Army Military Research Articles

Harmonization of the Authority to Investigate Indonesian National Army Personnel Who Commit Corruption

This study aims to analyze the legal implications of disharmony of authority between the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) and the Indonesian National Army Military Police Center (Puspom TNI) in investigating corruption perpetrators from military personnel as well as the ideal formulation in the investigation of corruption cases from the perspective of the principle of equality before the law in the future. This research is normative juridical research that uses both the statutory and conceptual approaches. This study concludes two things. First, the resolution of the disharmony of authority between the KPK and Puspom TNI in the 2002 KPK Law, the Military Justice Law, and the TNI Law is that the legislators harmonize the regulatory material, submit a request for judicial review of the law in the Mahkamah Konstitusi, and apply the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generalis. Second, the ideal formulation for the future is to revise the Military Justice Law and the TNI Law, which specifically regulates TNI soldiers who commit military crimes only. If a soldier commits a corruption crime, the Corruption Court will resolve the case without distinguishing the perpetrator's military or civilian status.

2차 미소공동위원회 당시 정치고문단의 창설과 활동

The Political Advisory Group(PAG) was organized based on the recognition that the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea(AMG) had no dedicated advisory body to consult on political issues in South Korea, despite the fact that AMG dealt with numerous political issues in South Korea in addition to its military duties. The creation of the PAG was the final destination of the ‘decentralized’ and ‘fluid’ organizational transformation of AMG’s political advisory machinery. AMG had previously utilized the military intelligence agencies, political advisors dispatched by the US State Department, Hodge’s personal political advisor, and the American delegates for U.S-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission as political advisory organizations. PAG was comprised of Korea experts and political analysts from AMG. PAG collected and analyzed political intelligence through continuous contact with South Korean political figures. Then, PAG framed and implemented AMG’s occupation policy In particular, PAG actively supported the American delegates for 2nd U.S-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission based on the political intelligence and understanding of South Korean political parties accumulated through its activities. Throughout the 2nd U.S-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission, PAG’s focus was on “creating a situation led by right-wing forces” in the list of Korean political parties and social groups that U.S-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission would consult. The existence and activities of PAG clearly show the way and perspective of AMG’s reorganization of South Korean politics at the time. In addition, the fact that the PAG was established as a permanent organization with a single function as a “political advisor” only in 1947 can be seen as evidence that the political advisory function of the AMG in the early days of the occupation was weak.

Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia theileri and Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in military working dogs and ticks collected from the Republic of Korea Army garrisons in Gangwon Province in 2021–2022

AbstractTick‐borne pathogens (TBPs) are an emerging concern to humans and animals in the Republic of Korea, especially within the military zones of Gangwon Province, a mountainous region abundant with wild fauna and ticks. This study aimed to detect six TBPs in military working dogs (MWDs) and ticks in this region using Nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and sequencing. The targeted pathogens included Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella henselae, Borrelia spp., Orientia tsutsugamushi, Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). A total of 164 serum samples from MWDs were collected at the Korean Army Military working dog training center and 1418 ticks were collected at various training sites between June 2021 and August 2022. Haemaphysalis longicornis was identified as the predominant species (98.3%, n = 1394), followed by Haemaphysalis flava (1.6%, n = 22) and Ixodes nipponensis (0.1%, n = 2). This study detected A. phagocytophilum and Borrelia theileri in 1.4% (1/72) of the tick pools and detected SFTSV in 0.6% (1/164) of MWD serum samples. The MWD found to be infected with SFTS was a German Shepherd, but showed no significant clinical signs, with a normal complete blood count (CBC). In the phylogenetic analysis, three sequences were acquired. One sequence (OR865211) exhibited 100% homology with 16S rRNA of A. phagocytophilum identified from animals and human patients in the Republic of Korea. Another sequence (OR865152) displayed 99.34%–100% sequence similarity with 16S rRNA of B. theileri fragments. The third sequence (OR865115), which belongs to the SFTS B‐1 genotype, showed 94.7% sequence similarity to a strain identified in the Republic of Korea (KY789441).

The process and meaning of Iribu(府) Promotion during the time of HeadQuarters U.S. Army Military Government in Korea

The process and meaning of Iribu(府) Promotion during the time of HeadQuarters U.S. Army Military Government in Korea

미군정기 농사교도국(農事敎導局) 신설과 해체 과정

This study explores establishment and disbandment of The Agricultural Extension Service In USArmy Military Government in South Korea and reviews Political and social meaning. To do so, we analyzed the US Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) documents and memorandum of South Korean agricultural officials, including the U.S. military's response to agricultural issues, discussions on the establishment of the Agricultural Extension Service and activities. A comparative study was also conducted with the agricultural policies of the Syngman Rhee regime to identify the characteristics of the Agricultural Improvement Service and the Agricultural Extension Service that USArmy Military Government established. The results of this study are as follows. First, The process of creation of the Agricultural Extension Service was a manifestation of new values that countered coloniality. But We can also see the reaction of countering the tendency. Second, the newly created agricultural experiment organization achieved a qualitative strengthening of rural leaders along with a quantitative strengthening, including the expansion of rural leaders, which laid the foundation for the achievements of the Agricultural Extension Service. Third, the establishment of Syngman Rhee's regime brought about a major change in the perspective and operation of agricultural extension, which led to the atrophy and disappearance of the Agricultural Extension Service and the emergence of the legacy of colonial agriculture into the mainstream of Korean agricultural administration. The creation and activities of the Agricultural Extension Service were process of the spread of American values that emphasized procedural democracy. Not only that, The establishment of The Agricultural Extension Service was in line with the Cold War goals of the United States. It was therefore likely to be promoted by the USArmy Military Government’s rural stabilization policy. But this was qualitatively different from colonial agrarianism in that modern values based on democracy were spread to rural society.

The value of umbilical artery blood gas analysis in the rapid diagnosis of fetomaternal hemorrhage.

As a rare obstetric disease, fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) often causes severe fetal anemia, edema and even death, easily to be confused with severe neonatal asphyxia. Currently, there are several ways to detect or predict FMH, however, most of them are flawed and time-consuming, as well as unsuitable for rapid diagnosis and timely intervention of FMH. To explore the values of umbilical artery blood gas analysis in the rapid diagnosis of FMH, providing basis for rapid guidance of newborn rescue. Five cases of neonates with FMH from the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University (Chongqing Southwest Hospital) from January 2013 to January 2016 were selected as the study group. Another 9 cases of severe asphyxia neonates were chosen into the control group. The difference in Apgar score and umbilical artery blood gas analysis between the 2 groups at birth was compared, and the treatments and clinical outcomes of the 2 groups were analyzed. The PH value of umbilical artery blood gas analysis in the study group was higher than that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). In the study group, cases with pH value < 7.0 accounted for 0%, whereas the cases with pH < 7.0 accounted for 66.67% in the control group, and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P < .05). Compared with the control group, the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PO2), the absolute value of (PCO2), lactic acid (lac) and alkali were not significantly different from those of the control group (P > .05), while the total hemoglobin (tHb) and hematocrit (Hct) were significantly lower than the control group (P < .0001). In the study group, tHb in the umbilical cord blood of 2 newborns with FMH death was significantly lower than 40 g/L. FMH should be highly suspected when there is an expression of severe asphyxia in neonates, indicated by significantly lower tHb levels in umbilical cord blood. It is helpful to improve the neonatal outcome by FMH neonatal resuscitation as soon as possible.

Value of peripheral blood rare cell EGFR gene amplification detection in the evaluation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules

Objective: To explore the value of detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification in peripheral blood rare cells in the assessment of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. Methods: A total of 262 patients with pulmonary nodules were selected as the retrospectively study subjects from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University and Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2022 to August 2023. There were 98 males and 164 females, with the age range from 16 to 79 (52.1±12.1) years. The EGFR gene amplification testing was performed on the rare cells enriched from patients' peripheral blood, and the clinical manifestations, CT imaging features, histopathological and/or pathological cytological confirmed results of patients were collected. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off value of the method of detection of EGFR gene amplification in peripheral blood rare cells, and its diagnostic efficacy was evaluated. Results: Among the 262 patients, 143 were malignant pulmonary nodules and 119 were benign pulmonary nodules. The differences between malignant pulmonary nodules and benign pulmonary nodules in nodule diameter and nodule density were statistically significant (both P<0.001), while the differences in age, gender and nodule number were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). The number [M (Q1, Q3)] of EGFR gene amplification positive rare cells in patients with malignant pulmonary nodule was 8 (6, 11), which was higher than that in patients with benign pulmonary nodule [2 (1, 4), P<0.001]. The ROC curve results showed that when the optimal cut-off value was 5 (that was, the number of EGFR gene amplification positive rare cells was>5), the area under the curve (AUC) of the detection of EGFR gene amplification in peripheral blood rare cells for discrimination of benign and malignant pulmonary lesions was 0.816 (95%CI: 0.761-0.870), with a sensitivity of 83.2%, a specificity of 80.7%, and an accuracy of 82.1%. Based on the analysis of the diameter of the nodules, the AUC for distinguishing between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules with diameter 5-9 mm and 10-30 mm was 0.797 (95%CI: 0.707-0.887) and 0.809 (95%CI: 0.669-0.949), respectively, with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy reached 75% or above. Based on the analysis of nodule density, the AUC for distinguishing between benign and malignant solid nodule and subsolid nodule was 0.845 (95%CI: 0.751-0.939) and 0.790 (95%CI: 0.701-0.880), respectively, with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy reached 75% or above. Based on the analysis of nodule number, the AUC for distinguishing between benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodule and multiple pulmonary nodule was 0.830 (95%CI: 0.696-0.965) and 0.817 (95%CI: 0.758-0.877), respectively, with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy reached 80% or above. Conclusion: The detection of EGFR gene amplification in peripheral blood rare cells contributes to the evaluation of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules, and can be used in the auxiliary diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules.

In Pursuit of Excellence: Analysing the Indispensable Nature of Conduct and Discipline of Nepali Army in UN Peace Support Missions

Nepal is currently ranked 2nd among the Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) in United Nations Peace Support Operations. In this context, this paper examines the contribution of the Nepali Army's military conduct and discipline to the effectiveness of UN Peace Support Missions. The theoretical foundations delve into pertinent theories, particularly emphasizing Kevin S. Donohue's concepts of Discipline A (voluntary, value-based Attitudes) and Discipline B (externally enforced Behavioral responses) within the military framework. Maintaining conduct and discipline in UN peace operations is essential for ensuring the credibility and legitimacy of these missions. Therefore, prior UN reports and the Secretary General's Special Bulletin from 2015 to 2022 are comparatively analyzed to reflect on occurrences of misconduct involving peacekeepers from TCCs. Likewise, a quantitative comparative analysis assesses the status of the Nepali Army in terms of military conduct analyzing the rate of allegations of misconducts against it. The study employs descriptive statistics to analyze the status of misconduct allegations including that of serious misconduct to advocate for a stronger integration of military conduct with UN peacekeeping mandates, aiming to enhance overall effectiveness and elevate ethical standards in international peace operations. The findings underscore Nepal's exemplary practices in fostering both Discipline B and Discipline A within its peacekeeping forces. The paper concludes by demonstrating the substantial positive impact of disciplined behaviour on mission outcomes

해방직후 대한민국임시정부의 통일운동

This paper is about the unification movement of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea(PGRK) right after liberation. On December 20, 1945, PGRK finalized the Founding Line. The first step was to establish a transitional government by convening the Emergency Political Council that included people from all political forces. Therefore, PGRK's unification movement is defined as a series of activities to involve all political forces in the Emergency Political Council. On the first stage, PGRK negotiated with political parties and organizations, but failed to narrow down the differences with the left-wing forces, ending on January 5 1946. On the second, PGRK tried to convene a five-party meeting to serve as a preliminary meeting for the Emergency Political Conference, but this also failed, ending on January 16. Finally, PGRK abandoned negotiations with the left-wing forces and decides to convene the Preliminary meeting of the Emergency Political Conference, by unilateral notification. PGRK's unification movement failed due to the lack of participation from the left-wing forces. This was a major reason why PGRK lost the momentum to implement the Founding Line and participated in the “political organization” plan of Syngman Rhee and the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea instead of pursuing independent activities.

Military Reforms in North Vietnam in the 17th–18th Centuries and their Impact on the Combat Capability of the Army

Throughout Vietnam&amp;apos;s medieval history, the military aristocracy has always played a crucial role in government, relying on private armies that formed the basis of the armed forces. Nevertheless, in the second half of the 17th –– first quarter of the 18th centuries in the northern part of Vietnam, with the temporary cessation of wars, there has been a transition from military dictatorship and related forms of government to a state in which, at least formally, the first place would be given to civilian officials. This transition required a major reorganization of the army, which was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, in 1674, under the ruler Trinh Tac, the administration of the northern part of the country finally ceased campaigns against the separatists in the south and significantly limited the military&amp;apos;s ability to interfere in the affairs of the civilian government. At the same time, private military armies and the principle of recruiting professional military personnel, mainly from the South, were preserved. At the second stage, in the 1720s, under Trinh Cuong, it was decided to abandon professional detachments as the basis of the armed forces completely, and troops began to be formed through recruitment and centralized training of senior and middle-level commanders at the military schools. The latter of these reforms caused significant damage to the combat capability of the troops, which clearly manifested during the civil wars that broke out in the country in the 1730s–40s.

Implementation of TNI Driving License (SIM) in Army Military Police Units at Denpom IV/3 Salatiga

The aim of this research is to describe the implementation of the TNI SIM implementation and describe the obstacles or obstacles and efforts to overcome them, in implementing the TNI SIM at the Ground Forces Military Police Unit Denpom IV/3 Salatiga. This research uses purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques, with data collection methods in the form of observations and interviews through primary and secondary data sources. The results of the research found that the implementation of the TNI SIM at Denpom IV/3 Salatiga was carried out well, but there were still obstacles or obstacles, where the location of several Korem 073/Makutarama Rank Units was very far from Denpom IV/3 Salatiga, so it took a long time to travel to get there. to the goal, to overcome these obstacles or obstacles, Denpom IV/3 Salatiga carries out socialization on the implementation of TNI SIMs to distant units once a year and if there is a request from the applicant unit.

미군정기 보건학유학생 파견과 유학정책 갈등

After liberation, the Korean health care system changed under the influence of the United States. This study focuses on health students studying abroad during the U.S. Army Military Government period as a starting point for changes in Korean health care. By focusing on the process and educational content of sending international students, we will examine the differences in the positions of institutions involved in sending international students and the content of American public health knowledge received through studying abroad.&#x0D; The first and second Rockefeller Foundation international students studied public health and other detailed technologies in the United States and conducted field trips. The concept of public health accepted in the United States was premised on responsibility for the community and could become the basis for the role of health care administration during the nation-building period. By cultivating expertise in specific majors, including public health administration, international students were able to play a central role in Korea’s health care administration.&#x0D; Through the second student dispatch process, we were able to examine the differences in judgments and positions between the US military government, including Korean medical education group, and the Rockefeller Foundation regarding the tasks that should be focused on in Korea. While the US military government emphasized the improvement of Korean medical education during the selection process for international students, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to select those who would focus on improving Korea's ‘public health’. This could later be reflected in the development of Korean medical education, which focused on the development of medical fields other than public health. In addition, the fact that the positions of the US military government and the Rockefeller Foundation were not the same regarding the dispatch of international students suggested that the ‘Americanization’ of health care needed to be reviewed by specific sector and period.

보건학자 주인호의 감염병 매개 곤충 연구와 미군의 지원, 1945-1969

This paper delves into the body of works produced by Inho Chu, a Korean public health researcher, between the late 1940s and the 1960s, with a particular focus on the impact of the United States military on his research. Chu emerged as a central figure in the process often referred to as “Americanization” of Korean public health in the aftermath of World War II. His professional development as a public health expert was significantly influenced by continuous support from the U.S. military. Chu pursued his education in public health at the University of Michigan under the auspices of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK). Additionally, he received specialized training in medical entomology at the U.S. Army's Hemorrhagic Fever Center during the Korean War. Subsequent to the war, he departed for the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2 in Taiwan (NAMRU-2) to join the transnational network of tropical medicine. Through a detailed exploration of Chu's academic journey, this paper aims to analyze how Chu effectively adapted the intellectual, material, and technological resources provided by the U.S. military to Korean medical circumstances and the historical legacies of colonialism. The results of such analyses illuminate the intricate interplay between the U.S. military support and the Korean context of the Cold War, which had contributed to the development of the field of public health in South Korea.

Towards an effective gender integration in the armed forces: The case of the Colombian Army Military Academy

The importance of gender integration in the armed forces is well-established in the scholarly literature, as it plays a vital role in conflict prevention and resolution, offering an innovative understanding of security issues. However, the discussion has omitted critical issues involving women's integration into militaries other than in developed countries, the military academies' role in fostering respect for women's rights, and the importance of ongoing gender-equality policy assessment. This article aims to broaden this discussion by focusing on the case of Colombia, a conflicted country whose military has extensive combat experience and where societal sexism, and prejudices remain prevalent. To this end, it examines the Army Military Academy (Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova) and its gender-equality policy, Atenea. The statistical methods show that customary predictors of support for women used to study NATO and developed countries should be carefully used when exploring militaries in countries like Colombia, where individual biases associated with typecasts and traditionally male-dominated cultures usually restrict equal opportunities and support for women in the military profession. It finds the role of military academies significant in fostering cohesion and respect for women's rights, concluding that the ongoing evaluation of gender-equality policies and strategies is paramount to promoting and guaranteeing an egalitarian environment.

Automatic segmentation of the female pelvic floor muscles on MRI for pelvic floor function assessment.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a pelvic floor dysfunction disease which affects females. The volume of pelvic floor muscle, especially the levator ani muscle (LAM), is an important indicator of pelvic floor function. However, muscle volume measurements depend on manual segmentation, which is clinically time-consuming. In this work, we present an efficient automatic segmentation model of pelvic floor muscles with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on DenseUnet, to achieve muscle volume calculation and provide a reference for the assessment of pelvic floor function. A total of 49 female pelvic floor magnetic resonance (MR) series were retrospectively enrolled from the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University between 2013 and 2021, including 21 normal participants and 28 patients with stage 1-4 POP. The LAM, internal obturator muscle (IOM), and external anal sphincter (EAS) were manually segmented. An improved DenseUnet was proposed for automatic segmentation of these 3 muscles. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), and average symmetrical surface distance (ASSD) were used to evaluate segmentation results. The segmentation performance of the improved DenseUnet was compared with those of standard DenseUnet, ResUnet, Unet++, and Unet. The improved DenseUnet showed a good performance. The average DSC and standard deviation of the LAM, IOM, and EAS was 0.758±0.151, 0.716±0.173, and 0.810±0.147, respectively. The average HD was 22.41, 19.00, and 36.01 mm, respectively; and the average ASSD was 3.66, 3.80, and 5.23 mm, respectively. The average DSC and standard deviation of the normal group and POP group was 0.779±0.166 and 0.757±0.154, respectively. There was no significant difference between the muscle volume of the improved DenseUnet and manual segmentation (all P values >0.05). The average total segmentation time for 1 case was 10.18 s on our setup, which is much lower than the manual segmentation time of 45 minutes. The improved DenseUnet segments the pelvic floor muscles in MRI quickly and efficiently, with good precision and faster speed than those of manual segmentation. This can assist doctors in quickly segmenting pelvic floor muscles, calculating muscle volume, and further evaluating pelvic floor function.

Anticoagulation decision-making before non-cardiac surgery in patients with mechanical heart valve: A retrospective study

ObjectiveTo clarify the timing of warfarin discontinuation at different ranges of INR. Improve anticoagulation management in non-cardiac surgical patients with MHV. DesignThis is a single-center retrospective observational study. Settingand participants This study used data from the Hospital Information System, and the Surgery and Anesthesia Information System of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University. Participants included 121 adult patients with MHV who underwent non-cardiac surgery from 2012 to 2021. ResultsOverall, 121 patients with MHV (15 aortic valve only, 56 mitral valve only, and 50 with multiple valves) underwent non-cardiac surgery. When the duration of warfarin discontinuation was ≤ 3 days, 3−5 days, and≥5 days, the INR was 1.45, 1.15, and 1.09, respectively. Bleeding between INR ≤1.2 and INR >1.2 groups was not statistically significant using Student's t-test (95% CI −0.57, 0.14 P = 0.24). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that Intraoperative bleeding volume correlated with preoperative albumin levels (OR = 0.68，95% CI 0.49, 0.89). ConclusionsWhen need preoperative INR is less than 1.5 in patients with MHV undergoing non-cardiac surgery, preoperative warfarin discontinuation for 3 days is sufficient. If INR less than 1.2, preoperative warfarin discontinuation for 3–5 days is appropriate. And in patients with MHV underwent abdominal surgery, intraoperative bleeding is not significant reduced by lower INR after preoperative warfarin discontinuation. Furthermore, the effect of albumin levels on coagulation function cannot be ignored in patients with MHV. Strengths and limitationsThis study was derived from real-world clinical data. It's a retrospectively study to describe the INR changed according to the duration of warfarin discontinuation in patients with MHV and compared intraoperation of bleeding volume between INR>1.2 and INR ≤ 1.2after warfarin discontinuation. To clarify the timing of warfarin discontinuation at different ranges of INR. Improve anticoagulation management in non-cardiac surgical patients with MHV, while providing clinicians with a reference for preoperative warfarin adjustment. This study does have a few limitations. The number of cases is small because patients undergoing repeat noncardiac surgery after heart valve surgery are a special case population. And the patients were not followed up after non-cardiac surgery. The impact of changes in INR on postoperative complications could not be assessed in patients with MHV.

Research into the correlation between positional skull deformation and motor performance of infants aged under 4 months

ObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between positional skull deformation (PD) and motor performance of infants under 4 months of age.MethodsInfants aged under 4 months were enrolled in the children’s healthcare and the premature infants follow-up Clinic of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University. The cranial vault asymmetry (CVA) and cephalic index (CI) were calculated in all infants, and the infant motor performance test (TIMP) was used to evaluate the infant motor performance. The motor performances of infants with different types and degrees of PD were compared, so were the incidences of PD in infants with different motor performance levels.ResultsOverall, 2118 infants were recruited and divided according to the types of PD and TIMP scores. The comparison of TIMP scores within different types of PD at different months of age showed that, regardless of the types of PD, TIMP scores of infants with PD were lower than those of normal infants. In particular, the difference in TIMP scores was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in infants with dolichocephaly, plagiocephaly,dolicho-plagiocephaly and brachy-plagiocephy. In addition, the comparison of CVA values of infants with different TIMP score levels at different months of age showed that the CVA values of the extremely low-level group were significantly higher than those of the medium-level and high-level group, especially in the 3-month-old and 4-month-old groups, which showed significant statistical differences (P < 0.05).ConclusionsPD and motor performance of infants aged under 4 months seem to interact and influenc each other. The more serious the severity of PD were,the worse the motor performance of infants. Conversely, the incidence of PD increased in infants with poor motor performance.

Law Enforcement against Illegal Levies as a Form of Abuse of Authority through Saber Pungli

This study aims to analyze law enforcement against illegal levies as a form of abuse of authority through illegal levies. The research method used is normative and sociological legal research methods. The results showed that illegal fees are included in the category of occupational crimes. The government's efforts to optimize the eradication of extortion practices were later strengthened by the signing of the Presidential Decree No. 87 of 2016 concerning the Task Force to Clean Up Illegal Levies (Satgas Saber Pungli). The Saber Pungli Task Force consists of law enforcement officers, namely the Police, the Attorney General's Office, the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center, ORI, State Intelligence Agency, and Indonesian National Army Military Police who have the authority to eradicate illegal extortion practices effective and efficient by optimizing the utilization of personnel, work units, and infrastructure, both at the ministerial/institutional and regional government levels.

Real value of the oocytes with smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregates in IVF/ICSI cycle: a retrospective cohort study

Objective: The management of oocytes affected by smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregates (SERa) remains debatable. To understand how to manage SERa+ oocytes and cycles, we performed a retrospective cohort study and analyzed the impact of SERa+ cycles and oocytes on clinical and neonatal outcomes. Methods: We included 4856 cycles (149 SERa+ and 4707 SERa−) from 4201 women (age: 21–42 years) who received in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatments at the Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Military University, from 2016 to 2019. SERa+ cycles had at least one SERa oocyte in the oocyte cohort. All 1722 oocytes in the SERa+ cycle were divided into SERa+ (405) and SERa− (1317) oocytes. Results: The rates of two pronuclei (2PN) and high-quality embryos were lower in SERa+ cycles than in SERa− cycles, regardless of IVF or ICSI (P&lt;0.05). As the proportion of SERa+ oocytes increased in the SERa+ cycles, the rate of high-quality embryos declined gradually (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, the rate of 2PN in SERa+ oocytes was significantly lower than that in SERa− oocytes (P&lt;0.05). Regardless of whether IVF or ICSI insemination was performed, no significant differences in terms of clinical pregnancy rate and spontaneous abortion rate were observed between SERa+ and SERa− cycles or between SERa+ and SERa− oocytes (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Normal fertilization with SERa+ cycles and oocytes was substantially reduced, regardless of the insemination method. Embryos originating from SERa+ oocytes can be transferred when there are no other options, but fully informed consent and strict follow-up of fetal development are mandatory.

Development of a teaching competency diagnostic tool for army military school instructors

The purpose of this study was to develop a teaching competency diagnosis tool for instructors working in army military schools to improve the quality of education and cultivate the competitiveness of the organization. To this end, previous research data related to the development of teaching competency diagnosis tools were collected and analyzed. Subsequently, focus group interviews and behavioral case interviews with excellent instructors at the Army Military School were conducted, and Delphi surveys were conducted with educational experts to organize teaching competency components and diagnostic tools temporarily. Next, to verify the validity of questionnaire items, a preliminary survey and a main survey were conducted with questionnaires administered to excellent instructors and ordinary instructors to confirm the validity and reliability of the teaching competency diagnosis tool. As a result of the study, four competencies (basic, class, organizational, and digital), 10 major competencies (attitude and attitude as educators, relationship formation, etc.), 25 sub-competencies (responsibility as instructors, initiative, etc.), and 65 behavioral indicators were selected. The diagnostic tools derived through this study are the competencies that instructors must have to perform their duties successfully in military schools. Therefore, our results not only provide information necessary for establishing instructor competency development policies but also contribute greatly to developing programs to strengthen teaching competency in military schools.