Members Of Army Research Articles

Battlefield acupuncture: Effectiveness for treatment of acute and subacute pain in a military primary care setting

Objective: Battlefield Acupuncture (BFA) is a form of auricular acupuncture that is increasingly rising in popularity as a method of managing pain in military settings. This study aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on the efficacy of BFA by evaluating pain pre- and post- BFA administration and by measuring that pain by level and type. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study evaluating active duty Army members who were receiving care at the outpatient military clinic. Data evaluated all patients undergoing a BFA procedure between March 1, 2020, and November 1, 2020. The pain was rated using a standardized DOD/VA pain scale. Results: Of the 26 patients that met our inclusion criteria, 21 (81%) experienced a decrease in pain following BFA administration, while 5 (19%) experienced no change. No patients experienced an increase in pain. Individuals with a baseline pain of 6 or less experienced a greater decrease in pain than did those with a baseline pain of more than 6. Those with low back pain also experienced a greater reduction in pain than did those with other pain types. Conclusions: BFA effectively reduces pain and can be considered a promising treatment option for pain reduction in a military setting. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of BFA on various pain types.

Work Engagement as a Mediator of the Influence of Coworker Support on Task Performance of Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) Soldiers Serving in Vulnerable Areas (Papua)

Army is one of particular profession which has extremely high-risk job. Most of Indonesian Army member will be deployed to a danger area that has dynamics situation. Coworker support is needed for them to increase soldier work engagement and enabling them to show their best performance in a deployment. Data collection methods used in this research was survey method by using Coworker Support Scale Items (2002), Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (2012), and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale/ UWES (2002). The participants of the study were 541 Indonesian Army whom deployed in danger area. Data processing and analysis were using Hayes PROCESS Procedure model 4 program (Simple Mediation). The result shows that the presence of high Coworker’s support would increase for work engagement and eventually enabling soldiers to perform their best on the deployment.

Body mass index and aerobic capacity: The key variables for good performance in soldiers

ABSTRACT Body composition, leg power and aerobic capacity have been shown to be related to performance, although their combined influence in a training task under load carriage in soldiers is still unknown. In this study, the influence of aerobic capacity, body composition and leg strength on performance during an obstacle test with and without combat equipment carriage was analysed. Forty males belonging to the Spanish Army participated in this study. The time needed to complete an obstacle course with and without load, aerobic capacity (20-m shuttle run test), leg power (squat jumps) and body composition variables (body mass index [BMI], fat mass and lean mass) were tested to determine the best predictors of performance. The results indicated that the best predictors of obstacle course performance with and without load carriage are VO2max and BMI. The jump height was not a significant factor in the model. In conclusion, BMI and VO2max are predictors of the obstacle test time with and without load carriage, so it is recommended that both variables are included as criteria for enrolment in the military army to guarantee army members exhibit the highest obstacle course performance possible. Highlight The VO2max and BMI are the best predictors of an obstacle course performance with/without load carriage. The jump height was not a significant performance factor. The VO2max and BMI are recommended as enrolment criteria for military army.

Passionate Belief: Ideology, Emotion and Terrorist Action

Abstract Ideologies sit at the intersection of thought and emotion, capable of inspiring some people to greatness and driving others to commit horrendous acts of violence. Providing more than just systematic arguments, ideologies encourage shared political identities, help explain social circumstance, and frame what actions need to be taken in response. Ideologies often carry a negative connotation, particularly in relation to acts labelled as terrorism. Yet ideologies encourage people to imagine a future that is better than the present. In this sense, they are narratives of hope that can help to ameliorate the pain of everyday life. This essay draws on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork conducted with former members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army to examine the interplay between hope, ideology and acts of political violence. In doing so, it contributes to a growing body of scholarship that seeks to integrate emotions into the analyses of how individuals come to embrace violence as a political tactic.

Development and Psychometric Validation of the BREAST-Q Sensation Module for Women Undergoing Post-Mastectomy Breast Reconstruction.

Reconstructive techniques for restoring sensation to the breast after mastectomy continue to evolve. The BREAST-Q is a patient-reported outcome measure that can be used to evaluate outcomes of breast cancer treatments; however, it previously lacked scales to measure breast sensation. This paper outlines the development and validation of the BREAST-Q Sensation Module. Phase 1 (January 2017 through December 2018) involved qualitative and cognitive interviews with women who had undergone breast reconstruction, as well as expert input, to develop and refine the scales. In phase 2 (March through June 2019), Love Research Army (LRA) members completed the scales, and Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT) analysis was performed to examine the reliability and validity of the scales. In this study, 36 qualitative and 7 cognitive interviews were conducted, and input from 18 experts was obtained. Three scales were developed to measure breast Symptoms (e.g., throbbing, burning, tingling), Sensation (e.g., feeling with light touch, through clothing, sexually), and Quality of Life impact of sensation loss. In phase 2, 1204 LRA members completed the scales. Data for each scale fit the RMT model. Reliability was high, with Person Separation Index, Cronbach alpha, and intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.81 or higher (with and without extremes) for all three scales. Mean scores were higher (better) on the Symptoms and Quality of Life impact scales for the participants with unilateral (vs. bilateral) and autologous (vs. alloplastic) reconstruction, and for the participants who were farther out from their reconstruction. The BREAST-Q Sensation Module can be used alone or in conjunction with other BREAST-Q scales to inform clinical care and to evaluate outcomes of new surgical approaches to restoration of breast sensation.

PELANGGARAN HAM PADA PERISTIWA PENYIKSAAN YANG BERUJUNG PADA TERBUNUHNYA DUA WARGA SIPIL DI PAPUA OLEH ANGGOTA TNI

So far, the results of the decisions at the Military Courts have not been able to bring a sense of justice to victims and the public and are far from human rights standards that exist as courts regulated in International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and The Committee Against Torture which has been ratified by Indonesia . In this article, the author wants to examine more deeply the practice of human rights violations during the torture incident which led to the killing of two civilians in Papua by members of the indonesian army and also compare the application of due process to similar cases in other countries. The method used in this article is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical approach. Data collection techniques through literature study . The results show that the incidents of torture that led to the killing of two civilians in Papua by indonesian army members who are part of the gross human rights violations which are very regrettable are still occurring . Sadly, this case will later be tried only through military court. This raises concerns for many parties because it is prone to injustice on the part of the victim. For this reason, it is recommended that the indonesian army be able to transfer this legal process to the general court or human rights court so that equality is created between indonesian army members and ordinary citizens in a legal position in accordance with the principles of the rule of law as contained in the Constitution.

The Emergence of the Swedish Horse-Riding School from the Mid-Twentieth Century

Up until the end of the nineteenth century, horse-riding in Sweden was primarily practiced by army men and members of the upper class. Today, horse-riding is one of the most popular sports for children and young people. A majority of riders are girls and women, many of whom learn how to ride at horse-riding schools. An explaining factor behind this development, through which a sport practiced by adults in the army became a grassroot sport for girls, is the public support for the emerging new horse-riding schools for leisure riding from the second half of the twentieth century until today. Public support and its consequences distinguish Swedish equestrian sports and the activities of the riding schools from horse-riding activities in many other countries. Childification and feminization are linked to changes in the status of the horses, who was responsible for the activities, ideas on formal and informal education and learning, and what the activities comprised.

부정적 리더십의 행동 특성에 대한 주관적 인식 유형 연구:육군 구성원을 중심으로

본 연구의 목적은 Q 방법론을 활용하여 군 조직의 구성원이 인식하는 부정적 리더십의 행동 특성에 대한 인식을 분석, 유형화하고 리더십 연구와 개발에 시사점을 도출하는 데 있다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 비구조적 방법을 활용하여 총 40개의 Q 진술문을 구성하고, P 표본 38명을 대상으로 부정적 리더십의 행동 특성에 대한 Q 분류를 수행하였다. 분석결과 4가지 유형이 도출되었다. 유형1은 ‘불공정하고 차별하는 리더’로서 부하를 차별적으로 대우하는 리더의 행동에 주목하였다. 유형2는 ‘권위적이고 독선적인 리더’로서 타인의 의견이나 건의를 무시하고 독단적 업무를 추진하는 리더의 행동을 강조하였다. 유형3은 ‘비윤리적이고 진정성 없는 리더’로서 자신의 이익을 위해 부하를 희생시키고 가식적인 모습을 보였다. 유형4는 ‘무책임하고 무능력한 리더’로서 결정적인 순간 능력을 발휘하지 못하고 책임을 회피하였다. 유형별 공통점과 차이점에 비추어 볼 때 군 조직내 다양한 부정적 리더를 식별할 수 있는 진단시스템 구축과 이들을 관리할 수 있는 정책이 수립되어야 할 필요성이 있다.

‘Attempting to deal with the past’: historical inquiries, legacy prosecutions, and Operation Banner

ABSTRACT Over the summer of 2019 a number of maroon banners appeared across towns and cities in Northern Ireland, declaring that the local population ‘stands with Soldier F’. Soldier F was a member of the Parachute Regiment who, in March of 2019, was charged with the murders of James Wray and William McKinney and five additional attempted murders as a result of his actions on Bloody Sunday, 30 January 1972. These charges were announced at a time when it was reported that up to 200 former members of the British Army could face official investigation for their conduct in Northern Ireland. These cases sit at the centre of the sensitive and divisive issue of the legacy dimension of the Northern Ireland conflict, posing a challenge to the continuing success of the Northern Ireland peace process. Engaging a developing literature on post conflict reconciliation processes, this article will analyse the issue of legacy prosecutions from Operation Banner.

To ni u snu nismo mogli da sanjamo

This paper presents mental disorders of the Serbs caused by war actions from Balkan Wars to the wars at the end of the last century. Both the stress/traumatic events (war actions, camps, refugees) and changes in the forms of mental disorders (war tremors in the First World War, partisan hysteria in the partisan war and the post-traumatic stress disorder in the wars of the 1990s) are listed. A huge lack of data for special categories of population is evident for the First World War (civil victims, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and for the Second World War (members of the King's Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, detainees in German and other camps, civilians in the war and after the war). The data show that the most severe psychological consequences, in addition to the horrors of war, were caused by torture in the camps and prisons of war.

Репрессивная политика СССР в отношении отдельных народов в годы Великой Отечественной войны (на примере болгар Урала)

The article is devoted to studying Russian Bulgarians living in the Urals in the 1940s with the help of archive materials of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions as well as Perm Krai. During the Great Patriotic War the USS Rcitizens of Bulgarian origin, like many other peoples, were subject to repressions which meant enrollment in labour army and deporting every single Bulgarian of the Crimea. As a result of the semeasures, a significant number of Bulgarians were moved to the territory of the modern Urals. The deported Bulgarians settled in areas of logging (forest exploitation) in the north of Molotov and Sverdlovsk regions, and members of the labour army were employed in the trust organization «Chelyabmetallurgstroi». The Bulgarians were deported along with other peoples of the Crimea. They did not form compact settlement in the new areas but managed to preserve their traditional culture. Some families were even able to organize permanent lodging in the Urals, pursue a career and contribute to the development of the region. The author is convinced that the judicial legal documents kept in archives as well as field trip research results may serve as a significant but not sufficiently appreciated source of investigating the history of deporting Russian Bulgarians. The topicality of the sources grew after the year 2020 when the 75-years’ period of storing documents of the year 1945 expired. Autobiographies, biographic information, interrogation protocols enable to obtain a detailed reconstruction of deportation circumstances and the process of enrollment into labour army, and to see these events through the prism of the repressed people themselves. Researching the history of repression, inparticular – repression of the Bulgarians – has revealed how complex and controversial the policy of the soviet state towards certain peoples during the Great Patriotic War was.

POST-GADDAFI REPERCUSSIONS IN NORTHERN MALI

While utopias of (political) autonomy or an independent (Tuareg) state have for long been part and parcel of internal debates among Tuareg, it was only recently that the claim for independence was formulated to the outside world. A Tuareg state, Azawad, was even put into practice, albeit for some months only. A second characteristic is that there has never been a serious attempt at integrating all Tuareg, regardless of the country they are living in, into a unique nation-state. Is the 'national identity' of the respective post-colonial states so strong that it supplants the 'claim for independence'? Or is the pre-colonial form of political organisation among Tuareg, the regional drum-group (ettebel), still so vivid that it impedes the establishment of a state that would encompass all Tuareg? Apart from the independence movement MNLA (Mouvement National pour la Libération de l'Azawad) operating in Northern Mali, there are Islamist groups which fight for the spread of an Islamic mode of life. Some of these succeeded in recruiting Tuareg, particularly among the Tuareg of the Kidal region. The appeal of the 'Islamic claim' to the Kidal Tuareg goes back to their genesis as a political entity during the period of colonial conquest when the French installed a regional 'drum-group' within the framework of administrative chieftainship. As nearly all regional Tuareg claim descent from members of the Islamic army that conquered North Africa in the 7th century, regional power differs from power structures in all other regions inhabited by Tuareg. It is based on a double legitimacy: that of Islamic nobility, and that of the Tuareg warrior class. For several months, however, there has been ideological dissent among the Tuareg followers of the Islamic movements. This debate revolves around several issues, particularly the question as to whether or not the Islamic mode of life is to be limited to the sole region of Kidal.

Behind The Positive Attitude of The Indonesian Army Academic Staff: A Rasch Model Analysis

The Indonesian National Army is an integral part of the Indonesia Archipelago. As the national component, the Army has the main task of maintaining the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity of the unitary state. Therefore it needs high-quality human resources. The aim of the research was examining the real motivational factors behind the positive attitude of The Indonesian Army Academic Staff. The study applied a Rasch Model method. The Rasch Model Analysis was used to examine the research variable based on its dimensions and indicators. The research results show that team-building development process has been successfully proven, based on the research results. The Rasch Model analysis also shows that team-spirit among The Indonesian National Army members is very solid. It is the most satisfactory factor that creates positive task-attitude among the army academic staff. At the same time, the promotion is the most challenging factor to agree with among them.

Body Mass Index and Measures of Body Fat for Defining Obesity and Underweight: A Cross-Sectional of Various Specialties in Montenegrin Army Soldiers.

Background:The body composition and physical fitness of members of the army is always a relevant topic for research, since the level of defense and security of people and material goods in a specific territory in many ways depends on the level of ability of the army. However, members of the armed forces are a heterogeneous group, typified by different abilities, characteristics, but also everyday needs, and the trend of changing body composition and reducing physical fitness is a current issue that has not bypassed this population either. Therefore, this study aimed to determine possible differences in body composition indicators that could appear between members of the Army of Montenegro of different military specialties.Methods:The sample of respondents included 240 Montenegrin male soldiers (32.5yr±9.5), who were measured at the sports dispensaries within the barracks of Montenegrin Army around the country in the spring of 2020, was classified into eight numerically equal subsamples according to their military specialty. The sample of variables included five anthropometric measures, which were necessary to calculate two derived body composition indicators: Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage (FAT %). Using the one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc test with Taki’s model, the variables were analyzed.Results:It was determined that the body composition of Montenegrin soldiers shows a certain peculiarity compared to other national military corps, while there are differences in body composition indicators between members of the Montenegrin Army of different military specialties.Conclusion:This fact dramatically strengthens the issues of Montenegrin distinctive regarding body composition, both in general terms and in terms of distinctive within specific professional vocations.

Evaluation of anthropometric indices as metabolic syndrome predictors in Ecuadorian Military Personnel

Anthropometric measurements are simple and effective techniques for central or abdominal obesity evaluation. Although it is known their good predicting value, there is not a consensus about which is best in Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) diagnostic, using ATP III criteria. Anthropometric measurements included waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetSyn and compare anthropometric indices for optimal predicting value with their respective cut-offs for MetSyn diagnosis among army members in ESFORSE, Ecuador. The study includes 181 participants (175 male and 6 female), with mean age 37 ± 6 years, MetSyn prevalence is 8%, with WC (p <.001), WHtR (p. .009) and WHR (p .020) as variables statistically significant. We analyzed the area under the curve (AUC) in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, in anthropometric measurements. Thus, WC and WHtR represent the highest AUC (WC: 0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.86; WHtR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.82). The optimal cut-off values for predicting MetSyn are 92 cm in WC, 0.52 in WHtR and 0.93 in WHR. Therefore, the army members have a low prevalence of MetSyn, with WC as the best predicting value.

Evaluation of anthropometric indices as metabolic syndrome predictors in Ecuadorian Military Personnel

Anthropometric measurements are simple and effective techniques for central or abdominal obesity evaluation. Although it is known their good predicting value, there is not a consensus about which is best in Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) diagnostic, using ATP III criteria. Anthropometric measurements included waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetSyn and compare anthropometric indices for optimal predicting value with their respective cut-offs for MetSyn diagnosis among army members in ESFORSE, Ecuador. The study includes 181 participants (175 male and 6 female), with mean age 37 ± 6 years, MetSyn prevalence is 8%, with WC (p <.001), WHtR (p. .009) and WHR (p .020) as variables statistically significant. We analyzed the area under the curve (AUC) in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, in anthropometric measurements. Thus, WC and WHtR represent the highest AUC (WC: 0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.86; WHtR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.82). The optimal cut-off values for predicting MetSyn are 92 cm in WC, 0.52 in WHtR and 0.93 in WHR. Therefore, the army members have a low prevalence of MetSyn, with WC as the best predicting value.

Shallow graves; documenting & assessing IRA disappearances during the Irish revolution 1919–1923

ABSTRACT This article assesses the extent, geography and nature of ‘forced disappearances’ carried out by the Irish Republican Army during the Irish Revolution of 1919–1923. The victims were either Irish civilians suspected of being spies and informers working for British intelligence, or members of the British army and Royal Irish Constabulary. It reveals the scale of these secret killings as a phenomenon that developed in the context of the IRA’s military strategy during the Irish War of Independence. Disappearances continued at a far lower level during the Truce (largely in Co. Cork), and almost ceased during the Irish Civil War of 1922–1923. The study found that rather than being a nationwide military strategy forced disappearances were the initiative of local IRA units, with those in Co. Cork (notably Cork 1 Brigade), displaying a more ruthless attitude to this tactic than elsewhere. Civilian targets (the majority of whom were ex-soldiers) were usually assumed by the IRA to be dangerous British intelligence assets. This was also the case with many crown force targets, but others were simply opportunistic killings.

Is it easy to kill in war? Emotions and violence in the combat zones of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991-1995)

AbstractThe battlefields are spaces of death and destruction. In the combat zone soldiers fight and kill while witnessing the death of their comrades. These unprecedented life experiences are regularly shaped by strong emotional responses. In this paper I analyse the complex emotional dynamics of fighting and killing in the combat zone. I explore the war-time experiences of ordinary soldiers who fought in the 1991-1995 wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper is based on the interviews I conducted with the members of the Croatian Army and the Bosnian Serb Army who had direct experience of the battlefield. The focus is on the relationship between emotions and violence in the theatres of war with a spotlight on the personal experiences of fighting and killing. The paper challenges the existing interpretations of this phenomenon and argues that the killing in war is neither uniformly easy nor unvaryingly difficult but is context-dependent, variable and highly contingent. Furthermore, the acts of fighting and killing do not automatically trigger pre-existing and stable emotions but the violent processes themselves generate distinct emotional dynamics. Rather than simply following the violent actions emotions are in fact often made in the very acts of fighting and killing.

ЛЮДСЬКІ ВІЙСЬКОВІ ВТРАТИ УКРАЇНИ В ЛАВАХ РСЧА ПІД ЧАС НІМЕЦЬКО-РАДЯНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблеми безповоротних людських військових утрат України в роки німецько-радянської війни. Основну увагу зосереджено на порядку зарахування загиблими, померлими або зниклими безвісти воїнів Робітничо-селянської Червоної армії (РСЧА) у 1941–1945 рр. та в повоєнний період, методиці й практиці цього процесу. Містить висновки щодо загальної кількості безповоротних утрат українців та уродженців України, призваних до лав РСЧА, базовані на матеріалах Документального фонду з обліку людських військових втрат України у Другій світовій війні, паперових та електронних персональних мартирологах.

Maoist Combatants’ Narratives: Partisan Attachment to Post-truce Politics

Ten-year long war led by Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) [hereafter CPN (M)] from February 1996 to November 2006 has been understood as one of the most violent times in Nepali history. The armed wing of CPN (M), People’s Liberation Army (PLA) formed in 2001, was the armed group combating in the war front. Prior to the formation of PLA, CPN(M) had set up its armed groups differently: they had three-tier structure in 1994 that comprised combatant group, security group and volunteer group, which was transformed in 1997 into Guerrilla Squad, and in 1997 into Guerrilla Platoon. Subsequent transformations were Guerrilla Company in 1999 and Guerilla Battalion in 2000. All these groups were involved in armed actions of various magnitudes including selected annihilation, sabotage, ambush, raids and attacks.When the peace truce, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), was agreed, CPN (M) claimed that the party had 32,000 People’s Liberation Army members, around 20,000 of whom were verified by the United Nations (UN).