Arlington National Cemetery Research Articles

Burying Sergeant Rice: Racial Justice and Native American Rights in the Truman Era

“A disgrace to the State of Iowa”, moaned the Des Moines Register concerning the events that had transpired at Sioux City's Memorial Park Cemetery. On 28 August 1951, mourners had departed after paying their last respects to Sergeant First Class John Raymond Rice, an eleven-year veteran of the United States Army who had been killed in the Korean War, when cemetery officials halted the burial before the casket had entered the earth. Lots at Memorial Park, it turned out, had clauses in their contracts restricting burial to Caucasians, and Rice was Native American, a member of the Winnebago tribe. The insult enraged many Americans, including President Harry S. Truman, who soon arranged for the soldier's burial in Arlington National Cemetery.

The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (review)

Reviewed by: The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate Charles C. Howard The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate. By Robert Caro. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002; pp ix + 1,143. $35.00. In the third volume of his epic on the life of Lyndon Johnson, Robert Caro covers Johnson's years as a U.S. senator from 1949 to the late 1950s. This mammoth volume, which was awarded the 2002 Pulitzer Prize, portrays the 36th president in a slightly different and more sympathetic light than did Caro's first two volumes. Unlike the spoiled child of The Path to Power or the brazen opportunist of Means of Ascent, this Lyndon Johnson is a more complex and fully rounded human being, with obvious flaws and talents. Those familiar with Caro's work will see many of the same strengths and weaknesses in this volume of the saga of Lyndon Johnson. Caro's attention to detail and passion for establishing scene and context are both breathtaking and distracting. The opening section of the book is a long dissertation on the history of the U.S. Senate. While passionate and articulate, these chapters read somewhat like a Mr. Smith Goes to Washington version of Senate history. Every Caro volume establishes a primary character to serve as a contrast with Lyndon B. Johnson. In The Path to Power it was Sam Rayburn, whose homespun wisdom and institutional loyalty was contrasted with Johnson's naked ambition. More controversial was Means of Ascent, in which the racist and reactionary Coke Stevenson was portrayed as Jeffersonian compared to Johnson. In this volume the character is Richard Russell, senator from Georgia and scion of the Southern bloc. Russell's accomplishments are well documented as well as his inherent and unshakeable racism. This racism contrasts well with the cruder and more calculating Johnson, who had a core belief in the equality of people and in fair treatment [End Page 241] for all races. In this book Johnson and Russell become mirror images, both with enormous talent and drive, both with national political ambitions, and both with powerful instincts about the running of the Senate. Yet Russell is doomed by his fidelity to Southern conventional wisdom and racist assumptions, while Johnson, free from those chains, will fulfill a national destiny. Caro's fascination with Johnson's dark side is well exhibited in this volume, but unlike in the other two the dark side does not overwhelm his characterization. The book focuses much of its attention on Johnson and the emerging civil rights movement of the 1950s. Here Caro documents Johnson's racist characterizations and his chameleon-like ability to appear sympathetic with both liberals like Helen Gahagan Douglas and reactionaries like Herman Brown. Yet another Johnson also appears in this book, one whom injustice and overt acts of discrimination instinctively and passionately outrage. Caro's ability to take small (sometimes trivial) events and people, and inject them with enormous significance, is also displayed in this book. His chapter "'Proud to Be of Assistance'" is the story of Johnson's efforts to have a Mexican-American war casualty buried in Arlington National Cemetery after the funeral home in his south Texas home refuses to allow their chapel to be used. This seemingly minor incident is one of great significance to Caro, for it shows the humanity of Johnson's instincts and the cold-blooded political calculations and hypocrisy of many of his actions. Johnson seems to change in Caro's eyes in the mid-1950s, especially during his recuperation from a heart attack he suffered in 1955. Yet, even if the near-death experience added substance to Johnson's towering ambitions, it did not keep the future president from falling into dark depressions or paranoia. The last section of Caro's book focuses on Johnson and the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Here the author makes his strongest case for the changed Johnson. Even while castigating Johnson's compromises with the Southern bloc, Caro sees this as a turning point in Johnson's career. He writes, "Now he had the power. Power reveals. The compassion that had been hidden was to be revealed now—in...

In Memoriam: John F. Callahan

John Francis Callahan, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Classics at Georgetown University, died 14 July 2003 after open-heart surgery performed 6 June and was buried with full military honors 17 September at Arlington National Cemetery. His funeral Mass at the Old Post Chapel was concelebrated by his old friend and former colleague, Father Edward W. Bodnar, S.J., who had also concelebrated a memorial Mass in the Jesuit Chapel at Georgetown 5 August.John served on the Board of Editors and the Board of Directors of the Journal of the History of Ideas from 1970 until his death and was Vice-President from 1985. Throughout thirty-three years, during which he never missed a meeting until the last, he devoted unstinted time and energy to the affairs of the Journal, rigorously scrutinizing every problem, from matters of editorial policy through changes in leadership, location, and membership on the Editorial Board to proposals for expenditures and questions of format and style. he was a meticulous reader of manuscripts and applied the most stringent standards to his consideration of both content and modes of expression. No mistake in Greek typography escaped his vigilance. he brought to the annual meetings a distinctive elegance and an unusual sense of collegiality that derived both from his devotion to the Journal itself and from his long friendship with some of the older members of the Board, such as Paul Kristeller and Richard McKeon.John was a life member of the American Philological Association (since 1940) and served with distinction from 1976 to 1986 as its delegate to the International Federation of Classical Studies (FIEC), attending its meetings in Budapest and Helsinki. A scholar of exceptionally wide-ranging interests, he was best known for his studies of the concept of time in ancient philosophy and his critical edition of Gregory of Nyssa, De oratione dominica et De beatitudinibus, which he completed at Dumbarton Oaks after he retired from Georgetown.Born in Chicago 13 May 1912, he began the study of Greek and Latin at St. Ignatius Prep, where he was also introduced to opera, a lifelong passion, by one of his Jesuit teachers. he received the A.B. in 1933 and the A.M. in 1934 from Loyola University, Chicago, which on Founder's Day, 1965, honored him with an award for distinguished contributions to classical scholarship. he received the Ph.D. in 1940 from the University of Chicago, where he studied with Richard McKeon and Werner Jaeger, the two principal, very different influences on his approach to philosophy and philology. Henry Prescott and Carl Darling Buck were two other members of that fabulous generation of classical scholars at Chicago who made a lasting impression on him. His interest in Plautus, Greek and Roman linguistics, and comparative grammar continued throughout his life, contributing to what a former colleague at Dumbarton Oaks has described as an uncanny ability to penetrate beneath the surface of the classical languages, to peer into their deep structure.John was a Teaching Fellow at the University of Chicago, 1936-37, Instructor at Loyola University, 1937-40, Visiting Instructor, Harvard University, 1940-41, Assistant Professor, Loyola University, 1941-43, Associate Professor and Professor of Classics and Philosophy, Georgetown University, from 1946 until he retired in 1978, and Project Director at Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University, 1977-86. he served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946, working in Naval Communications. he rarely spoke of his part in breaking the Japanese code, but often referred to such comrades in arms as Sam Atkins and Richmond Lattimore, who like him returned to teaching as soon as World War II was over.John's teaching was enriched by his research, which was supported by a notable succession of fellowships, from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1947, the Ford Foundation for the Advancement of Education, 1953-54, the Fulbright Commission, 1953-55, the Guggenheim Foundation, 1958-59, and the National Endowment for the Humanities, 1967. …

Improbable Warriors: Mathematicians Grace Hopper and Mina Rees in World War II

June 2003 · Historically Speaking39 Improbable Warriors: Mathematicians Grace Hopperand Mina Rees in World War Il Kathleen Broome Williams Between 1943 and 1945 mathematicians Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) and Mina Spiegel Rees (1902-1997) each held positions from which they influenced the nation's ability to wage a modern, math-dependent war.They knew of each other duringthewarand afterward theirUves intersected frequently since they moved in the same professional circles. These improbable warriors were among the few women whose war service proved profoundly beneficial to their later careers. In 1983 Grace Hopper, then seventy-six years old, was made an admiral by special appointment ofthe president ofthe United States. In 1987 the U. S. Navynameditsnew computer center in San Diego for Hopper, and in 1996, four years after her death, it launched the U.S.S. Hopper, an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer. The recipient ofnumerous medals, awards, and honorary degrees, Grace Hopper was esteemed as a pioneer in the field of computing . Admiral Hopper never went to sea, but her computer expertise and managerial skills made her a pivotal figure in the navy's march to the computer age. Even when she retired in 1986—the oldestserving officer in the navy—Grace Hopper continued working as a consultant for Digital Equipment Corporation. She died in 1992 andwas buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery. Atthe heartofall these accomplishments was Hopper's brilliance in mathematics. Had it not been for World War ?, however, she might never have left the genteel campus in New Yorkwhere she was teaching. Hopper majored in mathematics at VassarCollege . AfterearningaMasters degreein 1930 and fouryears later a Ph.D. fromYak— a rare accomplishment for women in those days—she returned to Vassar to teach. But one year after Pearl Harbor Hopper joined theWAVES—navywomen—andupon graduating from midshipmen's school her mathematical skills landed herin the navy's Computation Project at Harvard University. The rapidlyexpanding data management needs ofWorld War ? accelerated the development ofmodern digital computers, especially in Britain and the United States. One American electro-mechanical device begun before the war was the brainchild ofHoward Aiken, professorofphysics and applied mathematics at Harvard. Aiken's Mark I, built by IBM, was the first functional, large-scale, automatically sequenced, general-purpose, digital computerto be produced inAmerica. When it was completed in 1944, the MarkI was installed at Harvard andwas immediately leased for the duration ofthe war by the U.S. Navy, desperate for gunnery and ballistics calculations. Aiken, a naval reserve officer, was given command of the navy's Harvard Computation Project. Aiken's computingmachine was in many ways unique. Itwas fifty feetlong, eight feet tall, and eight feet deep, filling an entire room. It had more than 750,000 parts, used 530 miles ofwire, and weighed about five tons. Most impressive were its speed and its automatic functioning. When programmed instructions were fed into the machine on punched paper tape it performed a series of arithmetic operations without human intervention . Aiken estimated that the Mark I was nearly one hundred times more productive than a manuallyoperated calculator. The original wartime staffof the Computation Labwas small—fewer than a dozen. Initially, Hopperwas one ofonlythreemathematicians writing programs for the Mark I and thus was one ofthe first-ever computer programmers. Throughoutthewarthis team, which grewto almostfortybyJanuary 1946, ran the Mark I around the clock, churning out essential data for all sorts of ordnance projects. Hopper's first task at the lab was to write a program for computing rocket trajectories. Her program accommodated inputvariables includingtargetbearing, elevation andrange, the ship's angle ofpitch and roll, drift angle, and time offlight. Until the Mark I became operational, the navy had to rely on what Hopper called "acres of girls down at Aberdeen [Proving Ground] using handdriven calculators" to create such firing tables,' and they could not keep up with the wartime demand. Anotherproblem Hopper tackled was to discern the best way for a minesweeperto locate magnetic mines. Further , she wrote a 561-page Manualthat gave a full and detailed description ofthe MarkI: all its parts and all its circuits, as well as how to programit. Years later,whenshewas asked how she learned to program the Mark I, Hopper's...

History's Remains: Of Memory, Mourning, and the Event

AbstractJacques Derrida has written much in recent years on the topic of mourning. This essay takes Derrida's insights into mourning in general and collective mourning in particular in order to ask about the relationship between mourning and politics. Taking a lead from a recent work of Derrida's on Jean-François Lyotard, the essay develops its argument through two examples, one from ancient Greece and one from twentiethcentury America: the role mourning plays in the constitution and maintenance of the state in Plato's Laws and the controversy surrounding the consecration of the tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Vietnam in Arlington National Cemetery. This latter example provides the occasion for questioning the possibilities of mourning the unknown or the unidentifiable and for addressing some of the ways in which the United States has mourned or failed to mourn, remembered or failed to remember, in the wake of September 11.

Blessings of Liberty: The United States and the Promotion of Democracy in Cuba

Only a few visitors to Washington's Arlington National Cemetery wander off the main tourist circuit, attracted by the mast of the battleship Maine, to a quiet knoll behind the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, the resting place for z6o sailors killed when the ship exploded in Havana's harbour in 1898. With the towering monument drawing their eyes upward, these visitors rarely pause to look at the individual tombstones, so virtually no one ever sees the handful of nearby markers identifying the graves of soldiers who participated in something called 'The Cuban Pacification' from 1906 to 90o9. And even if an occasional individual should happen to notice these words chiselled into the granite stones, few would be able to explain their meaning that, at least, has been my experience with a quarter-century of university students, not one of whom has ever heard of The Cuban Pacification. It was not anything like a war, of course; it was a takeover. Coming only four years after the United States had granted Cuba its independence and two years after Theodore Roosevelt's Republicans had congratulated themselves in their party platform (' We set Cuba free'), the purpose of the 1906 seizure was never clearly explained. The best President Roosevelt could manage came in two sentences before a Harvard audience: 'I am doing my best to persuade the Cubans that if only they will be good they will be happy. I am seeking the very minimum of interference necessary to make them good.' Now, nearly a century later, we need only substitute 'democratic' for 'good' in order to capture post-Cold War US policy toward Cuba or, as President Clinton explained in his own two sentences about Cuba during the 1999 State of the Union address: 'In this

Forensic Radiology: Response to the Pentagon Attack on September 11, 2001

HomeRadiologyVol. 223, No. 1 PreviousNext EditorialForensic Radiology: Response to the Pentagon Attack on September 11, 2001H. Theodore Harcke, Joseph A. Bifano, Kelly K. KoellerH. Theodore Harcke, Joseph A. Bifano, Kelly K. KoellerAuthor Affiliations1From the Department of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC (H.T.H., K.K.K.), and 436th Medical Group/SGSAR, Dover Air Force Base, Del (J.A.B.). Received November 20, 2001; accepted November 24. Address correspondence to H.T.H., Department of Medical Imaging, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE 19803 (e-mail: [email protected]).H. Theodore HarckeJoseph A. BifanoKelly K. KoellerPublished Online:Apr 1 2002https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2231011850MoreSectionsFull textPDF ToolsImage ViewerAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked In References 1 Arlington National Cemetery. Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery. Available at: www.arlingtoncemetery .org/visitor_information/tomb_of_the_un knowns.html.. Accessed December 27, 2001. Google Scholar2 Mulligan ME, McCarthy MJ, Wippold FJ, Lichtenstein JE, Wagner GN. Radiologic evaluation of mass casualty victims: lessons from the Gander, Newfoundland, accident. Radiology 1988; 168:229-233. Link, Google Scholar3 Lichtenstein JE, Madewell JE, McMeekin RR, Feigin DS, Wolcott JH. Role of radiology in aviation accident investigation. Aviation Space Environ Med 1980; 51:1004-1014. Medline, Google Scholar4 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Armed Forces Repository of Specimen Samples for the Identification of Remains: repository history. Available at: www.afip.org/Departments /oafme/dna/history.htm. 2001. Accessed November 15. Google Scholar5 Smith BC. Introduction to DNA analysis. Forens Odontol 2001; 45:229-235. Google ScholarArticle HistoryPublished in print: Apr 2002 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByInternational Journal of Legal Medicine, Vol. 134, No. 4Forensic Imaging, Vol. 23Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging, Vol. 12Forensic Science International, Vol. 278Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging, Vol. 3, No. 2Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 58, No. 4Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, Vol. 8, No. 3The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 2Radiography, Vol. 17, No. 3Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection & Critical Care, Vol. 65, No. 3Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 1Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 0, No. 0Recommended Articles RSNA Education Exhibits RSNA Case Collection Vol. 223, No. 1 Metrics Altmetric Score PDF download

Myth, memory, and the making of the American landscape

Penetrating insight into the processes by which our collective historical memory is constructed. Through a range of case studies, the authors explore how and why certain landscapes and monuments are intentionally endowed with specific messages, why certain stories are obscured or forgotten, and how collective memories change over time. --James Delle, Franklin and Marshall CollegeThe authors in this collection show how the creation of a collective memory of highly visible objects and landscapes is an ongoing struggle, their meanings always being constructed, changed, and challenged. The sites and symbols the authors address are nationally recognized and include a balance of places that illuminate class, ethnic, racial, and historical experiences. Focusing on material culture, they explore the tensions that exist among various groups--elite landowners, the National Park Service, preservationists, minority groups--who compete for control over the interpretation of American public history.CONTENTSForeword, by Edward T. LinenthalIntroduction: The Making of the American Landscape, by Paul A. ShackelPart I: An Exclusionary Past, by Paul A. Shackel1. Of Saints and Sinners: Mythic Landscapes of the Old and New South, by Audrey J. Horning2. The Woman Movement: Memorial to Women's Rights Leaders and the Perceived Images of the Women's Movement, by Courtney Workman3. The Third Battle of Manassas: Power, Identity, and the Forgotten African-American Past, by Erika K. Martin Seibert4. Remembering a Japanese-American Concentration Camp at Manzanar National Historic Site, by Janice L. Dubel5. Wounded Knee: The Conflict of Interpretation, by Gail BrownPart II: Commemoration and the Making of a Patriotic Past, by Paul A. Shackel6. Freeze-Frame, September 17, 1862: A Preservation Battle at Antietam National Battlefield Park, by Martha Temkin7. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial: Redefining the Role of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, by Paul A. Shackel8. Buried in the Rose Garden: Levels of Meaning at Arlington National Cemetery and the Robert E. Lee Memorial, by Laurie BurgessPart III: Nostalgia and the Legitimation of American Heritage, by Paul A. Shackel9. Authenticity, Legitimation, and Twentieth-Century Tourism: The John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Carriage Roads, Acadia National Park, Maine, by Matthew M. Palus10. The Birthplace of a Chief: Archaeology and Meaning at George Washington Birthplace National Monument, by Joy Beasley11. Nostalgia and Tourism: Camden Yards in Baltimore, by Erin Donovan12. Abraham Lincoln's Birthplace Cabin: The Making of an American Icon, by Dwight T. Pitcaithley Paul A. Shackel, associate professor of anthropology at the University of Maryland, is the author of Archaeology and Created Memory: Public History in a National Park; Culture Change and the New Technology: An Archaeology of the Early American Industrial Era; and Personal Discipline and Material Culture: An Archaeology of Annapolis, Maryland, 1695-1870.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp., P.convallariae and P.fallax (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)

AbstractPratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp. from the rhizosphere of grasses Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea at Arlington National Cemetery, VA, USA is characterised by six to eight lines in the lateral field, and pyriform to slightly overlapping pharyngeal glands. Morphological comparisons are made with lesion nematodes having similar morphometrics, six lateral lines, or crenate tail tips. Molecular sequences of the LS 28S rDNA were generated for the new species as well as P.fallax and P.convallariae. The new species differs by only 1% from identical sequences found in P.fallax and P.convallariae.

The Close Up Capital Experience: Middle Schoolers Travel to Washington, D.C.

Now imagine engaging in such a discussion at Tomb of Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery. Washington, D.C., looms on a horizon cut by precisely choreographed moves of a lone sentinel from 3rd U.S. Infantry. He walks a symbolic twenty-one steps in front of Tomb in full dress uniform, complete with loaded rifle, faces Tomb for twenty-one seconds, and turns around to repeat drill. The silence is broken as another guard appears and announces that the ceremony you are about to see is 'changing of guard.' Given instructions to remain silent and standing, a group of previously fidgety middle school students remove their baseball caps, stop chewing their gum, and stand perfectly still as one soldier inspects weapon and uniform of other, while a third awaits orders to assume watch. Together, they salute their fellow servicemen, fallen in line of duty, and resume their solemn vigil. Witnessing changing of guard ceremony is part of a lively adventure in experiential learning called Close Up Capital Experience, one of several programs offered by Close Up Foundation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan education organization. Since its founding in 1971, Close Up has encouraged greater civic participation in people of all ages by exposing them to democratic principles, history, and political process of United States. In case of Close Up Capital Experience, focus is on particular

Will I Be a Dead Person?

In a recent paper Was I Ever a Fetus?, Eric T. Olson argues convincingly that the Standard View of personal identity cannot resolve the 'fetus problem' and so should be rejected. I shall show that Olson's favored Biological View of personal identity is in much the same boat with respect to what I'll call the dead person problem. Friends of the Biological View (BV hereafter) hold that we continue for so long, but only so long, as our lives continue. The dead person who lay in state after John Kennedy's assassination was not JFK, by the lights of BV theorists, since JFK no longer existed after he died. That leaves us with the question: how was it with this dead person (the dead person who was ceremonially buried in Arlington National Cemetery shortly after JFK's death) prior to JFK's assassination? I do not believe that fans of BV can plausibly respond to the question. As we shall see, the brief for this is much the same as the case Olson makes for judging that friends of SV (the Standard View) cannot plausibly respond to questions concerning the future of fetal individuals. Let Flam be an ordinary (midlife) person, Flem be the fetal individual that emerges from (as we normally would say) Flam's conception, and Flan be the dead person who is buried when (as many would say) Flam is buried. Identity questions present themselves. Is Flem Flam? And is Flan Flam? SV

The Confederate Spin on Winfield Scott and George Thomas

A tape-recorded message informs visitors to the Robert E. Lee Museum on the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery that in 1861 other choice was possible for Lee except to fight for the South. The museum's conclusions re- garding Lee's decision survive as vestige of Confederate propaganda. Ap- proximately 190,000 Southerners, black andwhite, obscure and illustrious, chose differently than Lee, going so far as to don blue uniform and fight for the Union. Determined to forge new nation, secessionists successfully depicted Southern Unionists as disreputable and unprincipled. No honorable man, they said, could bear arms against his native land. The Confederacy proscribed as insurrectionaries freedmen who fought for the North and decried as outlaws and tories ordinary white Southerners who took up Federal arms. Secessionist publicists particularly targeted Winfield Scott and George Thomas, two of the most important Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. Attacks on Scott occurred primarily in 1861, while the most serious effort to discredit Thomas took place shortly after his death in 1870. During the war, men like Scott and Thomas were dangerous to secessionists because of their military talents and their example of steadfast loyalty to the United States. After- wards, Lost Cause apostles continued to vilify Southern Unionists onthe grounds that honorable men had no other choice than to support the Confederacy. ' Several weeks after Virginia's secession, J. E. B. Stuart expressed desire to hang George Thomas. In June 1861 the hue and cry against Scott was so severe that Catherine Edmonston called for halt: I wish we would cease this lamen- tation first & abuse now of General Scott. Edmonston believed Scott a hoary headed traitor, but thought the apostasy of an old vain, inflated bag of wind would do little damage to the cause of Southern independence. At the

World War II: Whose History is it, Anyway?

On this past Memorial Day, laying a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery, President Clinton remembered Lewis B. Puller, Jr. Puller was the son of Chesty-Lewis Puller, Sr.-veteran of the bloody Peleliu campaign during World War II and the most decorated Marine in history. younger Puller was himself a Marine veteran of Vietnam, a double amputee who had won the Pulitzer Prize for his 1991 memoir, Fortunate Son, in which he explored the links between the imagery and ethos of his father's wars and his own decision to join the Corps in 1967, during the Tet Offensive. In the spring of 1994, plagued by alcoholism, depression, and pain, Lewis B. Puller, Jr., committed suicide. Bill Clinton, the nation's most famous nonveteran of Vietnam, had good reason to honor his memory: it had been Puller, long a supporter of the controversial effort to build The in honor of the Vietnam War dead, who quieted an angry crowd of fellow vets when Clinton chose that monument, a year earlier, as the site for his first presidential appearance among the survivors of America's wars. By so doing, Lewis B. Puller, Jr., joined a widening debate over the custody of our military history, and our collective memory of war. Does the story of Vietnam belong exclusively to those who served there, for example? Are those who did not-for reasons of conscience, convenience, cowardice, age, infirmity, or gender-forever barred from reflecting on the meaning of that conflict, from honoring the lives sacrificed in Southeast Asia? Whose war is it, anyway? That question had also been raised in the 1980s by women veterans seeking to have a bronze statue of a nurse added to the complex of commemorative displays surrounding the Wall (the ensemble then included a flagstaff and a realistic sculpture depicting Three Fightingmen in jungle uniform). There was no question this time of heroic service: the names of eight dead nurses were already inscribed on the black granite surface of the

Basic Composition for ESL: An Expository Workbook

1. GIVING INSTRUCTIONS How to Feel Comfortable at an American Dinner Party How To Make a Good Impression at a Job Interview How to Use a Copy Machine How to Get to Arlington National Cemetery From the White House 2. TELLING WHAT HAPPENED: OBJECTIVE REPORTING Ice Causes Accident Rain Causes Accident The First Manned Flight to the Moon An Historic Event Independence Day in Middleburg 3. ANALYZING BY CAUSE AND EFFECT Why Blake College is Popular Why Croft College is Unpopular Why Sandra Miller is Not Healthy Why Bob Adams (or Someone You Know) is Healthy The Causes of Famine 4. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING My Two Brothers Two Sisters Two Houses for Sale Two Items for Sale and Two Apartments for Rent Two Cities 5. CLASSIFYING Amount of Carbohydrates in Foods Amount of Protein in Foods Contact Sports Careers and Noncontact Sports The Uses of Cattle 6. DESCRIBING A MECHANISM OR A PROCESS A Television An AM/FM Radio The Human Respiratory System A System or Machine Earthquakes

Nunc Dimittis

Paul E. Howe, 89, retired U.S. Army Colonel, and well-known nutrition authority, died September 27, 1974, after a short illness. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. He was an Emeritus Member of the Poultry Science Association.He was born in Chicago, July 29, 1885, and received B.S., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Illinois in 1906, 1907 and 1910, respectively. From 1907 to 1910 he was Assistant in Physiological Chemistry and from 1910 to 1912, Instructor, University of Illinois. From 1912 to 1917 he was Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at Columbia University, and in 1917, and, from 1919 to 1924, Associate Professor, Department of Animal Pathology, Rockefeller Institute. In 1924 he joined the staff of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture as Biochemist and Senior Biochemist in Charge of Nutritional Investigations, Animal Husbandry Division. From 1936 to 1948, he was Chief of the Animal Nutrition .

In Memoriam: Lloyd Viel Berkner

The death of Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner in Washington, D. C., on June 4, 1967, brought deep sadness to the world of science and to all who knew him. Death occurred from a heart attack suffered the previous day while attending a meeting of the Council of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences. Burial was in Arlington National Cemetery with military honors.Dr. Berkner joined the American Geophysical Union in 1934. He became increasingly prominent in several Sections of the Union, and in the natural course of events he became Vice President from 1956 to 1959, President from 1959 to 1961, and a member of the AGU Council from 1956 through 1964. Even after official retirement he continued his service to the Union. Thus, his sage advice and inspiring influence through many years have contributed importantly to our growth as a broad‐based geophysical society.

Lloyd V. Berkner (1905-1967)

Lloyd V. Berkner, a Fellow of the Arctic Institute and one of the outstanding American scientists of modern time, suffered a fatal heart attack in Washington on 4 June 1967 while attending a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences. On 7 June he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Dr. Berkner was known widely as the "Father of the International Geophysical Year" and more than anyone else in North America developed the idea and gave early impetus to that worldwide effort that did much to promote and improve scientific co-operation throughout the world. He was born in 1905 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. At the time of his death his legal residence was in Florida. After graduating in 1927 with a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering, he really had three careers: one as a research scientist, one as a research administrator, and one as a naval officer. He excelled in all three. Early in his career he supervised the installation of the first radio range system. A little later he became a member of the first Byrd Antarctic Expedition and played an important part in designing and installing the communications system for that expedition. Part of that time he spent in New Zealand and established the relay system for antarctic communications. He made constructive studies of long-range radio propagation, and also designed and constructed the first sweep frequency ionospheric sounder. Berkner was appointed the first Executive Secretary of the Research and Development Board of the newly created Department of Defence, and strongly influenced the coordination of the research and development programs of the three armed services. In 1950, at the request of the Secretary of State, he carried out a study of the relationships of science and foreign policy. In his report, Berkner recommended the establishment of the post of Science Adviser to the Secretary of State, as well as the appointment of science attaches in the principal embassies of the United States. These recommendations now have been put into effect. In 1951 he became head of Associated Universities, Inc., and in that capacity for ten years supervised the operation of the Brookhaven National Observatory for the Atomic Energy Commission. Next he accepted the invitation of a group of southwestern businessmen to organize the Graduate Research Centre of the Southwest, with headquarters in Texas. The purpose was to stimulate graduate education and advanced training in that region. In 1927 Berkner was commissioned an Ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve and designated a Naval Aviator. From 1941 to February 1946 he served in the active naval service. He worked in electronics in the Bureau of Aeronautics and rose to the rank of Captain in 1945. Early that year he was assigned to the Pacific Fleet and served aboard the U.S.S. Enterprise in the Okinawa campaign. Although he was returned to inactive duty in February 1946, he kept up his Naval Reserve status and in 1955 was promoted to Rear Admiral. Doctor Berkner was awarded many honours during his active and productive career. He held at least eight honorary degrees from universities in the United States and from the universities of Calcutta, Uppsala, and Edinburgh. Among his military and civilian awards were: Commendation Ribbon of the Secretary of the Navy; Legion of Merit; Honorary Officer, Order of the British Empire; Special Congressional Gold Medal; Gold Medal of the City of New York; and Silver Medal of the Aeronautical Institute.

Notes and Queries

NOTES AND QUERIES Edited by Boyd B. Stutter 517 Main Street Charleston 2, West Virginia This department is designed as an open forum for researchers into Civil War themes and for readers of Civil War History in general. It is open for questions on, and discussion of, aU phases of die Great Conflict and its personnel. Also, notes on newly-discovered or Uttíe-known sidehghts of die war are welcomed. Address Notes and Queries Editor. NOTES Correspondence of Harvard Classmates Wanted: Enrolled in die class of 1855 at Harvard CoUege wereJames Benjamin Clarke, whosehome wasnear Jackson, Mississippi, and Thomas WilUam Clarke, of Roxbury, Massachusetts. These two classmates became fast friends and this friendship endured through the years of the Civil War. Thetwo Clarkes exchanged letters during die war years—those of James Benjamin Clarke are reported to contain valuable information concerning wartime conditions in Mississippi. Unfortunately die letters of the Massachusetts Clarke to Mississippian James Benjamin Clarke appear to have been lost; perhaps some reader of Civil War History may know of dieir present location or parts of the correspondence that have so far evaded researchers. Any information about the location of the letters or about die correspondence would be greatly appreciated by Professor Rodney C. Loehr, Department of History, University of Minnesota , MinneapoUs 14. Hungarian Archives Yield Papers of General Julius Stahel: A number of official papers and letters once belonging to Hungarianborn Union General Julius Stahel were recently discovered in die Budapest archives, including three papers signed by President Abraham Lincoln. The documents bearing Lincoln's signature are two commissions and a letter to Union General Carl Schurz. General Stahel, who came to the United States in 1856, joined the 207 208BO YD B. STU TLER Federal forces as a Ueutenant colonel at the outbreak of the war. He was later placed in command of cavalry units around Washington, but on promotion to brigadier and major general had active and distinguished field service as a cavalry commander. He won a Medal of Honor at Piedmont, Virginia, on June 5, 1864, when, though severely wounded, he continued to lead his division through the engagement. Other documents found in his estate include letters from Presidents Andrew Johnson and Rudierford B. Hayes, and from five Union generals . General Stahel died in 1912 at the age of eighty-seven, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Nystrom's Armored Steam Corvette: Contributed by Richard G. Wood, MontpeUer, Vt. On August 29, 1861, John W. Nystrom of Philadelphia submitted to die Secretary of the Navy, Gideon WeUes, a set of "Plans and Specifications for an Armored Steam Corvette." In coming forward widi diis suggestion for an ironclad vessel he was in good company, as over a hundred proposals for ironclads were submitted prior to the classic struggle between die Monitor and die Merrimack, some of diem even before the fall of Sumter. Nystrom had been in Washington earlier on August 1, when he wrote Secretary WeUes on the subject of manufacturing iron plate, and from this letter we learn that he was ". . . an Engineer by profession and a naturalized Citizen of die United States." He was die recipient of a certificate from the Royal Technological Institute of Stockholm in 1846. (See Miscellaneous Letters, Aug., 1861, 1, Naval Record CoUection, National Archives.) Nystrom submitted a diirty-five page manuscript of specifications, with several drawings including a frontispiece in color, which now reposes in the Records of die Bureau of Yards and Docks, National Archives. Placed beside sketches of die utilitarian Monitor or the early Mississippi River ironclads, die design for an armored corvette proposed by Nystrom is elaborate, with some of the details bordering on die fantastic . In appearance the vessel did not seem a radical departure from die other craft of the day because it had masts and superstructure. Only die bulge of armor between deck and water line revealed die innovation . For dimensions, Nystrom's corvette was to have the following: length of deck, 175 feet; breadtii of beam, 27 feet; breaddi over the armored guards, 32 feet; draft, 10 feet; displacement, 875 tons; speed, 12 knots. But die central feature was, of course, the armor. As Nystrom noted, The science...