Argyranthemum Frutescens Research Articles

VÝSKYT PLÍSNĚ PERONOSPORA RADII DE BARY NA ARGYRANTHEMUM FRUTESCENS (L.) SCHULTZ-BIP. V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE

Marguerite daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) is an ornamental plant, that is used as a potted and landscape plant. In 2006, disease symptoms were observed on marguerite daisy (A. frutescens cv. ‘Butterfly’) in greenhouses in Brno-Tuřany. The pathogen primarily affected newly expanded young leaves and shoot tips. They were chlorotic, twisted and stunted. The affected leaf tips were necrotic. Bud flowers and flowers were deformed and get dry. The extensive purplish brown growth of downy mildew colonized the lower surface of infected leaves. Older leaves were unaffected.

Identification of 16SrIX-C phytoplasmas in Argyranthemum frutescens in Italy

Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less microorganisms associated with plant diseases worldwide. Many important food, vegetable and fruits crops as well as ornamental plants can be severely affected by these pathogens, with significant economic impacts. Phytoplasma diseases of ornamentals have been described worldwide in a wide range of plant genera, and 11 different 16Sr groups have been identified. In Italy, many ornamental plant species belonging to several botanical families have been found to be infected by phytoplasmas, classified into the ribosomal groups 16SrI, 16SrII, 16SrV and 16SrXII. During a survey carried out in commercial gardens in Rome, some marguerite daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) plants showing symptoms of phytoplasma-like disease, were collected and submitted to molecular analyses. Cloning and sequencing of the portion of the 16S rRNA gene followed by BLAST analysis, real and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism anlaysis with Alu I and Rsa I, allowed assignment of the detected phytoplasma to the 16SrIX-C group ( Picris echioides yellows, PEY).

Identifying, discriminating and isolating cultivars of ‘Marguerites’ originated from <I>Argyranthemum frutescens</I> parentages and their intergeneric and interspecific hybridities by DNA markers amplified by RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)∗

Identifying, discriminating and isolating cultivars of ‘Marguerites’ originated from <I>Argyranthemum frutescens</I> parentages and their intergeneric and interspecific hybridities by DNA markers amplified by RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat)∗

Characterization of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) incidence and new variants from ornamentals

We analyzed the spreading and persistence of PSTVd variants in several ornamentals in the territory of the Czech Republic. The pool of PSTVd variants detected in Solanum jasminoides, S. muricatum, Datura sp. and Brugmansia sp. was biolistically transferred to Matricaria chamomilla, Argyranthemum frutescens and Diascia sp., species which we found as sensitive hosts for PSTVd from ornamentals. The PSTVd pool showed sequence changes and increased variation after its transfer to potato, suggesting a wide adaptation potential of PSTVd in this crop. Potato exhibited genotype-dependent leaf and spindle tuber symptoms, when inoculated with the sap from S. jasminoides infected with the predominant and sequence-stable PSTVd-S1.

THE QUALITY INDEX - A NEW TOOL FOR INTEGRATING QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS TO ASSESS QUALITY OF YOUNG FLORICULTURE PLANTS

THE QUALITY INDEX - A NEW TOOL FOR INTEGRATING QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS TO ASSESS QUALITY OF YOUNG FLORICULTURE PLANTS

Race Differentiation in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. chrysanthemi

The pathogenicity of different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum obtained from plants of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), Paris daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) and African daisy (Osteospermum sp.), all in the family Asteraceae, was tested on different cultivars of these hosts, to assess their pathogenicity. The reactions were compared with those of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi and of f.sp. tracheiphilum obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. We found that isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi can be distinguished as three physiological races on the basis of their pathogenicity to the panel of differential cultivars. Sequencing of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Fusarium races fell into three phylogenetic groups, which coincided with those observed in pathogenicity tests. Analysis of the IGS sequences revealed a high degree of similarity among strains from Italy and Spain from different host species, suggesting that recent outbreaks in these ornamentals were probably caused by introduction of infected nursery material from a common origin.

Comparing the Adequacy of Controlled-release and Water-soluble Fertilizers for Bedding Plant Production

Four complete water-soluble fertilizer (WSF) formulations including micronutrients applied at 200 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) at each irrigation [Peters Excel (21N–2.2P–16.5K), Daniels (10N–1.8P–2.5K), Peters Professional (15N–1.3P–20.8K), and Jack’s Professional (20N–1.3P–15.7K)] were compared with two controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) products (also containing micronutrients) substrate incorporated at transplant at a rate of 3000 g·m−3 of substrate [Osmocote Plus (15N–4P–9.9K, 90 to 120 days longevity at 21 °C) and Osmocote Bloom (12N–3.1P–15K, 60 to 90 days longevity at 21 °C)] in the greenhouse production of four commonly produced bedding plant species with high alkalinity irrigation water (pH 7.1, 280 mg·L−1 CaCO3 equivalent). Species included Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. ‘Madeira Cherry Red’ and iron-inefficient Calibrachoa Cerv. hybrid ‘Cabaret Pink Hot’, Diascia barberae Hook. f. ‘Wink Coral’, and Sutera cordata Roth ‘Abunda Giant White’. Additional treatments included a combination of 100 mg·L−1 Excel and 2100 g·m−3 Osmocote Plus and an Osmocote Plus treatment irrigated with reduced alkalinity water (acidified to pH 6.3, 92 mg·L−1 CaCO3 equivalent). Bedding plants were evaluated at the end of a finish or market stage (3 or 5 weeks depending on species) for shoot dry mass (SDM) and root dry mass (RDM), tissue nutrient concentrations, and visual quality rating (0 to 4). At 3 weeks, there were no significant differences in SDM and RDM between fertilizer treatments for any of the four species. Shoot dry mass significantly increased at 5 weeks in the WSF and combination treatments over the three CRF only treatments for Argyranthemum and over the non-acidified Osmocote Plus treatment only for Calibrachoa. At finish, 3 weeks for Sutera and Diascia and 5 weeks for Argyranthemum and Calibrachoa, visual quality rating for all species was lowest when using Osmocote Plus with or without acidified irrigation water compared with the WSF treatments, except the Daniels treatment in Argyranthemum, which also resulted in a low visual quality rating. Leaf tissue N for all species and phosphorus (P) for all except Diascia were below the recommended range for bedding plant crops in the CRF treatments, which was reflected by the lower substrate electrical conductivity (EC) for the CRF alone and combination treatments. Leaf tissue N and P were related to visual quality rating for all species, leaf tissue potassium (K) for Argyranthemum and Calibrachoa only, and leaf tissue iron (Fe) for Diascia only.

First report of chrysanthemum stunt viroid in Argyranthemum frutescens in Italy.

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is a quarantine pathogen for chrysanthemum (Dendranthema spp.) in the European countries (Plant Health Directive 2000/29/EC), because this host is severely affected, thus comes down with a disease characterized by stunting, leaf chlorosis and floral disorders. CSVd spread in Europe has efficiently been restrained so far, although several outbreaks were recorded in the past. Here we report the first occurrence of CSVd in Italy, as detected in several symptomless cultivars of Argyranthemum frutescens (marguerite daisy) by RT-PCR with specific primers and by Northern blot hybridization with a specific digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe. Viroid identity was ultimately ascertained by cloning and sequencing cDNA amplicons. Molecular characterization of CSVd isolates from six different A. frutescens cultivars disclosed viroid RNA populations with a prevalent size of 354 nt and sequences 98-100% identical to those of CSVd variants reported previously from D. grandiflora and A. frutescens. These results call for a prompt extension of surveys for assessing the presence of CSVd in symptomless A. frutescens and other ornamentals, which could constitute hidden reservoirs of this pathogen. In view of this, a tissue-printing hybridization method for detecting CSVd in A. frutescens was tested and validated.

Molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cichorii pathogenic on chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Fusarium oxysporum is a ubiquitous soilborne ascomycete responsible for vascular wilt in many plant species worldwide. This species comprises more than 120 putative host-specific formae speciales capable of causing marked economic losses. In summer 2009, wilt symptoms, including chlorosis and poor development of the root system, were observed on cultivars of chicory (Cichorium intybus) in northern Italy. The causal agent isolated from symptomatic tissues in this case was identified as F. oxysporum on the basis of both morphological features and molecular analyses. In this work, we attempted to characterize the isolates of F. oxysporum from C. intybus by both biological and molecular approaches. Pathogenicity trials performed on five species of the Asteraceae family with isolates of F. oxysporum from C. intybus indicated that the pathogen has a unique host range, infecting chicory only. Neither lettuce nor endive, lawn daisy or Paris daisy developed the disease. Five cultivars within C. intybus species were tested, and the cv. ‘Clio’ was the most susceptible. Phylogenetic analyses relative to the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) assigned isolates pathogenic to chicory to a single cluster, distinct from other pathogenic F. oxysporum. In light of these findings, we propose to designate this organism as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cichorii.

The effect of silicon foliar application on the development of Season ornamental plants. Part II: Argyranthemum frutescens 'Blazer Rose', Xerochrysum bracteatum 'Gold', Osteospermum ecklonis 'Grande Pink Blush' and Gaura lindheimeri 'Corinas Choice'

Recent research has proved that supplementary application of silicon, involved in plant tolerance against many stress factors, positively influences plant development improving the quality of ornamental plants. A two-factorial experiment involved four cultivars of ornamental plants: <i>Argyranthemum frutescens</i> 'Blazer Rose', <i>Xerochrysum bracteatum</i> 'Gold', <i>Osteospermum ecklonis</i> 'Grande Pink Blush', and <i>Gaura lindheimeri</i> 'Corinas Choice' The first experimental factor was the concentration of Actisil preparation being an equivalent of 60, 120, and 180 mg Si×dm<sup>-3</sup>, applied three times by spraying, while the second one was the type of medium: peat substrate and peat substrate with sand. Actisil had a beneficial effect on the number of lateral shoots in all plants. The highest number of buds and inflorescences was determined in <i>Xerochrysum</i> and <i>Osteospermum</i> plants sprayed with 0.3% Actisil, and 0.2% Actisil in case of Argyranthemum and Gaura. The effect of medium type on plant growth depended on plant species. <i>Argyranthemum</i> and <i>Osteospermum</i> plants cultivated in the medium with sand showed inhibited growth, although medium type did not affect the growth of <i>Xerochrysum</i>.

Growth, Morphology, and Quality of Rooted Cuttings of Several Herbaceous Annual Bedding Plants Are Influenced by Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral During Root Development

Cuttings of herbaceous annual bedding plants must be rooted in late winter and early spring when ambient outdoor photosynthetic daily light integrals (DLIs) are at seasonally low levels. We evaluated the effect of DLI during root development on growth, morphology, and quality of nine popular vegetatively propagated annual bedding plant species. Cuttings of Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘AngelMist White Cloud’, Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. ‘Madeira Cherry Red’, Diascia barberae Hook. f. ‘Wink Coral’, Lantana camara L. ‘Lucky Gold’, Nemesia fruticans (Thunb.) Benth. ‘Aromatica Royal’, Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl. ‘Voltage Yellow’, Scaevola L. hybrid ‘Blue Print’, Sutera cordata Roth. ‘Abunda Giant White’, and Verbena Ruiz ×hybrida ‘Aztec Violet’ were harvested and propagated in a glass-glazed greenhouse with 23 °C air and substrate temperature set points. After callusing (≈5 mol·m−2·d−1 for 7 days), cuttings of each species were placed under one of three different fixed-woven shade cloths providing ≈38%, 61%, or 86% shade or no shade with 16 h of supplemental light for 14 days. There were no clear trends across species for stem length in response to DLI. Stem caliper of Argyranthemum, Diascia, and Nemesia increased by 35%, 119%, and 89%, respectively, as DLI increased from 1.2 to 12.3 mol·m−2·d−1. Depending on species, total, shoot, and root dry mass increased by 64% to 465%, 50% to 384%, and 156% to 1137%, respectively, as DLI increased from 1.2 to 12.3 mol·m−2·d−1. The quality index, an objective, integrated, and quantitative measurement of rooted cutting quality, increased for all species by 176% to 858% as DLI increased from 1.2 to 12.3 mol·m−2·d−1. Our results indicate that providing a DLI of ≈8 to 12 mol·m−2·d−1 after callusing increases both growth and quality of rooted cuttings.

Efficacy of Some Botanical Extracts againstTrogoderma granariumin Wheat Grains with Toxicity Evaluation

In an attempt to find alternative control methods for stored products insects, extracts of seven plant species (Cassia senna, Caesalpinia gilliesii, Thespesia populnea var. acutiloba, Chrysanthemum frutescens, Euonymus japonicus, Bauhinia purpurea, and Cassia fistula) were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their ability to protect wheat (Triticum spp.) grains against Trogoderma granarium insect. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried to identify the chemical components of the most effective plant extract against T. granarium. Furthermore, the safety of the most effective plant extract was evaluated with respect to biochemical and histological changes in treated rats relative to control. The results revealed that, the tested botanical extracts showed high efficiency against T. granarium with respect to mortality and progeny of the adults. C. senna was the most effective botanical extract against T. granarium. The GC-MS analysis of the most effective plant extract showed the presence of different bioactive compounds that is known by its insecticidal activity. The most effective plant extract showed no toxicity on treated rats relative to control with respect to biochemical and histological changes. The results suggest the ability of using these plant extracts for wheat grains protection as a safe alternative to insecticides.

Cultivation of marguerite daisy using a solar-radiation-ontrolled low-rate drip irrigation system with nitrogen-rich groundwater

Cultivation of marguerite daisy using a solar-radiation-ontrolled low-rate drip irrigation system with nitrogen-rich groundwater

Laboratory evaluation of botanical extracts, microbial culture filtrates and silver nanoparticles against Botrytis cinerea

In an attempt to find alternatives to fungicides, the efficacy of crude extracts of seven plant species (Cassia senna, Caesalpinia gilliesii, Thespesia populnea var. acutiloba, Chrysanthemum frutescens, Euonymus japonicus, Bauhinia purpurea and Cassia fistula), three microbial culture filtrates (Epicoccum nigrum, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) and silver nanoparticles were evaluated against Botrytis cinerea, the causative fungus of rot, under laboratory conditions. All tested materials were evaluated alone and combined with tolclofos-methyl, the recommended fungicide against B. cinerea. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify the possible biologically active components of the most effective plant extract and culture filtrate against B. cinerea. The results showed that Euonymus japonicus was the most effective plant extract and Bacillus subtilis was the most effective culture filtrate against B. cinerea. In addition, silver nanoparticles showed a high efficacy against B. cinerea. Combining each of the microbial culture filtrates, plant extracts and silver nanoparticles with the tolclofos-methyl improved the efficacy of the fungicide against B. cinerea. These non-traditional control methods can be regarded as providing effective control against B. cinerea, but their practical application and effect on human health need to be evaluated. If a combination of one or more of the tested materials and tolclofos-methyl were to reduce the amount of fungicide required to control B. cinerea, the adverse side effects of this fungicide on human health and the environment would also be reduced.

Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against sugar beet damping-off caused by Sclerotium rolfsii

In an attempt to search for natural pesticides, crude extracts of seven plant species (Bauhinia purpurea, Caesalpinia gilliesii, Cassia fistula, Cassia senna, Chrysanthemum frutescens, Euonymus japonicus and Thespesia populnea var. acutiloba) were evaluated against Sclerotium rolfsii, the causative fungus of damping-off, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify possible biologically active components (tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, phytol, linalool, 1,8 cineole and 9, 12, 15 octadecanoic acid) from the plant extracts most effective against S. rolfsii. Laboratory experiments indicated that leaf extracts of T. populnea var. acutiloba and Chrysanthemum frutescens were most effective against S. rolfsii. Greenhouse experiments confirmed that T. populnea var. acutiloba and Chrysanthemum frutescens extracts were most effective against the damping-off pathogen, either by coating or soaking of sugar beet seeds. None of the extracts tested produced phytotoxic effects on sugar beet leaves, even at the highest concentration applied. The most effective plant extracts showed low toxicity in rats relative to controls with respect to histological tests. The extracts assayed represent a potentially safe control method for damping-off disease in sugar beet.

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM f. sp. CHRYSANTHEMI ON THREE HOST PLANTS: GERBERA JAMESONII, OSTEOSPERMUM sp. AND ARGYRANTHEMUM FRUTESCENS

A rapid and sensitive molecular diagnostic assay for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi, an economically important pathogen of ornamentals, has been developed and tested on three hosts (Gerbera jamesonii, Osteospermum sp., and Argyranthemum frutescens). A specific primer set (B6003/SNR3) was designed on the basis of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the FOW1 gene of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi. This primer set was highly specific and able to distinguish this fungus from other formae speciales of F. oxysporum. A 304 bp sequence was amplified from DNA of three isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi, whilst no amplification was obtained from DNA of 16 other Fusarium species and formae speciales of F. oxysporum. In conventional PCR with primer pair B6003/SNR3, the detection limit of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi was 100 pg of genomic, whilst in a semi-nested PCR, using primer pair B6003/B6004 in the first round, and B6003/SNR3 in the second round, the detection limit was as low as 10 fg of genomic DNA. Semi-nested PCR successfully detected F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi in three artificially infected symptomless host plants sampled three days after pathogen inoculation.

국화과 Chrysanthemum속 식물 3종의 항산화 효과

천연 항산화제를 개발하기 위하여 80% 에탄올을 용매로 환류냉각 추출한 마가렛, 국화 및 낙동구절초의 꽃과 잎줄기(shoot)의 페놀성 물질 함량, DPPH radical과 ABTS radical소거능, ferrous ion chelating 효과 및 linoleic acid에 대한 지질과산화 억제활성을 측정하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총플라보노이드 함량, DPPH radical 소거능, ABTS radical 소거능은 국화 잎줄기 추출물에서 가장 높았으며, 특히 국화잎줄기 추출물의 ABTS radical 소거능은 천연 항산화제인 ascorbic acid와 합성 항산화제인 BHT와 유사하였다. 그러나 Fe²? chelating 효과는 국화 잎줄기 추출물에서 가장 낮았으며, 국화 꽃 추출물에서 가장 우수하였다. Linoleic acid에 대한 지질과산화 억제활성은 마가렛과 국화 잎줄기 추출물에서 가장 우수하였으나, BHT보다 억제활성이 낮았다. 연구의 결과, 국화 잎줄기 추출물은 페놀성 물질 함량 및 radical 소거활성이 우수하여 천연 항산화제로 개발 가치가 매우 높은 것으로 생각되었다. 그러나 금속이온 chelating 및 지질과산화 억제활성은 다소 낮으므로, 다발적으로 발생하는 산화스트레스를 방지하기 위한 항산화제를 개발하고자 할 때는 국화 잎줄기 추출물과 다른 항산화제를 같이 사용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers for fingerprinting of Argyranthemum frutescens cultivars

Abstract Argyranthemum frutescens is a commercially important ornamental species with extensive breeding programmes in several countries. Since it is vegetatively propagated there is a great need for tools for identification of cultivars. Vegetatively propagated species require clean-up from diseases, often performed through meristem-tip cultures. Forty-three cultivars of A. frutescens propagated by meristem-tip culture and traditional cuttings were analyzed for genetic relatedness and possible somaclonal variation using AFLP. Five primer combinations resulted in a relatively high degree of polymorphism. Ten molecular markers generated by one primer combination could distinguish between all 43 cultivars. Differences in fingerprints between meristem-tip culture and cuttings from the same cultivars were found, but the proportion of fragments being specific for either tissue culture or cuttings was relatively low. Some cultivars that did not display somaclonal variation as judged by the AFLP-fingerprints may still be genetically unstable since some morphological variation was observed in the true to type test.

Solutions Concerning the Improvement of Multiplication Technology of Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip

Argyranthemum frutescens (Chrysanthemum frutescens L.), the marguerite, is a perennial plant known for its flowers. It is native to the Canary Islands, their native habitat ranges from the seashore, woodland edges and slopes of volcanic mountains. Marguerites have been grown for more than 200 years, with more than 80 types now available (most of them are hybrids). The aim of the research was to improve the current assortment of floricultural plants in Romania, with new varieties of ornamental species with different morphological characteristics, to be promoted and placed in production. Along with taking the study of new varieties, it has studying the improvement of the culture technology, too. In the present paper, we made some research’s regarding the influence of rooting substrate on morphological characters of two varieties of Argyranthemum frutescens L. cuttings („Gypsy Rose” and „Butterfly”), which were followed the rooting process in different substrates (perlite and peat + perlite).

Potassium Silicate Drenches Increase Leaf Silicon Content and Affect Morphological Traits of Several Floriculture Crops Grown in a Peat-based Substrate

Silicon (Si) is a beneficial nutrient that improves biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of several crop species. Previous Si research with container-grown floriculture crops has either focused on a limited number of species or has been conducted in hydroponics using purified water, but little research has been conducted with plants grown in soilless substrates. The objective of this experiment was to examine whether weekly potassium silicate drenches would alter leaf Si concentration or affect morphological traits of several floriculture species grown in soilless substrate. Rooted liners of 21 cultivars were transplanted into a peat-based substrate. Control plants received no Si supplementation, whereas treated plants were given weekly drenches of 100 mg·L−1 Si from potassium silicate for 10 weeks. Leaf Si concentration of control plants ranged from 211 mg·L−1 for petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Cascadias Cherry Spark’) to 2606 mg·L−1 for argyranthemum [Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. Bip. ‘Sunlight’]. Si supplementation increased leaf Si concentration of 11 cultivars; leaf Si concentrations for these supplemented plants were 13% to 145% greater than control plants. Among the taxa studied, Si supplementation response was variable; Si either increased or decreased height, diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, flower diameter, and leaf thickness. For three cultivars, these morphological traits were apparently unaffected by Si supplementation despite accumulating Si. Similarly, significant morphological differences were observed in four cultivars that did not accumulate Si. Eight cultivars both accumulated Si and showed significant morphological differences. Our results demonstrate that many common floriculture species grown in a peat-based substrate do take up Si and that SI may have an effect on plant development. Consequently, more work is needed to determine the appropriate rate of Si supplementation and to examine additional species.