Argument For Authority Research Articles

세속적 권위에 대한 루터의 복종 사상 - 그 논거와 변화에 대한 고찰 -

This paper examines Luther's arguments for secular authority and its evolution within the historical and political context. Luther's arguments and attitudes towards secular authority have varied over time, leading to divergent evaluations of his political thought. He has been both criticized as a puppet of monarchs demanding blind obedience to unjust authority and hailed as a pioneer of modern political thought advocating active resistance. Therefore, this paper explores Luther's thought as a product shaped by social and temporal conditions, distinct from his biblical and theological thinking. It suggests interpreting Luther's evolving views of obedience as a strategic element for the success of the Protestant Reformation. The significance of this paper lies in several aspects. First, it refutes later negative assessments claiming Luther advocated blind obedience to unjust authority. Second, it elevates Luther's thought within political thought history as a foundation for modern political thought. Lastly, it provides clues for Christianity to adopt a flexible stance amidst domestic and international religious extremism and political polarization.

Divine authority as divine parenthood

Abstract In this article, I argue that God is authoritative over us because he is our divine, causal parent. As our causal parent, God has duties to relate to us, but he can only fulfil those duties if he has the practical authority to give us commands aimed at our sanctification. From ought-implies-can reasoning, I conclude that God has that authority. After I make this argument, I show how the view has significant advantages over extant arguments for divine authority and can help solve other significant problems in philosophy of religion.

Examining the Impact of Transparency Portals on Media Coverage

This study examined the use of data from a transparency portal in media coverage of a high-profile case of alleged public procurement irregularities in Spain. Access to Twitter API was used to identify relevant URLs related to this issue. It was found that direct links to a portal were of low relevance, and most of the linked documents did not even mention the availability of data from a portal. Qualitative analysis revealed that the most frequent topics were the use of portal data as an authoritative argument to endorse information, the statement that the portal did not contain sufficient information for journalistic purposes, and the absence of data on third parties involved in public procurement. It is recommended that governments promote the existence of Portals and make media outlets aware that providing links to original data is beneficial for their reporting. In addition, linked open data should be used to ensure accuracy and transparency.

GENERAL REVIEW ON CIVIL SOCIETY AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

The enforcement of the constitution always has been a problem in countries for different facts. One of the facts is the absence of commitment by civil society. The populism, authoritarianism, and anti-democratic aspects of who arrive at institutions nowadays are dangerous to the life and enforcement of constitutional law. For these problems, the present paper will try to answer the question: Why does civil society need to know about the constitution? The answer will be through authority arguments and self-reflections that point the important place that plays a constitution in our lives. The structure of this work will be in this way: Firstly, the rights that a person has as a human and why the politicians must respect them. Secondly, to have rights is necessary also, have duties. Thirdly, the value that a constitution has to the civil society, but why? Finally, the place of a civil society in the enforcement of constitutional law. We conclude that the Constitution is an instrument to build a civil society free and equal. The Constitution has the basic rights and duties to live in order, in peace and safe. The Constitution is a problem of everybody, for that reason, the preambles of the constitutions refer to “the people” and everybody should know the Constitution.

The role of intellectuals in times of pandemic: Understanding Noam Chomsky's political engagement

The role of intellectuals in times of pandemic: Understanding Noam Chomsky's political engagement

Mai dire basta alla pasta. Il discorso delle diete dimagranti nel periodico italiano per uomini “For Men Magazine” (2013—2022)

Using the tools of rhetoric and critical discourse analysis, the paper describes the discourse of slimming diets in the Italian men’s magazine “For Men”. The study covered 49 monthly issues published in 2013—2022. The research has shown the presence of numerous persuasive techniques based on building the credibility of theses presented to the readers (mostly using the argument of authority). There are numerous references to popular topoi that increase the competitiveness of the proposed nutritional regimes. Some techniques influencing the emotions of readers were used to a lesser extent. The discourse of diets is present in every issue of the magazine under study, and much space is devoted to it, creating the impression that it is an important and interesting topic for contemporary Italian readers (permanent columns present). In addition, phenomena such as scientization and medicalization of nutrition, fragmentation of the male body were observed. Many of the examples cited could be found in the Italian women’s press published about 15 years ago.

‘De Auteur is dood’, zeggen de Auteurs

The French literary critic Roland Barthes made a notorious attempt in the 1960s to declare the author of literary texts dead. His essay became a true classic in literary and cultural studies. This article places ‘The Death of the Author’ (1967) in its intellectual and historical context. First, I will look at the extent to which the essay relates to the thematic issue on minimalism of the American periodical in which it first appeared. Secondly, I will discuss a few seminal ideas of the essay, including a largely overlooked paradox in its argumentation: its strong emphasis on quotations from literary authors to substantiate the claim that the literary author must no longer be used as an argument of authority in text interpretation. I will connect Barthes’s plea for the birth of the reader to his polemic in the 1960s with the literary scholar Raymond Picard about the role of the reader in literary criticism. Lastly, I will relate Barthes’s plea for the reader to his reception of antiquity, more specifically his life-long fascination with Greek tragedy and Nietzsche as sources of inspiration to reflect upon the mechanisms of literary language. I will conclude by commenting upon the theoretical use and the self-conscious temporality of Barthes’s essay.

Hobbes’s Lesser Evil Argument for Political Authority

Abstract This article identifies an argument in Hobbes’s writings often overlooked but relevant to current philosophical debates. Political philosophers tend to categorize his thought as representing consent or rescue theories of political authority. Though these interpretations have textual support and are understandable, they leave out one of his most compelling arguments – what we call the lesser evil argument for political authority, expressed most explicitly in Chapter 20 of Leviathan. Hobbes frankly admits the state’s evils but appeals to the significant disparity between those evils and the greater evils outside the state as a basis for political authority. More than a passing observation, aspects of the lesser evil argument appear in each of his three major political works. In addition to outlining this argument, the article examines its significance both for Hobbes scholarship and recent philosophical debates on political authority.

The significance of education system in global change

This paper is divided into four parts: education system, institutionalized education and non institutionalized education, the influence of education system, education system and global change. By studying the purpose, value and development potential of global education system and the emergence, current situation and development of global change, this paper discusses the significance of education system in global change, and gives some practical suggestions and appeals in the last part. Firstly, this paper introduces the connotation and its own significance of the education system, quotes authoritative arguments to clarify its emergence and influence, so as to pave the way for it to play a role in a wider field; Then it introduces the two educational forms of institutionalized education and non institutionalized education with remarkable characteristics in the education system. Through the comparison and unity of the two, it gives some reference directions for the development and evolution of the education system and the embodiment of the role of the education system; Then, by discussing the impact of the education system on other systems, the following discusses its diversified and broad role, which is not only a supplement and extension to the previous text, but also paves the way for the later discussion of the contribution of the education system to global change; Finally, it first expounds the emergence and current situation of global change, and then discusses the relationship between global change and education system, the practical significance of education system to it and the practical path of education system to play its role.

Democratic legitimacy and authority in times of Corona: Angela Merkel’s address to the nation (18 March 2020)

This article explores the discursive and argumentative procedures that build the legitimacy and authority of Chancellor Angela Merkel in her first TV address on Covid-19. Establishing a necessary distinction in these two correlated and often confused notions, the analysis uncovers a global “rhetoric of the coronavirus”: staging of institutional legitimacy reinforced by the unity of the rulers (an all-encompassing “we”) and building of authority by the argument of epistemic authority (experts); justification of anti-Covid measures by pragmatic arguments or by historical examples; construction of an ethos that ensures credibility. The analysis also reveals procedures specific to emergency situations: enhancement of an absolute and illusory political consensus, at the expense of open democratic deliberation; reduction of scientific discourse to the discourse of experts likely to provide certainty to decision-makers, transformed into managers; calls on the public to accept of its own free will measures already enacted. Finally, the article highlights the specificities of Merkel's speech on this occasion: the meta-discourse that tackles head-on the relationship to democracy, but also to argumentation, the insistence on human values considered superior to the democratic values violated, the posture of proximity supposed to contribute to moral legitimation and to strengthen the authority of the Chancellor. The ethical dimension of the discourse is all the more salient because it relies heavily on pragmatic arguments. Another characteristic of Angela Merkel’s singular self-presentation is the confession of her own fragility, the image of a sensitive woman who unites reason and feeling, the emphasis on an ethic strongly imbued with affectivity that gives her a very human accent and calls for “solidary action” rather than for mere obedience.

Arguing through quotations

Abstract This paper analyses and evaluates the use of arguments in which quotations are employed to convince the addressees of the acceptability of a proposed action. Based on the European Commission’s press releases, a communicative practice in which quotations are typically employed, the study demonstrates that quotations function as weak authority arguments that are not likely to be accepted by the addressees if they are not further supported by other argument types.

Problematika Status Anak Angkat Di Randublatung Blora Dalam Perspektif Fatwa MUI

This paper discuss the problem of the status of adopted children in Randublatung sub district, Blora, Central Java from the perspective of the MUI Fatwa. The research method in this writing is a combined study of field research and library research. The data oblained by researchers from the results of interviews, field observations and collecting literature or literature related to the theme of the study and presented in a descriptive qualitative form. The results showed that the MUI Fatwa regarding child adoption has been based on authoritative arguments in Islam. Meanwhile, the care for adopted children at Randublatung Blora has been donw well. However, in the procedure, from the perspective of MUI, the adoptive parents have committed a practices that is contrary to the teachings of Islam, namely registering the name of having occupied the biological father on the birth certificate of the adopted child. As a result, such as the family card and diploma of the child, starting from kindergarten to university level diplomas.
 
 Keywords: Adoption of children, Randublatung, the MUI fatwa

Le voilement du corps de la gent féminine contesté par des féministes arabes laïques, des féministes islamiques et des femmes imames

In the space of two decades, between 1980 and 2000, Islamist actors succeeded in veiling the bodies of a large part of the female population with the help of an argument of religious authority disseminated on a large scale via the real and virtual world. Islamic feminists and imam women, who affirm the non-mandatory nature of the veil, are part of a gendered power struggle in the theological field while equipping women of the Muslim faith with critical knowledge. Finally, this article attempts to demonstrate that the veil in the scriptural sources is assimilated to a sign of social distinction between free women and slave women and not to a religious act.

Investor behaviour in an environment of uncertainty: the impact of persuasion on investor decisions

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of investor persuasion in an environment of uncertainty. The experimental method was used, with 576 non-professional investors. The experiment used a 2 × 2 factorial, for these six different scenarios were elaborated with the manipulation of the following variables: environment of uncertainty, characterised by risk and ambiguity; and, the persuasive argument of authority. The analysis technique used was the binomial test. The results showed that the investors' choices are more persuasive in: 1) risky investments than in investments with ambiguity; 2) reports of analysts whose element of authority is present than in reports in which they do not present persuasive elements; 3) environments of uncertainty. The research contributed to the literature on investor behaviour when exposed to ambiguity and risk.

Religious Exemptions

Religious Exemptions

The History of a Genuine Fake Philosophical Treatise (Ḥatatā Zar’a Yā‘eqob and

This second article in a series devoted to the history of the philosophical treatises attributed to Zar’a Yā‘eqob and his disciple Walda Ḥeywat explores the moment of “debunking”. How did doubts arise about the Hatatā Zar’a Yā‘eqob as early as 1916? How did its authorship come to be attributed to Giusto d’Urbino in 1920? After all, the article by the great philologist and historian C. Conti Rossini that turned this “rare jewel of Ethiopian literature” into a literary forgery is very succinct, and is more of a collection of pieces of evidence than an irrefutable proof. A few years later, another philologist, E. Mittwoch, tried to prove a Giusto d’Urbino authorship; however, his linguistic and philological analysis was flawed due to its reliance on an indirect source. Nonetheless, the academic community accepted these two scholars’ authoritative arguments. The present article follows up on this scholarly investigation in an effort to corroborate and enrich it, but also to show its shortcomings. Above all, it provides a new interpretation of the texts based on genetic criticism, and as such, tries to envisage the author, Giusto d’Urbino, at work on the Hatatā Zar’a Yā‘eqob. It also once again draws on Giusto d’Urbino’s unpublished correspondence with Antoine d’Abbadie with a view to better understanding the freethinker’s thought and motivations.

INFLUENTIAL POTENTIAL OF RECEIVING "ARGUMENT TO AUTHORITY" IN ADVERTISING DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to advertising discourse, which uses the "argument to authority" as a powerful influential technique. The purpose of our article is to find out the influential potential of accepting the "argument for authority" in advertising discourse. The purpose involves the following tasks: to consider the essence of the concept of "argument to authority", to identify the influential features of "argument to authority", to clarify the mechanism of action of "argument to authority", to identify varieties of "argument to authority", to propose a classification authority ».The object of research is the influential load of advertising discourse, the subject - the influential potential of receiving the "argument to authority" in advertising discourse. The mechanism of the principle of action of the designated reception is developed, its influence of a sign is edited, in particular automaticity of reaction in a certain way to the information submitted by "authoritative" persons. Varieties of "argument of authority" are revealed: personalities and symbols of "authority". The classification of varieties of "argument to authority" is offered, where there are two blocks with the corresponding varieties: personalities ("stars", experts, consumers) and symbols of "authority" (brand owner, clothes, attributes and terms). The advantages of receiving an "argument to authority" is that to start the singer's program desire to imitate the leader, which deprives the educational consumer of complex mental operations in the decision-making process to acquire a singer or service. The recommendations of the "authorities" are not subject to criticism, are taken for granted, no doubt, to give authoritative advertising work the fastest. We see a promising study in the further study of the actualization of the motives of prestige and elitism, to be realized in commercial advertising discourse using the technique of "argument to authority".

Dimensões da justificação no discurso legislativo uma abordagem diacrónica

this paper I intend to analyse some aspects of the evolution observable in the way the legislative discourse justifies the legal-legislative provisions in legislative texts of different synchronies of the Portuguese language: this is especially apparent when they present statements which contain acts of discourse with justification value.From a comparative and diachronic perspective, I will confront Afonso X’s medieval legislative texts (such as the Portuguese versions of the Primeyra Partida and the Foro Real) with contemporary Portuguese legislative texts. I will attempt to demonstrate that in medieval legislative texts, in addition to the greater extent of the supporting segments, there is also a discursive structure that uses arguments of authority. In Afonso X’s legislative texts royal legislation is conveyed and the Speaker, designated by the first person “we”, is identified with the king, holding a power inherent to this statute. It reaffirms its status as authority and the desirability of royal legislative action and affirms the pragmatic need for the existence of justice by its favourable effect (which is ethically identified with the Common Good).By contrast, contemporary legislative discourse is presented in the third person and this does not designate any individualized subject. The law is stabilized, established in multi-secular institutions and fundamental rights are already guaranteed, and new legislation is generally conjunctural and especially case-by-case legislation. In contemporary legislative formulations there is no discourse of the legitimization of power and the dimension of the supporting segments is smaller.

DIREITO E ORDEM: DA RETÓRICA LITERÁRIA À RETÓRICA JURÍDICA

Objetivo: A análise do binómio “lei e ordem” tem por intuito relacionar o processo de leitura dos textos literários ou dos textos cinematográficos, aplicando-os ao processo de leitura dos factos jurídico-políticos, com evidência da “ordem” dos factos na interpretação dos factos.Metodologia:Quatro meios de demonstração foram usados: os dedutivos, tendo por base os estudos retóricos, sobre a distorção operada pela ordem dos fatores; os indutivos, que aproximam a análise dos discursos jurídicos (que se querem próximos da objetividade) da análise dos discursos artísticos (assumidamente subjetivos); os analógicos, que pressupõem a constante presença da ficção nos raciocínios das ciências humanas; e os de autoridade, que remetem, sobretudo, para a importância da obra retórica de um jurista espanhol, Francisco Puy.Resultados: O ensaio identifica como fundamental a reflexão dos juristas sobre a importância da ordem no discurso, nomeadamente dos factos relatados no processo, atendendo aos seus inevitáveis efeitos de conformação e/ou manipulação.Contribuições: As duas principais contribuições desta pesquisa serão a valorização dos estudos retóricos em geral (e de juristas, como Francisco Puy, em particular), e a vantagem de uma educação humanística/ artística dos juristas, em geral, formados na crença dessa neutralidade retórica da interpretação dos factos.

Análisis retórico de discursos del Papa Francisco en Paraguay, año 2015

La investigación tuvo por objeto el análisis de los aspectos retóricos de los discursos del papa Francisco, a partir de aspectos lingüísticos de ocho discursos, en diferentes contextos y auditorios, durante su visita a Paraguay en julio del 2015. Los análisis se realizaron a la luz de las ideas de Aristóteles, las propuestas teóricas de Austin, Van Dijk y Searle, las ideas de Habermas y de Eco. Con materiales y métodos sencillos se construyó el marco metodológico basado en una investigación con enfoque cualitativo a nivel descriptivo y el método de la lógica inductiva. Resultó apropiado para presentar los resultados de la interpretación, se han detallado hallazgos en forma particular de cada discurso y luego en forma general. Se ha develado que la argumentación varía de acuerdo con el auditorio, haciendo uso de argumentos de ejemplificación, autoridad, causalidad y consecuencia. Se han identificado en cada discurso las figuras retóricas presentes y comparado la recurrencia entre los discursos analizados, verificando la complejidad de acuerdo al auditorio. Fueron recurrentes preguntas retóricas, asíndeton y comparaciones. Los actos de habla más utilizados fueron los asertivos expresivos y directivos. El carácter ideológico se analizó sobre la base de lo que él aprueba y rechaza, se relacionó con obras literarias de Borges, Dostoievski y Hopkins. Este estudio provee una metodología y un esquema de análisis retórico en diferentes niveles.