Armenian National Research Articles

Մոսկվայի և Պետերբուրգի ազգային նարոդնիկական խմբակները 19-րդ դարի 80-ական թվականների երկրորդ կեսին / The National Narodnik groups of Moscow and Petersburg in the second half of the 80s of the 19th century

In the second half of the 80th year of the 19th century, National Narodnik groups were formed in the Armenian reality for which the basis of activity became the ideology of Russian Revolutionary Narodniks [populist, populism]. At the same time, under the influence of objective reasons, they began to pay more attention to national problems trying to apply Narodnik ideologies to national problems. In this article, the greatest attention is focused on the presentation of the activities of Armenian National Narodnik groups of the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The members of these groups actively collaborated with the Russian Revolutionary Narodniks believing that ultimately they had common goals. Later, the members of the groups became members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Party.

Պատկերամարտական շարժման սկզբնավորումն ու վարդապետական արձագանքը․ Վրթանես Քերթող և Հովհան Մայրագոմեցի

The iconoclastic movement in Armenia is an interesting phenomenon, which precedes the Byzantine controversies in the 8th century. Two important testimonies have been preserved in the Armenian ecclesiastical literature about the iconoclastic groups and movements in Armenia and Aghvank’ in the 6th–7th centuries: Vrt῾anes K῾ert῾oł’s treatise “Against the Iconoclasts” and the letter written by Hovhan Mayragomec῾i to Bishop David, which is included in the “History of Aghvank” by Movses Dasxowranc῾i, 10th century historian. These two complementary documents outline the origins of the iconoclastic movements in Armenia and Aghvank’, the reasons for its emergence, the geographical span and name of the movement’s authors showing the religious and theological attitude of the Armenian Church regarding the issue. The treatise of Vrt῾anes is the earliest datable defense of images in any language. The author proves necessity and importance of the icons in the churches on the basis of biblical and patristic sources, provides insightful information about the iconography and frescos of the Armenian churches in general. He cites St. John Chrysostom, Bishop Severian of Gabala, Eusebius of Caesarea and St. Gregory the Illuminator, the patron saint of the Armenian nation. Vrt῾anes is the first author to use the story of Abgar’s icon of Christ in Edessa in defense of icon use. Analyzing and studying the Armenian sources of the first stage of the iconographic movement, we come to the following conclusion: the presence of images in the church doesn’t contradict to the Holy Scriptures and the teaching of Church Fathers. We have to remember that the worship of images in Christianity has nothing to do with the idolatry described in the Old Testament, because icons were also in the Holy of Holies and in the Temple of Solomon.

REFLECTION OF THE BEIRUT NEWSPAPER “AZDAK” ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMENIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE DURING THE APRIL WAR

The centuries-old presence of Armenians in the Middle East and the active work of the Armenian periodical press also includes coverage of the activities of Armenian lobbying organizations operating in the Diaspora, including the Armenian National Committee. The April 2016 war was the first large-scale aggression organized by Azerbaijan against Nagorno-Karabakh since the ceasefire in 1994. During the hostilities and in the following days, the Armenian National Committee was active. organized protests and information campaigns, held meetings and discussions with a number of political and public figures, widely covering the events taking place in Nagorno-Karabakh and demanding a proper response from the international community. The 44-day war unleashed by Azerbaijan on September 27, 2020, and the depopulation of Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 showed that the conflict resolution process and the efforts of Armenians in its direction need coverage and comprehensive analysis. It is important for the Armenian historiography to assess the activities of Armenian lobbying organizations operating in the Diaspora and to cover it on the pages of the Armenian press in the Middle East. Among them, the daily newspaper Azdak, published in Beirut during the April War, actively covers the activities of the Armenian National Committee, the situation in NagornoKarabakh and Armenia, which presents it from a pro-nationalist position. The novelty of this research is that until now Armenian historiography has not studied the reaction of the Armenian National Committee in Armenian periodicals published in the Armenian-dominated countries of the Middle East.

The Foundations Of A Nation’s Existence In Maghakia Ormanyan’s Arguments

It is an obvious philosophical truth that people turn to eternal, unchanging values when they find themselves in uncertain, crisis or declining situations during historical and political scandals, as well as in the periods preceding violent cultural-civilizational movements, when in the search for new value orientations, the foundations of national existence, the universal essence of existence, universal principles of existence, reflections on human existence, self-interpretation and worldview become primary. Discussions of the problem of practical philosophy are also activated on the basis of theoretical concepts. These universal patterns are also characteristic of the Armenian reality. In particular, in the process of searching for possible ways of solving the Armenian Question in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century, the scientific and philosophical analyzes of the genealogy of the Armenian nation, the factors of preserving the national identity, and the legality and justice of the reform of the political existence were important.

Echoes of the “Azdarar” Newspaper in Kuwait Concerning the Activities of the Armenian National Committee on the Issue of Recognition of the Armenian Genocide (2014-2017)

Key words: Kuwait, Armenian Genocide, Armenian National Committee, Diaspora, weekly newspaper “Azdarar”, demand The Armenian National Committee stands out for its role and significance among the many Armenian lobbying organizations operating in the modern Diaspora. Promoting the process of international recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide is the key activity of the latter. The Armenian National Committee is highly influential in the Armenian communities of the Diaspora. The activities of the Committee are actively covered on the pages of the newspaper “Azdarar” published in Kuwait. Since 1996, the socio-political weekly “Azdarar” has been published at the republican level. The newspaper covers the life of the local Armenian community, publishes news from Armenia and various Diaspora communities, conducts analysis and covers important international events. After the events in Yerevan in 1965 the process of recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide resumed. It entered the modern stage after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Armenia on August 23, 1990. Since 1998, the issue of international recognition of the Armenian Genocide has a permanent place on the foreign policy agenda of the Republic of Armenia. The weekly newspaper “Azdarar” covers the activities of the Armenian National Committee for the recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide from the standpoint of national ideology. The newspaper does not consider the advancement of Armenian demands to be a monopoly of Diaspora Armenians and Armenian lobbying structures operating in the Diaspora, but considers it a process reflecting the unity and efforts of all Armenians.

The Geographies of the Armenian Nation

A 4,500 years-old nation, Armenians settled in various environments, especially after the calamitous 1915-1921 Genocide. Many found refuge in countless countries that welcomed them as refugees, though new arrivals quickly adapted to their new societies, learned local languages, integrated, and succeeded in their respective fields of interest. This paper highlights diaspora populations’ loyalties to their native nation as well as to their adopted countries. It identifies five major communities—India, China, Russia, France and the United States—and briefly discusses how diaspora Armenians in these selected countries protected and preserved their nations. It argues that it was hard work throughout their new geographic spreads that added value, sustained and encouraged creativity, and, above all else, ensured that this minority nation would survive.

The Theme of Preservation and Retreat of National Identity in the Novel "Daughters of Memory" By Peter Najarian

In the article, we examined the novel “Daughters of Memory” depicting the Armenian reality by Peter Najarian, the author of many novels, short stories, and literary criticism. P. Najarian is an Armenian novelist who made a great contribution to the American prose of the 20th century. The novel “Daughters of Memory” by the Armenian-American writer Peter Najarian is one of the best works depicting the life of Armenian Diaspora. Here the writer clearly emphasizes the “laws” of the new world, moral standards, the internal drama of the Armenian with the combination of old and new life, material and spiritual interests. Wherever foreign Armenian writers are, they pursue the preservation of national identity and national spirit with their works, without which the Armenian in the Diaspora, lacking national subsoil under his feet, a lifestyle cultivated for centuries, a national environment, a vision of a desired homeland, is doomed to assimilation. Najarian’s novel “Daughters of Memory” is a search for identity and an attempt to cling to it. The author of the book captured in its pages the gradual alienation from one’s national roots of an Armenian isolated in a foreign land, the retreat, the incapacity of some children of genocide witnesses to comprehend and value the past, the painful reality of not taking history lessons to heart, Americanization, the denial of national values, and the eroding of the moral image of the Armenian nation through attempts to use art as a weapon against assimilation and alienation. The purpose of the article is to reveal and appreciate the theme of national identity with its reflections and manifestations by studying the novel “Daughters of Memory” by Peter Najarian, an Armenian-American English writer of the 20th century. In the novel, we examined the problems faced by the Armenian-American writer, the tireless efforts and struggles to preserve the national identity and right to live of Armenians around the world.

SOME BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HYPODERMA LATREILLE, 1818 IN TAVUSH REGION OF ARMENIA

Background. Cattle hypodermosis is a chronic parasitic disease (entomosis) that occurs as a result of parasitizing the larvae of warble flies in the body of animals. Disease is common in more than 55 countries of the world, causing great economic damage. It is considered as a parasitic disease with a certain zoonotic potential. Purpose. To conduct research on biological and ecological features of the warble flies that determines certain epidemiological traits of the caused pathology in Tavush Region of Armenia. Materials and methods. The observations were carried out in Tavush Region, and the experiments were carried out at the Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise at the Armenian National Agrarian University. The warble flies marked with stain, were released at a distance of 0.5 to 1.5 km from livestock farms with subsequent search and trapping of insects, located on pastures and on the skin of animals. Generally, 275 warble flies were released. Warble fly activity was evaluated visually counting the comparative number of flying insects at the fixed point per minute at different times of the day, as well as animal anxiety state caused by warble flies was identified. Statistical processing of experimental data was performed by means of “Vassart.net” online calculator. Results. Female warble flies Hypoderma bovis flew up to 12.1 km, while female warble flies H. lineatum did it up to 8.6 km. Females of H. bovis and H. lineatum demonstrated various spatial and circadian flying activity that depends on season, and altitude above the sea level. Spring generation of warble flies is more resistant to low air temperatures compared to the summer generation. Mild and humid summers, as well as an increase in the number of animals, contribute to an increase in the population of warble flies, while high temperature and high soil moisture contribute to the mass death of warble fly pupae developing in the ground. Conclusion. The research data cited in the article, detect the presence of a wide range of biocenotic factors that determine the epidemiology of cattle hypodermosis in the Tavush region of the Republic of Armenia. Cattle hypodermosis control plan was designed based on the results of the research, as well as natural and climatic conditions of Tavush region. Pasture prevention activities and periodic treatment of the cattle with insecticides were emphasized.

Nematode fauna of fish in Armenia

The purpose of the research is to study the species composition of nematodes dwelling in fish in natural reservoirs and on artificial pond fish farms in Armenia.Materials and methods. The studies were performed at the Research Center for Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise of the Armenian National Agrarian University and at the Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology of the Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology from March 2020 to December 2022. Traditional ichthyo-parasitological methods were used to study 246 fish of 10 species from fish farms in the Ararat and Armavir Regions, from Lake Sevan and the Sevjur, Hrazdan, Marmarik, Akhuryan and Debed Rivers, as well as the Yerevan, Aparan and Akhuryan reservoirs. The study results were statistically processed (descriptive statistics) using the BioStat software.Results and discussion. The fish were found to have four types of nematodes: Contracaecum microcephalum Rudolphi, 1819, Philometroides sanguineus Rudolphi, 1819, Rhabdochona fortunatowi Dinnik, 1933 and Cystidicola farionis Fischer, 1798. Parasites were found in the body, on the serosa, in the air bladder walls, the intestinal lumen and the caudal fin thickness. The total nematode infection rate in fish was 9.76%. The nematode infection rate in fish was characterized by low values of prevalence and intensity other than the infection by the species Rh. fortunatowi (up to 24 specimens per fish). Among the found nematodes, the species C. microcephalum posed a potential threat to human health.

Pawns of Empire: Unraveling the Role of Dashnaktsutyun in British Geopolitical Strategy (1890-1922)

This paper examines the instrumental role of Dashnaktsutyun, also known as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, in the geopolitical strategies of the British Empire during the early 20th century. Initially emerging as a nationalist movement within the Ottoman Empire, Dashnaktsutyun was co-opted by external powers, particularly Britain, to serve broader imperial interests in the Eurasian region. The study delves into the organization’s activities in the Ottoman, Russian, and Iranian territories, highlighting how its operations, under the guise of Armenian nationalism, were significantly influenced by British geopolitical objectives. The paper also explores the complex interplay between nationalist movements and international power politics, particularly in the context of the Great Game between the British and Russian Empires. A critical analysis of Dashnaktsutyun’s role during key historical events, such as the Soviet invasion of Armenia in 1920, reveals a prioritization of foreign directives over national resistance, impacting the trajectory of Armenian history and reflecting the broader dynamics of early 20th-century imperialism. This study serves as a cautionary tale of how nationalist movements can be redirected by external influences, often at the expense of their foundational principles and the welfare of their people. Keywords: Dashnaktsutyun, Armenian Revolutionary Federation, British Geopolitical Strategy, Armenian Nationalism, Imperialism, Soviet Invasion of Armenia, Great Game, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Turanism

Characteristics of the Armenian National Costume

Ազգային տարազը, իր տեղային խմբերով հանդերձ, բազմագործառութային է և որպես մշակութային կարևոր տարր՝ ունի սոցիալական խմբերի, սեռատարիքային և էթնիկ ընդհանրության հոգևոր պահանջմունքների ցուցիչի դեր: Այն յուրատեսակ նշանային համակարգ է՝ կրողի վերաբերյալ որոշակի տեղեկությամբ, որը հաղորդվում և դրսևորվում է կրվող համալիրի, տիպի, գույնի, ձևվածքի, զարդարանքի միջոցով: Հագուստի նշանային գործառույթներում գեղագիտական հատկանիշները միահյուսված են կրոնածիսական ոլորտներին: Հայկական տարազը, ինչպես նաև հայոց լեզուն, իր բազմաթիվ բարբառներով, հիշեցնում է բազմագույն երանգապնակ՝ իր առանձին, բայց միաժամանակ համամասն ու ներդաշնակ գույներով: Մեկ համահայկական, ընդհանուր տարազ չկա: Այն պատմական զարգացման ուղի անցած համակարգ է` առանձին խմբերով, որոնք ընդհանուր են կառուցվածքային առումով: Բոլոր տարազախմբերում այն կազմված է ներքնազգեստից, վերնազգեստից, գլխի հարդարանքից, զարդարանքից, ագանելիքից (գուլպա, ոտնաման, տղամարդկանցը՝ նաև ոտքի փաթաթան, սռնապան): Տարբերությունները ոճավորման մեջ են, իսկ հագուստի ոճը դրսևորվել է ձևվածքային լուծման, հիմնական ձևերի, հագնելու եղանակի, գունային համադրության և գեղազարդման եղանակների մեջ: Ըստ տիպի` հայկական տարազը արձակ է, բաց, զգեստն ունի կտրվածքներ առջևից, կողքերից: Հայոց տարազի համակարգը կազմում են արևմտահայկական` Վասպուրական, Աղձնիք, Տուրուբերան, Բարձր Հայք, Շիրակ-Ջավախք, Տրապիզոն, Փոքր Հայք, Կիլիկիա և արևելահայկական` Այրարատ- Թիֆլիս-Պարսկահայք, Սյունիք-Արցախ, Գուգարք, Վայոց ձոր և այլ համալիրները: Ավանդական տարազի դերն այսօր լրիվ փոխվել է: Այն դուրս է եկել կենցաղավարումից, կորցրել երբեմնի կիրառական նշանակությունը և դարձել ազգային մշակույթի էթնոսիմվոլիկ հատկանիշ, կատարելով էթնիկ ցուցիչի դեր: Национальный костюм, наряду с его местными разновидностями, много- функционален и, как важный культурный элемент, играет роль индикатора духовных потребностей социальных групп, половозрастной и этнической общностей. Национальный костюм – это своего рода знаковая система с определенной информацией о его владельце, которая передается через его тип, цвет, крой и украшение. В знаковых функциях одежды эстетические особенности переплетаются с религиозной и ритуальной сферами. Армянский национальный костюм, как и мультидиалектный армянский язык, напоминает многоцветную палитру в ее отдельных, но в то же время пропорциональных и гармоничных цветах. Не существует единого общеармянского нацио- нального костюма. Это система, прошедшая путь исторического развития с отдельными группами, имеющими общую структуру. Все группы национального костюма состоят из нижнего белья, верхней одежды, головного убора, украшения, обуви (носки, туфли, у мужчин также онучи, ноговицы). Различия проявляются и в стилизации, а стиль одежды- в крое, в основ- ных формах, в способе ношения, в цветовом сочетании и декорировании. По своему типу армянский национальный костюм свободный, открытый, с вырезами по бокам и спереди. Система армянского национального костюма включает западноармянский-Васпуракан, Ахдзник, Туруберан, Высокая Армения, Ширак-Джавахк, Трапезунд, Малая Армения, Киликия и восточноармянский - Айрарат-Тифлис-Парскаайк, Сюник-Арцах, Гугарк, Вайоц Дзор и другие комплексы. Сегодня полностью изменилась роль традиционного костюма. Он вышел из повседневной жизни, утратил свое некогда практическое значение и, став этно- символической чертой национальной культуры, играет роль этнического индикатора. The national costume with its local groups is multifunctional and, being an important cultural element, plays the role of an indicator of social groups, gender and age, and also the spiritual demands of an ethnic community. The national costume is an original sign system that bears definite information about its wearer, disclosed by type, color, pattern, and ornamentation of the set. The national costume, in particular the men’s costume set, being comparatively an open system, is rather flexible towards changes in the historical and cultural, social-economic processes of a given community. In the national costume all elements are of symbolic significance. The Armenian national costume, like the Armenian multidialectal language, is manifold. It resembles a multicolored palette with separate but at the same time proportionate and harmonious colors. There is no "all Armenian" general costume. It is a historically developed system with separate groups that are common in structure. In all groups the costume consists of underwear, outerwear, headdress, decoration, footwear (socks, shoes; for men also foot wrappers, gaiters). The differences are in stylization, demonstrated in pattern, main forms, manner of wearing, color combination, and ornamentation styles. The Armenian costume system comprised the folk dresses of Bardzr Hayk, Vaspurakan, Pokr Hayk, Cilicia, Ayrarat (Yerevan-Tiflis-Parskahayk/Persian Armenia/), Syunik-Artsakh and Lori-Gugark, each of which had their versions. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially after the Armenian Genocide, Armenian national costume began to lose its features. However, in some places, for example, in Syunik-Artsakh, some elements of the local costume have been preserved in purity. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially after the Armenian Genocide, Armenian national costume began to lose its features. However, in some places, for example, in Syunik-Artsakh, some elements of the local costume have been preserved in purity.

Լեզվի և նորմի փոփոխության կանխադրույթներն ըստ Ա. Այտընյանի «քննական քերականության» / Hypotheses for Language and Norm Change in A. Aitynyan’s “Critical Grammar"

Arsen Aytynyan was a prominent figure in Armenian philological science during the 19th century. As a linguist and philosopher, he greatly influenced Armenian scientific thought of his time. Human thinking and communication shape the "form" and "type" of language. The Armenian language, in turn, reflects the intellectual, material, and moral state of the Armenian nation. In his work, Aytynyan examines the state of the Armenian language during his era, contrasting the dead ancient Armenian language with the modern Armenian language, which he saw as lifeless. He emphasizes key aspects of linguistic research, such as the standardization of language, changes in language norms, language development, and the language policy.

Grigor Khanjyan’s Triptych as a Visualization of the Commemoration in the Context of the Armenian Ethnogenetic Myth

The article is devoted to the visualization of three key events in the history of Armenia in the work of the artist Grigor Khanjyan: the invention of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots, the Vardanid War for independence. To achieve ideological and aesthetic goals, the artist turned to the monumental genre. The final result was a triptych, now stored in the heart of Yerevan, in the architectural and monumental Cascade complex, in the Gerard Gafeschyan Art Center, in the hall named after the artist. The frescoes are united by cumulation and intentional atemporality of the characters. Another characteristic feature of the triptych is that Khanjyan turned to academic classicism to implement the idea. As an artistic technique, the master uses achrony, shifting the time frame for different characters, but at the same time, remaining faithful to the plot and the entourage of the depicted events. The central part of the triptych resembles a temporary dromos, separating and simultaneously connecting the first and third khorans, epochal events that changed the paradigm of the Armenian nation’s existence. Through the time portal, the Armenian ethnic group flows from the early Middle Ages to our days. A cross-cutting idea is the ideal of the social structure of the Armenian nation, which has gained sovereignty, sought by Khanjyan. The artist models the Golden Age according to the type of social structure of the early Middle Ages, extrapolating the medieval paradigm to the present and tomorrow. The ukhronia of the Reborn Armenia created by the artist is a projection of early medieval Armenia. Among the researchers who conducted an art criticism analysis of this work of Khanjyan, it is perhaps worth highlighting the names of such researchers as N. Stepanyan, N. Eyramjians, V. Gamagelyan, etc., whose works we refer to in our study. This article is intended to partially fill this obvious gap. The scientific novelty of the study lies in its interdisciplinary approach, due to the fact that one of the co–authors is a historian and the other is an art critic. This allowed the authors to conduct a diverse analysis using historical, cultural, semiotic, anthropological, ethnographic and, of course, art criticism approaches.

Армения: отказ от триединства нации и поиск новых ориентиров

The formula of the trinity of the Armenian nation was declared in September 1999 at the first All-Armenian Congress “Armenia–Diaspora”. Subsequently, the leaders of Armenia constantly emphasized their commitment to the trinity of Armenia – Artsakh – Diaspora, and a fair solution to the Armenian issue (Armenia within the “Wilson borders” or more extensive). After the defeat in the Second Karabakh War, the Armenian government abandoned the formula of the trinity of the nation. N.Pashinyan declared his commitment exclusively to the state interests of the Republic of Armenia within the borders of the former Armenian SSR. The Armenian opposition, the church and the Diaspora assessed N.Pashinyan’s policy as a national betrayal and remained committed to the trinity of the nation. The inability of the opposition to develop a new pan-Armenian strategy and remove N.Pashinyan from power is explained both by its fragmentation and by the disoriented and apathetic state of society. The constitutional reform planned by N.Pashinyan will make it possible to legislate the Armenian state’s refusal of the trinity formula and the principles contained in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of Armenia.

Co-Occurrence of Familial Mediterranean Fever and Hematologic Malignancies: Case Report Series

Introduction: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder primarily found among individuals of Mediterranean descent, including Armenians, Italians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks and Jews. In the Armenian population, approximately 90% of FMF cases are associated with three main mutations (M694V, V726A, and M680I) in two alleles of MEFV gene, while more than 300 MEFV variants have been reported worldwide. The homozygous M694V genotype is associated with frequent renal failure due to amyloidosis. Clinical manifestations of FMF include periodic attacks of diffuse serositis with pain and fever that are treated with colchicine or biologic therapy. There is a scarcity of data on patients with FMF and hematologic malignancies. Limited data makes it difficult to generate evidence-based recommendations for the management of these patients, which is mostly based on expert opinions or few case reports. Here we report the case series of patients from Armenia with simultaneous presence of FMF and hematologic malignancies (FMFHM) and evaluate their management challenges. Methods: Data was collected from the Armenian National Registry of Blood Disorders, at the Hematology Center after Prof. R. Yeolyan, and through personal interviews conducted with each patient. Hematology Center is the only institution in Armenia managing hematologic malignancies. We have analyzed 8 patients diagnosed with both FMFHM during 2000-2020, treated in the pediatric (1 patient) and adult (7 patients) hematology departments. Results: 8 patients with FMFHM were identified, from which 4 were diagnosed with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), 2 with acute leukemia (AL), and 2 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The median age of patients was 46, range 20-60 years. Only 5 (62.5%) of patients were regularly taking colchicine for FMF, while the rest refused it. Four MPN patients received treatment only with oral medications (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, hydroxyurea). Autologous hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) was performed in 1 NHL patient after indicated 1 st and 2 nd line immuno-chemotherapy. Another 2 AL patients and one NHL patient received protocol-based respective chemotherapy regimens. Moderate gastrointestinal (GI) complications (e.g., epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, intestinal discomfort) was experienced by 7 (87.5%) patients. Allergic reactions (e.g., moderate skin rash, itching) were seen in 5 patient (62.5%), of which one developed severe anaphylactic shock. A patient with FMF and PMF had ischemic stroke caused by thrombi. Arterial hypertension occurred in 3 (37.5%). Only in one patient reduction of colchicine dosage was performed (1mg/day was reduced to 0.6mg/d), because of interaction with imatinib. The rest of patients received chemotherapy and colchicine treatment as indicated. All 8 patients are alive, 5 of them are in hematologic or molecular remission, two of which received concurrent colchicine treatment. One patient in remission developed renal failure due to FMF (colchicine was refused). Two patients with MPN treated with colchicine experienced disease stabilization. Conclusion: In conclusion, the concurrent appearance of FMFHM may potentially increase the risk of GI side effects, allergic complications, and arterial hypertension, however definitive conclusions require further investigations in larger patient cohorts. While the overall treatment responses were largely positive, the association between MEFV and HM mutations warrants deeper exploration to provide more precise drug administration recommendations for colchicine and cancer medications. Future studies in this area will contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between these conditions and guide optimal treatment strategies.

Lake Sevan. Past, present, and future state of a unique alpine lake

Lake Sevan, a large, deep, alpine lake in the Lesser Caucasus is the focus of this Special Issue of the Journal of Limnology. It was an outstanding ecosystem 100 years ago characterised by excellent water quality, rich biodiversity with a high level of endemism, wide-ranging beds of macrophytes along the shores and a productive and sustainable fish production. Due to its beauty, natural history, and contributions to social and economic welfare it is also a cultural heritage for the Armenian Nation including its large diaspora.

Chicken mixed infection in Kotayk region of the Republic of Armenia

The purpose of the research is study of chicken parasitic associations in small farms of Kotayk region, and analysis of the determined factors. Materials and methods. Research was conducted in 2021 to 2022 in small poultry farms of Kotayk Marz. Poultry feces samples were examined at the Laboratory of Parasitology of the Research Center of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, Armenian National Agrarian University. Totally 210 fecal samples were examined. Eimeria spp. oocysts and nematode eggs were detected by means of method after Darling. The results of the research were processed by statistical methods. Results and discussion. Results of the research have shown that poultry eimeriasis had a wide prevalence in Kotayk Region (52.86%). Three species of Eimeria spp. have been detected: E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. necatrix. E. acervulina was the most prevalence species (34.29%). The highest intensity of the infection has been registered in Nairi and Kotayk Regions of the region. The above-mentioned species of Eimeria spp. have been occurred both in mono- and poly-infection, with various combinations of the species. E. acervulina + E. tenella combination was the most common. Poultry eimeriasis occurred as a mixed-infection with ascaridiasis, heterakiasis, and capillariasis. The highest extensiveness of the poultry infection has been registered in Kotayk and Hrazdan Regions of the region (65.71% in both cases). Geographical location, as well as natural and climatic conditions of the region promote the prevalence of the mixed infection of poultry.

Ideas of National Self-Determination and Sovereigntyin the Political-Philosophical Concepts of Maghakia Ormanyan and Levon Shant

XIX-XX century’s geopolitical realities, constitutional and national-liberation movements, and the change in Ottoman statelegal order became the historic-political basis of the politicalphilosophical constructs of the thinkers of that time. Due to the military and diplomatic policies of the superpowers Full or partial liberation of the people under the rule of the Ottoman Empire was conceived by the Armenian nation as a historic injustice against the Armenians and a violation of the principle of the legal equality of the nations. In the context of these realities, prominent political scientist-philosophers of that century Maghakia Ormanyan (1841-1918) and Levon Shant (1869-1951) argue for the fundamental ideas of civilizational identity, protection of historical rights, political self-determination, freedom of self-government of the Armenian nation, substantiate independence and national-state sovereignty as highest values.

The Origins of Armenian Nationalism in the United States and the American Armenian Press (1880s-1920s)

The growing scholarship on the ethnic press in the United States has greatly contributed to our understanding of their functions within ethnic communities and in the broader society. This study, focusing on a sample of the Armenian ethnic press, demonstrates that in the formative stages of the Armenian immigrant community (1880s-1920s), the Armenian press promoted long-distance nationalism, on the one hand, and ‘cultural congruence’ between American and Armenian values, identities, and worldviews, on the other hand. Armenians arrived in the United States in increasing numbers beginning in the late nineteenth century, as they fled Ottoman persecutions and massacres, and the community further grew in the aftermath of the genocide during World War I. As Armenians established roots in their new environment, their cultural production during the period under consideration included more than one hundred dailies, weeklies, and monthly journals. These publications fell into three categories: nationalist/long-distance nationalist, religious, and non-political/professional. The Armenian ethnic papers catered to the tastes of nostalgic immigrants and emphasized the urgency of reforms in, or outright liberation from, the Ottoman empire. Thus, this case study demonstrates that the Armenian ethnic press propagated long-distance nationalism as they sought to forge community solidarity and to fortify cultural preservation. At the same time, they also promoted American values, the American Dream, active citizenship, and Americanization in general—a significant point regarding the paradoxical role of the ethnic press in host societies but often neglected in the literature on ethnonationalism and long-distance nationalism. This article also briefly discusses the long-term ramifications of Armenian ethnic cultural development as a diaspora community in the United States.

Echoes of the Activities of the Armenian National Committee Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in Tehran’s Daily Newspaper “Alik”

Key words: Armenian Genocide, Armenian National Committee, Diaspora, Alik newspaper, demand The international recognition of the Armenian Genocide has always been at the center of the attention among the Armenians of the Diaspora, a vivid proof of which is the activity of the Armenian National Committee. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, the activities of the Armenian National Committees attracted the attention of the Armenian press of the Diaspora: e.g. the Armenian press of the countries of the Middle East, including the daily newspaper “Alik” published in the capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The daily regularly discusses the demands of Armenians around the world: numerous and diverse publications of the newspaper have a national-ideological orientation and are aimed at the legitimacy of the Armenian demands. The newspaper “Alik” is not limited to providing information about specific activities of the committee, so it often expresses its opinion and attitude towards the committee initiatives. “Alik” covers the activities of the committee with extensive and diverse publications, which is very important in terms of the unity and consolidation of all Armenians. The newspaper emphasizes the pan-Armenian structure of the Armenian National Committee and the importance of its activities in the fate of the Armenian people within the Armenia-Artsakh-Diaspora trinity, as well as in the discussion, recognition and approval of the Armenian Genocide.