suicide attempts. Exploratory analyses further revealed that unwanted or uncomfortable sexual experiences (not sexual assault) is the most robust predictor of negative outcomes, with approximately 2 to 7.5 times increased risk for PTSD, depression, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. The present findings suggest that individuals with history of trauma prior to military service are at increased risk for developing clinically significant mental health problems if exposed to additional potentially traumatic experiences. Further, other unwanted sexual experiences appear to be particularly detrimental to mental health functioning. Potential implications for military recruitment and conceptualization of traumatic events are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Selling Military Service During Wartime: U.S. Army Recruitment Advertising and Enlistment Motivation During the War Against Terror

This article examines the coherence between the themes expressed in the U.S. Army’s recruitment advertisements and the enlistment motivation among American soldiers enlisting in the Army in the years 2001–2010, when the country was involved in two wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, respectively. Based on exploration of the prevalent research, the article begins by assessing the history of military recruitment and enlistment motivation in the United States after the introduction of the draft in 1917 and after the introduction of the All-Volunteer Force (AVF) in 1973. In this section, the article discusses the role of the Army’s recruitment advertising. Based on an analysis of selected interviews with Army veterans, the second part of the article aims to clarify the different motivations for enlisting in the U.S. Army between 2001 and 2010 and to compare these motivations with the contents of the Army’s recruitment advertisements at the time. The article argues that among the different reasons for enlisting, the feeling of duty to country remained a strong motivator throughout this period. Furthermore, the article argues that there was never complete consistency between the contents of the recruitment advertisements and the soldiers’ enlistment motivation.

Killing with Culture: Anthropology’s Ethical Dilemma with War

ABSTRACTThis article highlights the difficulty of creating a code of ethics in anthropology, particularly one that appropriately addresses the nuanced nature of the military and the anthropologists who conduct research and disseminate information in the context of war. The article consults one of the most important books on this topic, George R. Lucas' Anthropologists in Arms (2009), along with several other relevant texts, and examines the ethical complexities and dilemmas American and European anthropologists faced during their involvement in both World Wars, as well as those faced during Vietnam and the more recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The article also examines the military's recruitment of cultural experts, the methods used to culturally engage combatants, and the criticisms against social scientists who choose to work as so-called military anthropologists. The anthropologists in this article risked academic exile conducting what some consider an adulteration of academic principles. The article contributes to the discourse regarding unconventional warfare and the methods used by the armed forces to better understand the cultural nuances of people, and to highlight the need for the development of a better anthropological code of ethics that accounts for the challenges of war.

Emancipación y guerra en el Río de la Plata, 1840-1865: hacia una historia social de las relaciones internacionales

Las causas de la guerra grande o guerra del Paraguay (1864-1870) han sido discutidas desde el final de ésta y continúan siendo objeto de polémica entre los historiadores. En este artículo analizo la relación entre la coyuntura política brasileña y el proceso de abolición de la esclavitud en Uruguay entre las décadas de 1840 y 1860. Pretendo argumentar que la presencia de individuos esclavizados y de terratenientes y dueños de esclavos brasileños en territorio uruguayo afectó las relaciones internacionales entre los países de la región de la Plata en el siglo XIX, contribuyendo fundamentalmente en el crecimiento de las tensiones que llevaron al inicio de la guerra. Más allá de este argumento, al utilizar documentos y métodos típicos de la historia política tradicional y de la historia social, también busco defender la pertinencia del análisis de las relaciones internacionales a partir de la perspectiva de la historia social. Así, pretendo demostrar que los fenómenos de tránsito de individuos por las fronteras, de la fuga de esclavos, de la violencia del reclutamiento de ejércitos y milicias uruguayos y brasileños y de los ataques a las comunidades de negros libres y libertos ocurridos en este periodo tienen una importante dimensión internacional, cuya comprensión es fundamental para el entendimiento de los orígenes de la guerra del Paraguay.

Social Representations of People with Gambling Problems: The Influence of Prevention Classes on Non-gamblers.

In the present study, we examine the impact of prevention classes on non-gambling males. Specifically, we measure whether attending a prevention class influences how non-gambling participants perceive people who gamble problematically. Participants (N = 545) were all lifetime non-gamblers, and were all conscripts attending a two-day military recruitment program. On the first day participants either attended or did not attend a gambling prevention class. On the second day, they all completed a questionnaire that contained questions on how they perceived people who gamble problematically. Results showed that their representations were organized in terms of mental status (i.e. mentally disordered or not) and person-centeredness (i.e. self-centered or not). Results also showed that participants who attended the gambling prevention class saw problem-gambling individuals as more mentally disordered and self-centered than those who did not attend the class. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of social support and their applicability to problem gambling prevention programs.

Mobilizing civilians into high-risk forms of violent collective action

We consider whether prior political activism increases the likelihood of engaging in higher-risk forms of violent collective action. We test our hypothesis in the context of the 2014 Euromaidan and subsequent separatist violence in Eastern Ukraine. In the aftermath of the Euromaidan protests, the Ukrainian government began a widespread campaign to mobilize young men for military service against separatist movements in the Donbas region amid escalating tensions with Russia. In July 2014, we survey young men who were volunteering to join the Ukrainian military’s counterinsurgency efforts and compare them to other young men who live in the same community but had not volunteered. Using a case control study design, we interviewed 100 young men who reported to a local Ukrainian army recruitment station in Kharkiv, a city in Eastern Ukraine which was an important center for military recruitment efforts. We compared them to 100 other young men who lived in the same communities, received recruitment notices, but had chosen not to report. Military recruits were sampled by cluster-sampling at the recruitment station, with random selection of recruits by cluster. Civilian males were sampled by random route in the vicinity of the recruitment station. When comparing survey responses between recruits and civilians, we find strong linkages between prior Euromaidan participation and military mobilization. Our results are robust to controls for parochial ethnocentrism and mere support for Euromaidan goals. Maidan participation and military mobilization are also correlated with a strong sense of self-efficacy, optimism, risk tolerance, patriotic nationalism, and feelings of in-group solidarity with protesters and the military. These correlates illustrate plausible mechanisms for how individuals could transition to increasingly higher-cost, higher-risk forms of collective action.

육군 신병 훈육요원의 감정노동이 직무만족에 미치는 영향: 직무스트레스의 매개효과를 중심으로

육군 신병 훈육요원의 감정노동이 직무만족에 미치는 영향: 직무스트레스의 매개효과를 중심으로

Army recruitment video advertisements in the US and UK since 2002: Challenging ideals of hegemonic military masculinity?

This article examines video recruitment advertising for the US and UK armies between 2002 – post 9/11 – and 2018 in order to unpack constructions of gender in a context of what has been called a military recruitment crisis. The findings suggest that the recruitment crisis has made possible some interesting representations of gender in the armies of the respective states. The US constructs its army in less traditionally masculine terms: women and people of colour are frequently present as equal team members and there is a focus on emotional as well as physical strength. In contrast, UK advertising pre-2012 does not feature many women, presenting them in subordinate terms, and focuses on risk-taking and physical strength. After this period, however, there is a marked change and British army advertisements begin to look more like those produced by the US. The author argues that this represents a rejection of hegemonic military masculinity and that such a rejection functions to obscure military violence by presenting armies as progressive.

Militarism goes to school

Schools are a primary site for socialization into societies that support war, and the United States is no exception. The tradition of military recruiters visiting high schools is deeply ingrained i...

Illegal Military Recruitment and Constitutional Law:The Judicial Protection of Forced Recruits in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico

Juana Tapia did not know how to sign her own name. Yet, on September 12, 1900, Tapia successfully initiated a suit in federal district court for her son's release from military service. Her son, Miguel Álvarez, had been imprisoned by a local prefect during the recent municipal elections in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, for alleged criminal activities. Instead of consigning Álvarez to a criminal judge to be prosecuted for these alleged crimes, the local prefect had ordered Tapia's son to nearby Torim to serve in the Mexican army's twelfth battalion.

A Comparison of Anthropometric Measures with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in the Classification of Overweight and Obesity in U.S. Military Personnel (P21-050-19)

ObjectivesGiven that the prevalence of obesity in the military is a growing national security concern, we sought to determine: 1) the level of agreement between body mass index (BMI), circumference-based equation (CBE), waist circumference (WC), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measures, and 2) if BMI, CBE, or WC measures alone or in combination adequately reflect adiposity in military personnel compared to BIA measures. MethodsMeasurements taken by trained personnel were used to estimate BMI (using overweight cut-offs in males from the military (BMI, ≥27.5 kg/m2) and World Health Organization (WHO BMI, ≥25.0 kg/m2)), BMI % body fat (BF%), WC, CBE BF%, and BIA BF%. Respondents were categorized as normal vs. overweight/obese or overfat. Anthropometric measures were compared to BIA to examine levels of agreement and standard screening performance measures. ResultsAmong the 389 participants (78% male), WHO BMI and BIA BF% classified the most males (61.1% and 42.6%, respectively) and females (both 51.2%) as overweight/obese, whereas WC with BMI (BMI + WC) and WC alone were the least likely to classify males (10.9% and 11.6%, respectively) and females (both 9.3%) as overweight/obese. The levels of agreement were all statistically significant and highest for BMI (males Cohen’s kappa (Ck) = 0.711, females Ck = 0.814) and WHO BMI (males Ck = 0.578, females Ck = 0.814); moderate for BMI + CBE (males Ck = 0.447, females Ck = 0.676); and lowest for WC and WC + BMI (all Ck ≤ 0.270). To maximize sensitivity and minimize false discovery rate, BMI + CBE performed best overall (sensitivity = 50.9%, false discovery rate = 5.4%). ConclusionsValid measures of adiposity are needed to ensure that military recruitment and job security are not jeopardized by inaccurate body fat standards. Our findings support BMI + CBE as an easy-to-implement combination to assess adiposity in the military. Future studies need to consider overall goals, including associated health risks, before expanding on these findings. Funding SourcesAll authors contributed their efforts without receiving funding or salary support. The research study was supported by a Grant to the Consortium for Health and Military Performance at the Uniformed Services University from the US Army’s Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness program.

Promotion of the Military Profession, Recruitment and Selection of Candidates. Conceptual Delimitations

Abstract Romania’s security interests and objectives, the army missions in the current geopolitical context and Romania’s obligations as a member of NATO have imposed the continuation of the process of quantitative and qualitative restructuring of the human resources and determined the decision to renounce compulsory military service in favor of the one based on volunteering, starting with the first of January of 2007. The transition from the army based on compulsory military service to the one based on voluntary service imposed the repositioning of the military profession on the Romanian labor market, especially in relation to the competition represented by other similar institutions.