Arithmetic Difference Research Articles

Bilirubin in the liver and kidney in jaundiced rats.

IN A PREVIOUS balance of bilirubin from this laboratory, retention of bilirubin occurred in extravascular tissue spaces.1When 8 mg of bilirubin/100 gm of mature rat was infused during a 60-minute interval, the animals excreted 40%. Of the retained bilirubin, 25% was accounted for by direct analysis in the plasma and 7% in adipose tissue. The remaining 68% of the retained bilirubin was presumed to be in extravascular tissue spaces which were non-adipose. This bilirubin was derived by arithmetic difference from the balance rather than from direct analysis. A more direct measurement of the residual bilirubin and particularly its intracellular distribution was desired. One obvious location for significant quantities of infused bilirubin is in the liver. A number of investigations have demonstrated the rapidity with which the liver can remove bilirubin from the circulating plasma and excrete it in bile as its conjugated derivatives,2-4Schmid and co-workers

Load Diversity-Its Role in Power System Utilization

Utilization of load diversity between power systems can result primarily in 1) a savings in capacity requirements as a result of reduced generating-capacity needs, and 2) a reduction in daily operating costs as a result of economy energy transactions between load areas and lowered spinning-reserve requirements (startup and shutdown costs). However, the arithmetic difference between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous load data is not proof that this total diversity can be used to reduce the cost of service. This paper examines the many factors which must be taken into consideration when evaluating the use of both annual and daily diversity.

A comparison of schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics on two methods of administration of the Bender-Gestalt test.

Thirty schizophrenic and 30 nonschizophrenic neuropsychiatric inpatients were matched on the basis of age, sex, education, and a measure of intelligence. They were individually administered the Bender-Gestalt test under two successive conditions. First, Ss were shown each figure in turn for 5 sec. and required to reproduce it from memory. Then they copied the figures under the standard conditions. Using the Pascal-Suttell scoring system, measures of performance were derived based upon the performance under the two conditions. A third measure used was the arithmetic difference between performance in these conditions. The mean findings were that schizophrenics did more poorly under both exposure conditions than nonschizophrenic controls. An hypothesis based upon a general theory of psychological deficit that the difference score would be higher for schizophrenics was not statistically verified although a confirming trend was noted. Another finding was greater variability among schizophrenics.