Army Force Research Articles

Kurz veliteľa práporu v Izraeli ako jeden z ekvivalentných kurzov na vojenskú hodnosť

The article deals with the equivalent courses for achieving military rank in the Slovak army forces. The aim of the article is to introduce the participation of Slovak soldiers in The Battalion Commander Course. It refers to the positives and negatives of the course in Israel. The main part of this course deals with the developing leadership of the commanders, the goal is to train and educate the commanders, to set a personal example and to prepare the commanders for the deployment in a large scale of operations.

Study of Discipline Improvement of the Indonesian State Army Force through the Leadership Code of Ethic

Study of Discipline Improvement of the Indonesian State Army Force through the Leadership Code of Ethic

SRI LANKA NAVY THROUGH THE VOYAGE OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

The development of human resource management has alarmed the enhancement of performance outcomes. Employee job performance is one main consequences of employee engagement. Employee engagement is all about employee’s head, heart and hand involvement of his/her job as well as his/her organization. Therefore employee engagement has become a buzz word in the management circles. Other than the employee job performance, engaged employee is loyal, creative, innovative and a good team players. They are the people who take extra effort in-order to achieve the organizational goals. In the military context these characteristics are crucial. Consequently engaged employee is vital to the military context as well. National security, diplomatic relations and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) are the traditional roles of the Army, Navy and Air Force. Sri Lanka due to its island geography, Sri Lanka Navy has an especial responsibility for maritime defence. The Identified research gap is that, there is no empirical evidence about the level of employee engagement in the Sri Lanka Navy. Through a thorough quantitative study, the identified empirical and population gap was bridged. This is a descriptive study. Unit of analysis is individual i.e. officers in Sri Lanka Navy. The sample size is 108 Navy officers. Extent of the researcher interference with the study is minimal. Study setting is non-contrived. Type of investigation is correlation. Cross-sectional is the time horizon of the study. An instrument with 12 statements was used. Reliability of the instrument is also ensured. Actively/highly engaged, engaged, moderately engaged, dis-engaged and actively disengaged are the five levels of employee engagement. The results indicate that the level of employee engagement in the Sri Lanka Navy belongs to level ‘four’ on a five-point scale, which is ‘Engaged’.

An evaluation of blood components inventory management during Hajj and Umrah season at Makkah hospitals

Objectives: The current study aims to utilize blood bank data collected from the Army forces hospital in Makkah to improve transfusion services at Makkah hospitals and evaluate the inventory system during the Hajj season.
 Methods: Three years' results showed that blood centre production is not constant, with an average of 1800 units during Hajj season that includes Cryo (450), FFP (450), PLT (450), and PRBC (450) units. Moreover, data indicated that the average usage of units is 1119 during the same season (120 Cryo, 424 FFP, 207 PLT and 368 PRBC).
 Results: This demonstrated that the inventory of blood units fluctuates during the year with an overproduction of Cryo (80%), FFP (67%), PLT (83%) and PRBC (57%) units in Hajj Season. It can be concluded that the manner and effectiveness with which the present issues in Makkah blood banking are having a major impact on the current system used to obtain the nation's blood supply and the safety, adequacy, and operational cost of that supply.
 Conclusion: The current study recommends building a generic data warehouse with smart decision support systems that use artificial intelligence to maintain blood bank production and inventory system during the year, especially during Hajj and Umrah seasons.

Leading indicators of readiness among the general Army and Special Operations Forces: Predictive and psychometric analysis of the Global Assessment Tool

ABSTRACT Self-assessments are commonly used to track Army readiness in specialized communities, but they are rarely analyzed for reliability and predictive validity. Before introducing new assessments, existing ones should be reevaluated. We examined the Global Assessment Tool (GAT), an annual Army-required self-assessment with multiple psychosocial and health behavior short scales. Psychometric analyses on nine scales included item response theory (IRT) and measurement invariance models across total Army (n = 743,057) and special operations forces (SOF; n = 3,478) cohorts. Predictive analyses examined demographic-adjusted associations between GAT scales and one-year incident medical non-readiness (MNR). Most scales had adequate reliability, although some exhibited highly skewed distributions, which likely increased measurement error. Most scales exhibited metric and scalar measurement equivalence across total Army and SOF groups. Scores from scales measuring positive characteristics were associated with lower odds of MNR (good coping, flexibility, optimism, positive affect, work engagement, friendship, organization trust; adjusted odds ratios ≤ 0.75); scores from scales measuring negative characteristics were associated with increased odds of MNR (poor sleep, depression, negative affect, loneliness; adjusted odds ratios ≥ 1.4). Associations were similar across Army and SOF cohorts. In conclusion, self-report data can potentially contribute to command surveillance, but iterative quality-checks are necessary after deployment.

TriService Nursing Research Program: A critical component to support military nursing science

TriService Nursing Research Program: A critical component to support military nursing science

A Study on the Application of Defense IoT for the Implementation of Common Service in the Army, Navy, and Air Force

A Study on the Application of Defense IoT for the Implementation of Common Service in the Army, Navy, and Air Force

Analysis of Text Mining Keyword Issues for Defense Drone on Social Network

Research on weapon systems has been conducted, and defense drones have been developed. However, few analyses that identify the needs of the general public have been conducted. The purpose of this study is to analyze the issues of interest in social networks regarding defense drones and extract keywords for activation. In this study, big data analysis tools such as Textom, Ucinet6, and NetDraw were used. The results of the keyword frequency analysis, centrality analysis, and CONCOR analysis showed that public information regarding social networks expressed keywords in defense drones, such as Defense Daily, News, Enterprise, Defense Science Research Institute, University, Hydrogen Battery, Army, Air Force, Urban Transportation, Fire, Regional, Enterprise, and Research. It is necessary to revitalize media publicity in developing cooperative technologies by companies, universities, the National Defense Research Institute, urban transportation, and firefighting, using army and air force drones, and developing future hydrogen batteries. In addition, issues of interest were observed for contents, such as applications in the United States, Israel, North Korea, Iran, and Afghanistan, and fostering university education. There is a need to present a case for the actual military use of defense drones and train the department of defense drones at universities.

The first step toward the success of the Korean risk management framework (KRMF)

The risk management framework (RMF) applied by the United States combines the concepts of information security and risk management in the product development process. This includes the systematic structure of equipment, parts, other construction systems, facilities, and personnel, as well as the related security of cyberspace. This concept has been a concept that has been systematically applied for the completion of information security from the requirement planning stage to the destruction of the weapon system. The RMF, which should be reflected in the project of power enhancement to ensure the perfect performance of the weapons system that our military will use in the future, is unfamiliar to Republic of Korea Army (ROK). RMF is a step-level field that has not yet been based on detailed research and measures in any ROK military, such as the Army, Navy, and Air Force. However, the USFK, which is stationed in the Republic of Korea during peacetime, and the United States’ wartime reinforcement forces [Flexible Deterrence Option (FDO), Force Module Package (FMP), Time Phased Forces Deployment Data (TPFDD)], which are deployed at the request of the CFC Commander in the event of a crisis situation on the Korean peninsula and under the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, are thoroughly prepared for cyber threats by applying the RMF procedure. Therefore, the military should also create and apply the corresponding procedures during combined and joint operations as soon as possible. This study aims to provide a direction for the development of a categorization system, which is the most basic and important step 1 system in the RMF process, and I hope that it will help in the implementation of the Korean Risk Management Framework (KRMF) that should be applied in the future.

THE BRAZILIAN ARMY’S CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMATION: TECHNOLOGY AND MILITARY CHANGE

Since the National Defense Strategy (NDS) publication, the Brazilian Army has sought to respond to the challenges of raising its standards to those of the Knowledge Age. BRAÇO FORTE Strategy, PROFORÇA, and the Army's Strategic Projects are examples of necessary steps towards the desired military change. However, does the Army's concept of Transformation express an understanding of Military Transformation, or does it fall into the trap of technological determinism? Our hypothesis states that possible failures of the Army's Force Project are a product of a reductionist understanding of Transformation. Despite using the term Transformation, the assumptions that support the Army's Transformation process predominantly imply improving what it already does. Excepting projects such as Cyber Defense, SISFRON, and ASTROS 2020, modernization is more present than Transformation as military change. The paper used a Case Study research design methodology. Qualitative sources such as documents from the Ministry of Defense and the Brazilian Army were analyzed using a document analysis strategy named internal comparison criteria.

Do governance capacity and legitimacy affect citizens' satisfaction with COVID-19 management? Some evidence from South Asia

PurposeTheoretically, both democ/ratic legitimacy and government capacity are necessary for successful crisis management, like the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors argue that there are important variations for pandemic management in the developed and democratic world. However, are these equally needed in the developing world where democracy and capacity are present in varying degrees and in some countries with a vast deficit? This article analyzes how legitimacy and capacity affect citizens' satisfaction with the pandemic management in South Asia.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a survey of 3,423 randomly selected respondents from Facebook users in South Asia. The survey data are presented and discussed along with information derived from secondary sources to put the data in the broader context of the South Asian countries. The authors apply ordinary linear regression for statistical analysis.FindingsThe findings suggest that citizens are content with the performance of government institutions in COVID-19 management. They emphasize material well-being, such as relief provisions and financial incentives during the crisis period. They are, however, less concerned about the legitimacy dimension, although democracy in South Asia is flawed with excessive restrictions on public freedom during the pandemic. The contradictory findings may be due to the public orientation towards authoritarian culture and their preference for strongman rule in crisis management.Practical implicationsThe governments in South Asia may systematically use army and police forces to manage crises as people are more satisfied with their performance during COVID-19 management.Originality/valueThis is the first time data across South Asia have been collected and analyzed about crisis management.

Reinforced Concrete Building with IED Detonation: Test and Simulation

There is growing concern about the possibility of a suicide bomber being immolated when the army forces or the law enforcement agencies discover the place where they prepare their material or simply find themselves inside a building. To study the possible effects that these improvised explosive devices (IEDs) would have on the structures, eight tests were carried out with various configurations of IEDs with vest bombs inside a reinforced concrete (including walls and roof) building constructed ad hoc for these tests. These vests were made with different explosives (black powder, ANFO, AN/AL, PG2). For the characterization of these tests, a high-speed camera and pressure and acceleration sensors were used. The structure behaved surprisingly well, as it withstood all the first seven detonations without apparent structural damage. In the last detonation, located on the ground and with a significant explosive charge, the structural integrity of the roof and some of the walls was compromised. The simulation of the building was carried out with the LS-DYNA software with a Lagrangian formulation for the walls, using the LBE (based on CONWEP) module for the application of the charge. Despite the difficulty of this simulation, the results obtained, in terms of applied pressures and measured accelerations, are acceptable with differences of about 20%.

Sign language as a technology: existential and instrumental perspectives of Ugandan Sign Language

AbstractThe introduction of Ugandan Sign Language in Acholi, northern Uganda, was part of a growing internationally linked disability movement in the country and was set within the framework of development policy and human rights-based approaches. In this context, Ugandan Sign Language appeared as a technology of development. But how did the appropriation of Ugandan Sign Language change deaf people’s lives, their being-in-the-world, in Acholi? In using the theoretical approach of existential and instrumental perspectives on technologies by Martin Heidegger, this article analyses the complex transitions following the appropriation of Ugandan Sign Language on international, national and local levels. The disability movement – including Ugandan Sign Language projects – reached Acholi during the time of war between the Lord’s Resistance Army and Ugandan national forces. Displacement brought scattered deaf people together in towns and camps, where Ugandan Sign Language was introduced through workshops and institutions including churches. This created new forms of communication and possibilities of sociality. After the war, gender differences emerged, as many deaf women returned to rural homes where they had few opportunities to communicate with other sign language users.

Military Resident Physician Training Burden: Quantifying Requirements Across the Military Health Care System.

The Military Health Care System trains approximately 1,500 resident physicians in over 100 specialties. In addition to requirements for their specific program, active duty military trainees must complete military-specific trainings that vary by the branch of service. Excessive training requirements could contribute to physician burnout and/or negatively affect patient care. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the time active duty resident physicians dedicate to this training, stratified by the branch of service. The study protocol was submitted to the Clinical Investigations Department at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth (Portsmouth, VA, USA) and deemed exempt from the Institutional Review Board review. We conducted a descriptive study in 2021 wherein lists of all training requirements were obtained from a military treatment facility in the Army, Navy, and Air Force supporting residency training. Individual requirements were reviewed and sorted into military-specific and general categories. Information was gathered on duration, frequency, and platform for applicable requirements. Residents are required to complete a mean of 17.2 hours of training annually, of which 11.2 hours were military-specific. This consisted of 50, 57, and 53 individual requirements for Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel, respectively. Army resident physicians had the greatest time burden of military-specific training at 14.8 hours/year, followed by the Air Force and Navy (10.2 and 8.7 hours/year, respectively). Annually, active duty resident physicians spend the equivalent of more than two work days completing additional training requirements on multiple platforms. Standardizing training requirements and platforms across the Military Health Care System and aligning required trainings with job responsibilities could free up additional time for patient care, potentially decreasing fatigue and burnout.

Veteran’s Treatment Courts: will More be Necessary Now that the 20-Year War on Terror has Concluded for US Soldiers?

Senator John Kerry noted that September 11th was the worst day that we, as a nation, had ever seen; however, it served to unite us. For the families of the 2,977 victims, it was a day of immeasurable and unimaginable loss. For first responders, it was a living nightmare they willingly chose to return to for days, weeks, and months following the attacks so that the families impacted could have some measure of closure. Many of these experienced subsequent physical and mental health illnesses due to what they were exposed to. For others, it was a call to arms. A call to action and to begin serving something bigger than themselves. It was a call to enlist in the US military. It is reported that immediately following the September 11th attacks, over 180,000 American citizens enlisted in active-duty military with some claiming the events of 9/11 were the driving force behind their decision. The military reported that 1 year after 9/11 there were just over 1.4 million active-duty military personnel in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force combined. Since the beginning of the American military involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars in 2001, it is estimated that approximately 1.9 US military personnel were deployed in 3 million missions lasting at least 30 days. Over 7,000 servicemembers have been killed, in post-9/11 wars, with thousands more sustaining critical life-changing injuries, including loss of limbs, traumatic brain injuries and the invisible injuries of posttraumatic stress disorder. This work consists of a content analysis, specifically focusing on the establishment and ongoing need of Veteran’s Treatment Courts (VTC), a specialty court established in 2008, as a direct response to a growing number of veterans, appearing on court dockets, who were addicted to drugs, alcohol, or suffering from undiagnosed/untreated mental illness due to exposure to traumatic events while on military deployment. Today there are 400 VTC across the country, but more of these courts and significantly more funding and resources are needed to address the invisible wounds and impact of a 20-year war. This article examines the literature in existence related to VTCs, including their missions, strategies, and recidivism success rates. It also examines where these VTCs are in relation to US military installations that experienced deployments, and the resources that are available and accessible to those veterans who agree to enter these diversion programs. Finally, it discusses any noted gaps in where VTCs should be and currently are not as well as the potential for deleterious outcomes for veterans who have honorably served their country and have either fallen through the system’s cracks or live in an underserved area of the country. These are wounded warriors that, absent being exposed to traumatic events in a war zone, may never have entered the criminal justice system.

Exploring Psyche of the Gurkha Soldier in Koirala’s Soldier, Rai’s The Murderer and Bista’s The Andhikhola

Lahure, ‘Gurkha soldier’ has a unique image and personage in the World; people around the world characterise and praise the braveness and honesty of Gurkha soldiers. But no one describes and contemplates about the psyche and personality of the lahure outside the barracks and battlefields, and treat accordingly them. This research paper explored psyche, motives and mentality of lahures (“Gurkha soldiers”) in Koirala’s Soldier, Rai’s The Murderer and Bista’s The Anthi Khola. This paper exposed the pre-service, in-service and post-service conditions, thoughts and experiences of lahures, and unveils the psychological motives, intentions and personality of lahure in the stories selected. This research has exploited interpretative qualitative approach and utilised psychoanalysis theory to interpret the data from the stories; this theory exposed the mindset and mentality of a person like a lahure. Three stories of different writers are purposively selected to truly exhibit the psyche, persona and mind of lahures in the pre-service, in-service and post-service. The findings are that Koirala manifests the nature and mind sets of a lahure who is on leave and returns to the cantonment; the self of the soldier is ‘other’ to show people, and he also displays his own provocative character. Rai discloses the temperament and perception of ex-lahure in his village; circumstantial evidences and his subconscious forces him to slander and calumniate the accidental act. Likewise, Bista demonstrates the motivation, rationale and intention of lahure and village boys who wish to join army forces; their paramount intention is to pay off debts and earn for bread and butter as well as social status in the village. Rai also exemplifies how the beloveds are psychologically devastated by the lost lahure in wars. They divulged the psychic conditions, individuals’ unique thoughts and experiences of Gurkha soldiers to the particular problems outside the cantonments and battlefields. This research significantly unveils thoughts, provocation, psyche and motives of lahures to the (academic) publics who have heard and described the braveness and honesty of the Gurkha soldiers in the battle fields.

Design of Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Applications

Carbon nanomaterials have attracted significant academic and industrial interest as promising candidates for the development of batteries with enhanced capacity and charging capabilities. This study presents the design of graphene materials with capacity beyond 1,000 mAh/g. The graphene materials were chemically modified for enhanced capacity and the structure was engineered for fast ion transport. The materials were optimized for the fabrication of anodes for lithium ion batteries. The graphene anodes were assembled in full cells with Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) cathodes in both coin and pouch cell configurations. The performance of the graphene batteries was verified using charge-discharge tests at different current density ranging from C/5 to 10C. The developed graphene batteries demonstrated energy density of 400 Wh/kg at 1C and exceeded 250 Wh/kg at 10C. The power density ranges from 250 to 2,500 W/kg. The batteries showed good cycling stability and retained their energy density for 500 cycles at 1C. The batteries have reduced footprint because of the increased graphene anode density, which exceed two times that of graphite. The competitive advantages of the developed technology are high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities (light, small footprint), high power density, safe operation, fast charging, and long cycle life. The processes are scalable and can be tailored for conformable batteries.Acknowledgement: Carbon Solutions Inc, acknowledges support under the SBIR programs of Army and Air Force.

Reappraising Expropriations

The attack on Benin City by British forces in 1897 has evolved into a symbol in the twenty-first century of the contested legacy of taking in military colonial conflicts. This revolves around questions of legitimacy of retention and, in a more focused manner, on the question of military looting. A number of scholars have written about the looting activities of British and other European forces concerning Yuanmingyuan (Tythacott 2018), Tibet (Carrington 2003; Harris 2012), and Benin City (Bodenstein 2018, 2020/1, 2022; Eyo 1997; Hicks 2020; Igbare 1970, 2007; Lundén 2016; Plankensteiner 2007; Ratté 1972; Shyllon 2019) to mention but a few. Some historians have provided an overview of the system that British land and naval forces operated to expropriate, and manage the expropriation of, artworks during colonial conflicts in the nineteenth century and prior (Finn 2018; Hevia 1994; Hill 1999; Spiers 2020). As noted in other publications (Lidchi and Allan 2020b; Lidchi and Hartwell 2022), colonial military conventions and codes that historically governed the taking of objects changed over the centuries, and this renders them somewhat opaque regarding what was being allowed and disallowed and how this was implemented. These governance structures, understood and applied by British army and naval forces, as well as such entities as the presidency armies of the East India Company, were obviously part of the “extractive statecraft” (Finn 2018: 17) of British governments that deployed a range of economic and military strategies to constrain and, in many cases, humiliate those who resisted while expanding the boundaries of trade and empire.

미취학 자녀를 둔 여군의 양육 스트레스, 사회적지지 및 정신건강

Purpose: The study aimed to identify the relationship among the parenting stress, social support, and mental health of female soldiers with preschool children. Methods: This is a descriptive correlation study utilizing a self-report questionnaire. An online survey was conducted from June 16 to August 16, 2021 to collect data on women serving in the Republic of Korea army, navy, and air force with preschool children. Results: A total of 170 female soldiers completed the survey. The mean depression and anxiety scores were 51.72±9.84 and 51.82±11.95, respectively. The mental health, parenting stress and social support of female soldiers with preschool children were found to be significantly correlated (.16≤r≤.79, .05<p<.001). The mental health and parenting stress showed significantly positive correlation while mental health and social support showed significantly negative correlation. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that it is important to promote social support, such as military support and private support, and reduce depression and anxiety experienced by female soldiers with preschool children.

English

In more than six years, Russia expanded its presence in Africa sevenfold, starting with four (4) countries in 2015 and reaching 25 by 2021, including the Central African Republic (CAR). In the CAR, Russia became a major actor alongside the fourteen (14) armed groups, the United Nations Blue Helmets, and the Central African Army forces. While Moscow is involved in security issues and military diplomacy with lucrative reward, China is engaged in several development activities. This study examines Russia&rsquo;s and China&rsquo;s motivations, interests, and strategies in the CAR. The authors use the New Scramble for Africa literature as their theoretical lens. The overall objective of this paper is to foster a greater understanding of Russia&rsquo;s and China&rsquo;s role in the CAR where armed groups control 60% of the resource-rich areas. The armed groups&rsquo; predatory activities and Moscow&rsquo;s realist policy in the CAR derailed the peace process via direct confrontations between the great power and armed groups. These confrontations escalated the geopolitical rift between France and Russia over CAR. Our findings indicate that Russia and China will increasingly become engaged in strategic competition for the resources of CAR, with detrimental consequences for peace and prosperity in the CAR. &nbsp; Key words: Russia, China, armed groups, minerals, Central African Republic, United Nations, New Scramble for Africa.