Arm Bands Research Articles

Identifying Targets for Innovation in Amazon Reviews of Bedwetting Alarms: Thematic Analysis.

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a frequent diagnosis in pediatric and adolescent populations with an estimated prevalence of around 15% at the age of 6 years. NE can have a substantial impact on multiple health domains. Bedwetting alarms, which typically consist of a sensor and moisture-activated alarm, are a common treatment. This study aimed to determine areas of satisfaction versus dissatisfaction reported by the parents and caregivers of children using current bedwetting alarms. Using the search term "bedwetting alarms" on the Amazon marketplace, products with >300 reviews were included. For each product, the 5 reviews ranked the "most helpful" for each star category were selected for analysis. Meaning extraction method was applied to identify major themes and subthemes. A percent skew was calculated by summing the total number of mentions of each subtheme,+1 for a positive mention, 0 for a neutral mention, and -1 for a negative mention, and dividing this total by the number of reviews in which that particular subtheme was observed. Subanalyses were performed for age and gender. Of 136 products identified, 10 were evaluated based on the selection criteria. The main themes identified across products were long-term concerns, marketing, alarm systems, and device mechanics and features. The subthemes identified as future targets for innovation included alarm accuracy, volume variability, durability, user-friendliness, and adaptability to girls. In general, durability, alarm accuracy, and comfort were the most negatively skewed subthemes (with a negative skew of -23.6%, -20.0%, and -12.4% respectively), which are indicative of potential areas for improvement. Effectiveness was the only substantially positively skewed subtheme (16.8%). Alarm sound and device features were positively skewed for older children, whereas ease of use had a negative skew for younger children. Girls and their caretakers reported negative experiences with devices that featured cords, arm bands, and sensor pads. This analysis provides an innovation roadmap for future device design to improve patient and caregiver satisfaction and compliance with bedwetting alarms. Our results highlight the need for additional options in alarm sound features, as children of different ages have divergent preferences in this domain. Additionally, girls and their parents and caretakers provided more negative overall reviews regarding the range of current device features compared to boys, indicating a potential focus area for future development. The percent skew showed that subthemes were often more negatively skewed toward girls, with the ease of use being -10.7% skewed for boys versus -20.5% for girls, and comfort being -7.1% skewed for boys versus -29.4% for girls. Put together, this review highlights multiple device features that are targets for innovation to ensure translational efficacy regardless of age, gender, or specific family needs.

Character Design of Mahapatih Gajah Mada Based on Visual References from Bima and Brajanata/Kertala Statues

Mahapatih Gajah Mada was a great figure who united the archipelago in his time, but no statues have been found that depict the figure. Archaeologists disagree on the accuracy of the human head statue artifact referenced by Mr. Muhammad Yamin, as it does not have any markers that indicate it is a statue of Mahapatih Gajah Mada. To design an accurate visualization of the character design of Mahapatih Gajah Mada, this design is divided into 2 stages: data mining and character design. Data mining involves a data search related to Mahapatih Gajah Mada and culture during the Majapahit Kingdom Era. Character design involves designing the character design of Gajah Mada using data from the references that have been obtained. Data searches have revealed that Mahapatih Gajah Mada is likely to be the Brajanata/ Kertala character in the Panji story and the Bima character in the Mahabarata story. The character has a large, tall body, strapping, crossed mustache, and wavy curls, using a headdress in the form of a foreheadband with carvings, upper arm bands made with snake motifs, a belt with a Kala head patterned buckle, and an upawita (caste rope) that crosses from the left shoulder to the right waist depicting Gajah Mada's caste. For weapons, Gajah Mada carries a keris with a cundrik type (not notched) and an oval mace, which means that Gajah Mada is one of Lord Vishnu's attendants who has a guardian nature. The design of the oval mace takes reference from door guard statues.
 
 Keywords: Character Design, Gajah Mada, Majapahit kingdom

Carnival and the Theme of Migration

Carnival and the Theme of Migration

The impacts of marking on bats: mark-recapture models for assessing injury rates and tag loss

AbstractThe individual identification of animals is essential for long-term population ecology studies. Injuries and tag loss can negatively impact animal welfare and parameter estimates. We used time-to-failure curves and multistate mark-recapture models to estimate injury rates, body condition decline, tag loss and survival probabilities associated with two tags commonly used in bats: metallic arm bands and steel ball chain collars. We monitored two colonies of Carollia perspicillata at União Biological Reserve, southeastern Brazil, from 2013 to 2019. Every other month, we marked individuals with arm bands, collars or both. Collars did not cause noticeable injuries, but were lost at a higher rate than arm bands (1.5–2.5 times). The arm band-related injury probability between captures was ~ 0.2, and after 17 months half the marked animals developed injuries. Animals marked as juveniles were less likely to get injured than adults. Injuries were associated with a lower body condition in females. Body condition was positively associated with apparent survival; however, a direct effect of arm band injuries on survival estimates was not observed. The tag loss rates caused a negative bias in survival estimates. Mark-recapture studies should evaluate the efficacy of the marking technique, accounting for potential animal injury, tag loss, and bias in parameter estimation. Marking individuals should be limited to studies that monitor species with high recapture probability, using the least harmful tags possible, and balancing the burden to the animals with the potential to generate knowledge.

Student Speech and Social Media: The Supreme Court Finally Enters the Fray

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District was a watershed moment involving the First Amendment free speech rights of students in American public schools. In Tinker, the Supreme Court affirmed that absent a reasonable forecast of material and substantial disruption, educators could not discipline students who wore black arm bands to school protesting American military action in Viet Nam. Not surprisingly, litigation continues on the boundaries of student speech, coupled with the extent to which educators can limit expression on the internet, especially social media. As the Justices finally entered the fray over cyber speech, this three-part article begins by reviewing Tinker and other Supreme Court precedent on student expressive activity plus illustrative lower court cases before examining Levy v. Mahanoy Area School District. In Levy, the Court will consider whether educators could discipline a cheerleader, a student engaged in an extracurricular activity, who violated team rules by posting inappropriate off-campus messages on Snapchat. The article then offers policy suggestions for lawyers and educators when working with speech codes applicable to student use of the internet and social media by pupils involved in extracurricular activities.

“Save the Vein” Initiative in Children With CKD: A Quality Improvement Study

The preferred vascular access for hemodialysis recipients is an arteriovenous fistula in the nondominant arm. Prior placement of a peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheter can lead to vascular injury and limit options for arteriovenous fistula creation, a particular problem for children, who may need hemodialysis for their entire lifetime. We instituted an initiative to increase the frequency of PIV catheter placement in the dominant arm for hospitalized pediatric patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Quality improvement initiative. Children with CKD stage 3-5, receiving dialysis, and/or following kidney transplantation who were hospitalized at one children's hospital between September 2018 and August2020. Retrospective data on PIV catheter location for patients from January 1 to June 30, 2017, served as baseline data. Quality improvement activities consisted of: 1) education of the multidisciplinary treatment team, patients, and parents regarding importance of vein preservation; 2) placement of individualized notes in the electronic medical record identifying the preferred arm for PIV catheter placement; 3) use of "restricted extremity" arm bands; and 4) vascular access team participation to minimize attempts for PIV catheter placement. Monthly compliance with placement of PIV catheters in dominant arms. Location of PIV catheter placements were determined monthly and used to create run charts describing compliance. At baseline and before institution of this initiative, 34 of 72 (47%) PIV catheters were placed in patients' dominant arms, with only 2 of 8 (25%) PIV catheters placed in the dominant arm for children aged<5 years. After instituting the initiative, 345 of 371 (93%) PIV catheters were placed in the dominant arm of 93 children; in children aged<5 years, 58 of 62 (94%) PIV catheters were placed in the dominant arm. Only 38 of 371 (10%) PIV catheters were placed in the antecubital vein. Single-center study. Education regarding the importance of vein preservation, along with implementation of a standardized process for identifying children for whom vein preservation is important, can help direct PIV catheter placement and potentially preserve vasculature in pediatric patients with CKD.

Using Mental Illness as a Scapegoat for Mass Shootings: The Perils of Being a Bystander in a World of Misinformation—A Psychologist's Perspective

Using Mental Illness as a Scapegoat for Mass Shootings: The Perils of Being a Bystander in a World of Misinformation—A Psychologist's Perspective

GameBall: the development of a novel platform to provide enjoyable and affordable hand and arm rehabilitation following stroke

Purpose: Poor arm recovery post-stroke can lead to increased dependence, reduced quality of life, and is a strong predictor of lower psychological wellbeing following stroke. Effective treatment interventions are characterised by repetitive practice. This repetitive nature can make doing exercises boring, and coupled with a lack of community resources ongoing rehabilitation of the arm is challenging. Therefore effective home-based stroke rehabilitation devices that are motivating and enjoyable to use, and affordable are needed. This study aimed to seek feedback from stroke survivors on a prototype gaming device to determine if they could independently use the device, assess levels of comfort and engagement with the specially designed games. GameBall is a portable device that uses either a hand controller and/or GameBands, easy-to-put-on arm bands (determined by the ability and arm movement of the stroke survivor) that allows all-in-one arm training through uniquely designed rehabilitation games displayed on a tablet.

Rehabilitation via HOMe Based gaming exercise for the Upper-limb post Stroke (RHOMBUS): protocol of an intervention feasibility trial

IntroductionEffective interventions to promote upper-limb recovery poststroke are characterised by intensive and repetitive movements. However, the repetitive nature of practice may adversely impact on adherence. Therefore, the development of rehabilitation...

The Polar ® OH1 Optical Heart Rate Sensor is Valid during Moderate-Vigorous Exercise.

Purpose Traditional heart-rate monitoring through the use of electrocardiograms or chest-worn heart rate sensors can be challenging in certain sports or in field settings. New technologies, such as photoplethysmography (PPG), have enabled heart-rate monitoring at alternate sites. However, to date, the accuracy and validity of various PPG sensors has not been examined in detail. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the validity of an arm-worn PPG sensor during yoga sequences. Methods Fifteen college-aged men and women participated in a ~45 min power vinyasa yoga class. During the class, participants wore Polar ® H7 chest straps and RCX3 receivers (criterion) and Polar ® OH1 arm bands on their upper right arm (practical). Mean differences were compared via a paired t -test, heart rate during yoga using a time*device repeated measures ANOVA, and agreement assessed with Bland-Altman analysis. Results Mean heart rates during yoga were not different (mean difference=0.76, 95% CI: –0.54 to 2.06; p =0.229). Yoga created a main effect of time on heart rate ( p <0.0001), but there was no difference between devices ( p =0.86) or interaction ( p =0.90). Mean bias±95% limits of agreement was 0.76±1.30 bpm, with a typical error of 2.42±1.49 bpm and a coefficient of variation of 1.8±1.5%. Conclusions Results of the present investigation revealed that the Polar ® OH1 is a valid measure of heart rate during moderate-vigorous exercise. Future validation studies should consider other exercise modes and participant characteristics.

DRESSING THE PERSON: CLOTHING AND IDENTITY IN THE CASAS GRANDES WORLD

Casas Grandes Medio–period (A.D. 1200–1450) human effigies are unique in the North American Southwest in that they depict primary and secondary sexual traits, making determination of sex and gender roles possible. Here, we build on previous discussions by considering the importance of depictions of clothing (e.g., belts and sashes), personal adornments (e.g., necklaces and bracelets), facial decorations, and other aspects of dress. We find that Medio-period symbolism for males and females was based on gender complementary that combined the productive, reproductive, and ritual activities of men and women within a single symbolic and ritual system. Some clothing styles are found on both males and females (e.g., arm bands), but there are also sex-based differences. Women wear low horizontal belts across their hips, whereas men primarily wear sandals and elaborate headbands. Aspects of dress also appear to be continued from previous cultures such as the Classic Mimbres (A.D. 1000–1150) and continued into historic northern Mexican and southwestern groups (e.g., headgear and some sandal types). Ultimately, we find that males have more elaborate dress and are associated with a specific set of ritually important symbols. Females are associated with cloud/fertility symbolism, sternal decorations, and birds.

마이클 잭슨의 무대의상이 현대패션에 반영된 사례

The purpose of this study is to analyze the stage costumes of Michael Jackson, and how it was reflected in contemporary fashion. The study reviewed fashion related articles, book, journals, and online fashion sites in order to look at the stage costumes used by Michael Jackson from 1979 to 2001 from 'Off the wall' to 'Invincible'. The study examined the 2001 S/S~2016 S/S seasons of the world's 4 major <TEX>$pr{\hat{e}}t$</TEX>-<TEX>${\acute{a}}$</TEX>-porte collections to identify cases that used at least two fashion factors of Michael Jackson's style. The study result is as follows: First, Michael Jackson wore black tuxedoes with bow ties, ankle-length pants, white socks, black loafers, arm bands and other various accessories. Second, many of Jackson's fashion traits, such as military style golden embroidery detail and emblems, Brandenburgs, and also appeared in many collections. Third, Jackson's glitter style included spangle and cubic accessories, which were used along with hologram and metallic materials. Accessories, such as cubic gloves and socks, and fedoras were worn with the costume. Lastly, his diverse style, which included fencing shirts, letterman jacket and magic suits, can be found in different forms in modern fashion. Michael Jackson was one of the trendsetters in popular fashion in the 1970s~1990s, and continuously inspires fashion designers in the 21st century. In this aspect, the Michael Jackson style is deemed highly significant in the fashion history.

Using Weight or BMI as a Predictor to Determine Expected Energy Expenditure While Playing Exergames

Exergaming (video games controlled by player movement) is an effective form of non-traditional exercise. The number of calories expended during a session is an important benchmark for many exercisers. Players interested in the quality of exercise they experience from exergaming may wish to predict their energy expenditure (EE) during play by looking at the EE of others of their same weight (Wt) or body mass index (BMI). While potentially helpful, the ability to do this would depend on whether Wt or BMI is correlated with EE in players. PURPOSE: This study was done to determine whether an individual’s weight or BMI has a greater predictive power (is more closely correlated) to determine energy expenditure while exergaming. METHODS: 12 video games were selected with an average of 27 subjects playing each game. Each subject played a video game for 30 minutes. No instruction was given as to how hard they should work or the difficulty of the video game. Accelerometer arm bands were used to measure energy expenditure in calories/min. Analysis was done using a Pearson’s Correlation. RESULTS:Table: No title available.CONCLUSION: Body weight was superior to BMI as a predictor of EE while exergaming. This makes sense as it is the work required to move a person’s overall mass that determines how much energy must be expended during exercise. Since BMI is an indicator of the relationship of our body’s height to weight and whether we’re overweight or obese, it makes sense that Wt would better predictor of EE during exergaming than would BMI. This indicates that a health-conscious person would be able to predict their EE while exergaming by examining the EE of people their own Wt but not necessarily their own BMI.

A Tangled Tale: The Survival of Serbian Jews during World War II

A Tangled Tale:The Survival of Serbian Jews during World War II Michele Frucht Levy Introduction Holocaust survival stories continue to amaze and move us. Whether recounted in the media through memoirs and films or first-hand by survivors or their relatives, they share common characteristics but unique details. Yet most of those we know belong to the Jews of Western, Central,1 and Northeastern Europe. For until recently Western scholars largely ignored the specific characteristics of the Holocaust as it unfolded in the Former Yugoslavia. Yet according to Milan Ristović, fully 85% of Yugoslavia’s approximately 82,500 Jews perished there,2 most of them under the regimes of Pavelić’s Ustaša, which governed the NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, or Independent State of Croatia), and Nazi-occupied Serbia and its puppet governments, the first headed by Milan Aćimović (May–August 1941), the second, the Government of National Salvation (Vlada nacionalnog spasa), by General Milan Nedić (29 August 1941–October 1944). [End Page 15] Regarding the fate of Serbian Jews3 during this period, Walter Manoschek observes, “The Serbian Jews suffered one of the proportionately highest death rates of all European populations.”4 In fact, the brutal implementation of Hitler’s racial policy by the Nazi occupying forces all but destroyed Serbia’s Jewish community, approximately 16,000, of which between 13,600 and 14,000 died—close to 7/8ths of the total population.5 Given how successfully the Occupation met Hitler’s goals, we may wonder how the survivors eluded the insidious machinery so carefully constructed to destroy them. Fortunately, renewed interest in the issue has led scholars and community leaders to examine more closely the plight of Serbian Jews under Nazi occupation. Exploring both written sources for historical context and oral histories to distill a deeper sense of its human consequences, they have produced such collections as We Survived: Yugoslav Jews on the Holocaust (2005) and Jasenovac and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: Analyses and Survivor Testimonies (2006). In 2010, Milan Ristović published “Jews in Serbia during World War II,” while museums and various interest groups have utilized new technologies to establish websites such as: http://www.ushmmm.org, sponsored by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, which features a section on Jasenovac; http://www.jasenovac.org/; http://www.semlin.info; http://www.un.org/en/holocaustremembrance,html; and http://www.serbianholocaust.org. All of these serve as resource centers for written and oral eyewitness accounts from Jews and non-Jews, as well as photographs of family members and relevant persons, places, and memorabilia. And while scholars have begun to explore individual aspects of this phenomenon,6 I intend here a brief overview of the relevant history interwoven with selected synopses of survivor experiences. [End Page 16] An Overview of the German Occupation The occupation imposed a grim reality on the Jews of Serbia. Unlike Bulgaria and Hungary, Serbia forfeited its standing as a member of the Axis after pro-British Yugoslav officers, with great public support, overthrew Prince Paul’s government on 27 March 1941, two days after it had signed, under pressure, the Tripartite Treaty with Germany, Italy, and Japan. Hitler retaliated on 6 April by bombing Belgrade as part of Operation Marita. German military forces then acquired direct control over Serbia. As Paul Hehn states when comparing the different geo-political realities of Serbia and Croatia, this meant that “Serbia was a conquered province, Croatia a sovereign ally.”7 After seizing power, the Nazis instituted severe measures against all Serbs, but especially Jews. On 19 April legislation forced Jews to register. On 30 April the “Legal Decree on Racial Origin” established the legal basis for the rounding up and execution of Serbia’s Jews. Beginning on 30 May, Jews had to wear the infamous yellow arm bands, many lost their positions, and most had to move to specific living areas. All Jewish men between sixteen and sixty were rounded up into forced labor units, and the German forces established labor camps. Finally, aid to Jews in any form was criminalized. When by early July nationalist Serbs began to resist by sabotaging German facilities and killing German soldiers, the occupation responded by burning...

Colluding with the Enemy?: Nationalism and Depictions of “Aboriginality” in Canadian Olympic Moments

Colluding with the Enemy? Nationalism and Depictions of “Aboriginality” in Canadian Olympic Moments Jennifer Adese (bio) After the Indians had their moment in the spotlight, they danced back into history, making way for miners, cowboys and settlers of all races to do-se-do together (as if that ever happened in that place and time). Only the Indians were missing from the hoedown in Salt Lake. But these are just symbols, you say? Well, yeah. Mega-bucks worth of symbols. Symbology that reaches millions of people around the world and leaves a lasting impression in the place of reality. Suzan Shown Harjo, “Indians in the Olympics Ceremony? Postcard from the Past” As a fair-skinned âpihtawikosis-âniskwéw (Cree-Métis woman), I am one of many Indigenous peoples who have been, as Emma Larocque writes, “hounded and haunted by White North America’s image machine.”1 I became interested in researching Indigenous involvement in the Olympics after one of my cousins forwarded to me in September 2009 the application to attend the Indigenous Youth Gathering (iyg) to be held from January 30 to February 14, 2010. The Vancouver 2010 Olympics were slated to start on February 12 and run until February 28; since the iyg was to end just a couple of days after the opening of the games, it was clear that applicants were being tapped to play some role in the opening of the games. Given the involvement of Indigenous peoples in previous Olympic opening and closing ceremonies (in 1976 and 1988), it was not a stretch to assume we would play a role in Vancouver’s opening ceremony. This was made clearer by the fact that the application form requests [End Page 479] that we include two full-length color photographs of ourselves wearing traditional clothing, clothing that we would be expected to bring with us to the gathering. The application encourages youth to, “where applicable,” incorporate accessories such as roaches/masks, hair ornaments, face or body paint, earrings/pendants, arm or leg bracelets or bands, skins/furs/bark, footwear, and instruments or drums and rattles. The application asks, however, that applicants “not wear non-traditional clothing” (a.k.a. “contemporary” clothing) in the photos.2 This was the first gathering application, out of the many that I’d seen, that required a picture to be included in the application. Having my moccasins, my Métis sash, and my dad’s moosehide jacket, I wasn’t sure that even with all this and my “Homeland Security: Fighting Terrorism Since 1492” T-shirt I’d be “Aboriginal enough” to be selected, and I wasn’t sure that I wanted to find out—or that I wanted anyone affiliated with the Olympic organizing committee to decide whether or not I was. This experience has inspired me to question more deeply the nature of Indigenous involvement in the 2010 Vancouver Olympic opening ceremony. Indigenous peoples have been involved in each of the Canadian-hosted Olympics (to varying degrees), and, given my encounter with the 2010 iyg application form, I came to question the nature of organizational committees’ motives with regard to Indigenous performance in ceremonies. Why are we so popular? The 1976 Montréal Summer Olympic closing ceremony, the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympic opening ceremony, and the 2010 Winter Olympic opening ceremony in Vancouver each placed Indigenous peoples at the heart of its expressions of regional, provincial, and Canadian national identity in one form or another. Why is it that organizing committees view Indigenous peoples as central to Olympic ceremonies and as so seemingly central to the narratives of national identity produced during them? What is Canada trying to say about itself by insisting on Indigenous presence within the Olympic ceremonies when in so many other spaces in Canadian society we are purposefully invisibilized? I argue that while earlier national narratives alluded to the racial superiority of “white” Canadians and their hand in subjugating/civilizing Indigenous populations, in recent decades it has become far less fashionable to insinuate such things. Canada has thus consistently drawn on the multiculturalist rhetoric (of equality) as a framework for narrating Canadian-Indigenous relations. The amplified international attention brought by the Olympics has [End...

Karyomorphology of six taxa in Chrysanthemum sensu lato (Anthemideae) in Egypt and their genetic relationships by Giemsa C‐banding

Abstract Giemsa C‐banding was applied to the chromosome complements of six diploid species belonging to six genera in Chrysanthemum sensu lato (Anthemideae) distributed in Egypt. Four types of C‐banding distribution were observed in the taxa as follows: (i) negative C‐banding in Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell.; (ii) all bands in terminal regions in Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip, which showed 32 bands on 18 chromosomes; (iii) all eight bands at centromeric regions on eight chromosomes in Matricaria recutita L.; and (iv) bands at terminal and centromeric regions in Brocchia cinerea Vis. (12 terminal and six centromeric bands on 12 chromosomes), Cotula barbata DC. (four terminal, six centromeric, and eight short arm bands on 16 chromosomes), and Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach. (eight terminal on the short arms and four large bands in centromeric regions on 12 chromosomes).

Effects of Processed Fabric with Eggshell Membrane on Human Skin Properties

This study aims to clarify the effects of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) processed knitted fabric on human skin activity. We used two kinds of DNA, that is, the nucleoprotein extracted from salmon milt and the oligoDNA treated nucleoprotein with enzyme. The oligoDNA contains over 85% DNA. To determine the effects of oligoDNA application, the first experiment was a direct application method that applied an aqueous solution of oligoDNA powder directly to the inside of the upper arm for 14 weeks. The condition of the skin, measured by the water content of the skin, water evaporation from skin, tensile recovery, the microscope images of the replicas of skin surface and subjective feeling showed good results. Therefore, the second experiment applied the oligoDNA by using fabric. Arm bands were made of the knitted fabric processed with the oligoDNA solution and wearing tests were conducted. But this processed fabric was not useful. So, we used the nucleoprotein instead of the oligoDNA and modified the concentration of the solution. The nucleoprotein contains about 40% of DNA and about 60% of protamine. The results showed that the condition of human skin was affected by the modified processed fabric. The effects of the processed fabric on the skin condition were found in the water content of the skin, tensile recovery and the microscope images of the replicas of skin surface after four weeks had passed.

Rearrangements of chromosome 9 in different hematological neoplasias

The frequencies of chromosome 9 abnormalities in children with hematological neoplasia have constituted: 25/112 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 10/83--in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 3/20--in refractory anemia (RA). The frequency of deletions was higher than of translocations in ALL. Deletions were found as sole abnormalities as in complexity karyotypes. More often the rearrangements affected bands 9q34 and 9q22. Translocation t (9;22)(q34; q11) occured in 7.1% cases ALL. In AML the translocations were detected with greater frequency than deletions. The long arm bands 9q22 and 9q34 were more often involved in structural rearrangements. Deletions, translocations and duplications were registered in MDS. Comparison with clinical features showed no correlation with age and the main hematological indexes including the amount of blast cells in initial period. Multidrug resistance and disease progression during chemotherapy were noted in t (9;22).

The arthroscopic view of the glenohumeral ligaments compared with anatomy: Fold or fact?

In a morphologic cadaveric study with observational arthroscopy in living subjects, we tried to resolve the contradiction in the literature with regard to the nature of the glenohumeral ligaments and the difference in observation of the folds during arthroscopic and open surgery. Observation of morphology and functional anatomy of the glenohumeral capsule was performed in 200 non-embalmed cadavers through open dissection (100 specimens) and by arthroscopy (50 specimens) or both (50 specimens), as well as in 100 living subjects undergoing shoulder arthroscopy. In the resting arm position, folds and bands can be observed on the inside of the anteroinferior capsule. When the arm is moved into full abduction and external rotation, however, all bands progressively disappear from sight. The bands generally observed in the shoulder capsule during arthroscopy appear at the site of histologic reinforcements of the capsule but are not the capsular ligaments themselves, as they seem to disappear in certain positions of the humerus. Arthroscopically, it is, therefore, not possible to discern the exact limits of these ligaments. This may give rise to a certain amount of confusion when comparing clinical with anatomic and physiologic studies. On the other hand, their presence or absence in arthroscopic surgery might be of clinical relevance in evaluating capsular tension.

Cycle safety among infant school children

Describes a small investigation into cycle safety with Key Stage 1 pupils. The investigation used the draw and write technique to find out what children in years 1 and 2 knew about safety in relation to riding bicycles. Finds that many children were aware of the need to wear a cycle helmet, and that some wrote about the need to wear knee pads, arm bands or special clothes. Suggests that a session such as that described could provide a useful way to work about keeping safe outdoors, road safety, protective clothing or safe behaviour, or as a useful one‐off session before a school holiday.