Argumentation System Research Articles

Rhetorical Approach to Legal Arguing and Legal Argumentation

The article is devoted to legal argumentation, namely to its research by rhetorical approach. The aim of the article is to determine characteristic features of rhetorical approach to legal argumentation.Rhetorical approach to the research of legal argumentation should include philosophical, theoretical, empirical components. Philosophical component of legal argumentation research consists in the anthropological conception of rationality i.e. the philosophical axiomatic idea about rationality of legal argumentation if in is acknowledged by the members of legal community.Rhetorical theoretical model of legal argumentation ensures persuasion of legal audience via legal argumentation. Rhetorical approach deals with legal argumentation mainly in the “context of discovery”, i.e. with legal arguing. Rhetorical approach to legal arguing implies specific standard of soundness of the argumentation – persuasion standard. Empirical component of legal argumentation includes description of arguments and persuasive techniques. Rhetorical approach insures interaction between natural law and positive law.Rhetorical approach to legal argumentation lets us assume some ontological issues concerning legal argumentation. Legal argumentation is considered as the mode of impact on the audience via application of communicative and interactional means which persuasive force depends on the contextof argumentative legal discourse. Legal argumentation is the result of such impact embodied in the system of arguments to persuade the legal audience in the arguability of the standpoint.

Quantitative Modeling and Analysis of Argumentation Polarization in Cyber Argumentation

Cyber argumentation platforms offer specially designed environments for users to discuss and debate their stances and viewpoints on important issues. However, argumentation polarization often occurs in discussions and debates on these cyber argumentation platforms. Several researchers investigated argumentation polarization qualitatively in the past, but none of them have developed a quantitative model for measuring the degree of argumentation polarization. We addressed this important and challenging issue by developing an innovative argumentation polarization model to measure argumentation polarization by incorporating four important attributes of argumentation polarization: 1) the total number of argumentation poles; 2) the population size of the argumentation poles; 3) similarity within argumentation poles; and 4) the dissimilarity between argumentation poles. Its baseline model was derived from an economic polarization model proposed by Esteban and Ray, which measures polarization using three features: 1) homogeneity within each group; 2) heterogeneity across groups; and 3) a small number of significant groups. We adapted their model by incorporating population sizes for poles, normalizing for population size, and normalizing for parameter selection, to fit our formulation of argumentation polarization. This model was evaluated using an empirical study conducted using our cyber argumentation platform, the intelligent cyber argumentation system (ICAS). This model was evaluated with two other distribution-based opinion polarization models that were applied in online discussion contexts, both analytically and empirically, since there are no existing argumentation polarization models. The analytical and empirical evaluations indicate that our model performs more effectively in terms of the definition of argumentation polarization and the four attributes.

Blockchain-Based Smart Advertising Network With Privacy-Preserving Accountability

In a smart advertising network ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAN</i> ), a broker builds user profiles from its wealth of user data, manages advertisements for retailers, and disseminates the advertisements through multiple channels. However, the broker sometimes provides insufficient transparency explanations of advertising activities, which may result in the increasing popularity of ad-blocking software and lower advertising investments from retailers. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based Smart Advertising Network with Privacy-preserving Accountability ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SANPA</i> ). Specifically, we design a composite Succinct Non-interactive Argument ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SNARG</i> ) system, that commits advertising policies as cryptographic authenticators in a smart contract. By doing so, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SANPA</i> is compatible with the existing <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SAN</i> without posing prohibitive implementation cost over the blockchain architecture. Users or retailers can require explanations of an advertising activity by sending a challenge to the smart contract. With the succinctness and privacy preservation of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SNARG</i> system, the smart contract can efficiently verify whether the challenged advertising activity follows committed advertising policies without exposing user profile privacy. If any misconduct is identified, the contract enforces public accountability on the misbehaving party by confiscating its cryptocurrency deposits. We conduct extensive experiments to provide both on-chain and off-chain benchmarks, which demonstrates the application feasibility of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SANPA</i> .

Amazon’s HQ2 Site Selection Criteria: The New ‘Gold Standard’ in FDI Decision-Making

In 2017–2018, Seattle-based Tech behemoth Amazon executed a highly publicised location-finding process for a $5 billion investment project, dubbed ‘HQ2’. Owing to the combination of high investment volume and the company’s unique public exposure, the HQ2 process is on course to becoming a basic yardstick for future foreign direct investment (FDI) projects all over the world. This article compiles the company’s previously unpublished site selection criteria and develops an evidence-based system of investment decision arguments which is employed to test the currently dominant approaches in location decision theory—behavioural, neoclassical, and institutional. Our results identify gaps vis-à-vis this emerging ‘Gold Standard’ and we propose the addition of a fourth, project-oriented approach to theory to fill the detected shortcomings. Furthermore, this system equips policymakers with a tool to evaluate their investment attraction strategies based on the decision criteria extracted from the HQ2 process.

Implicit Anthropologies in Pre-philosophical \u015aaivism with Particular Reference to the Netra-tantra

While there are overt philosophies of the person in both dualistic and non-dualistic Śaivism that developed their doctrines explicitly in relation to each other and to non-Śaiva traditions, especially Buddhism, many Śaiva texts exemplify what might be called a pre-philosophical discourse. Such works contain philosophical ideas but do not present systematic arguments (that is the job of later commentators) and are often regarded as divine revelation (namely the tantras but other genres of literature might also be included such as paddhatis). It is this layer of the articulation of concepts linked to practices that the paper exposes, which the arguments of the later philosophers reflect upon and from which they develop. The claim here is that through an analysis of pre-philosophical literature, texts such as the Netra-tantra, we can build a picture of the conceptual universe of the early medieval period that forms the basis for the development of thinking by the later philosophers. One way of doing this is through the micro-study of particular textual passages and from that to build a larger picture of pre-philosophical discourse.

Non-Malleable Zero-Knowledge Arguments with Lower Round Complexity

Abstract Round complexity is one of the fundamental problems in zero-knowledge (ZK) proof systems. Non-malleable zero-knowledge (NMZK) protocols are ZK protocols that provide security even when man-in-the-middle adversaries interact with a prover and a verifier simultaneously. It is known that the first constant-round public-coin NMZK arguments for NP can be constructed by assuming the existence of collision-resistant hash functions (Pass, R. and Rosen, A. (2005) New and Improved Constructions of Non-Malleable Cryptographic Protocols. In Gabow, H.N. and Fagin, R. (eds) Proc. 37th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Baltimore, MD, USA, May 2224, 2005, pp. 533542. ACM) and has relatively high round complexity; the first four-round private-coin NMZK arguments for NP can be constructed in the plain model by assuming the existence of one-way functions (Goyal, V., Richelson, S., Rosen, A. and Vald, M. (2014) An Algebraic Approach to Non-Malleability. In 55th IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, FOCS 2014, Philadelphia, PA, USA, October 1821, 2014, pp. 4150. IEEE Computer Society and Ciampi, M., Ostrovsky, R., Siniscalchi, L. and Visconti, I. (2017) Delayed-Input Non-Malleable Zero Knowledge and Multi-Party Coin Tossing in Four Rounds. In Kalai, Y. and Reyzin, L. (eds) Theory of Cryptography15th Int. Conf., TCC 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Baltimore, MD, USA, November 1215, 2017, Part I, Vol. 10677, pp. 711742. Springer). In this paper, we present a six-round public-coin NMZK argument of knowledge system assuming the existence of collision-resistant hash functions and a three-round private-coin NMZK argument system from multi-collision resistance of hash functions assumption in the keyless setting.

ИСТОРИЯ КАК УМОЗРИТЕЛЬНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПРОШЛОГО. Часть ІІ

Данная статья представляет результы исследования, первая часть которого опубликована в предыдущем номере журнала (Epistemological studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences, 2019, 2 (2), 31-40). История рассматривается как знание о прошлом. Рассматривается проблема объекта исторической науки. Ставится вопрос о «реальности» прошлого, о соотношении прошлого и реальности, о возможности «науки о прошлом» и возможность прошлого быть объектом исторической науки. Рассматривается взаимосвязь между прошлым и настоящим. Современность выступает основой для познания прошлого. Современность является точкой отсчета, отбор и осмысление прошлых событий всегда происходит с точки зрения современности. Любое познание осуществляется посредством знаков. Функция познания состоит в накладывании на мир сети обозначений. Выработка новых знаний рассматривается как семиотический процесс. Понятие «реальность» и «знание» тесно связаны между собой. Знания не только описывает реальность, оно также конструирует ее. Знание (в том числе, историческое) культурно обусловлено. История как наука понимается как продуцирование новых знаний на базе переработки информационных массивов о прошлом. Глубина понимания в конечном счете зависит не столько от информации, сколько от свойств интерпретатора. Сущность научного метода - замена реального объекта его моделью. История как наука о прошлом, как знания о прошлом предстает как умственная конструкция, как умозрительная модель прошлого.

The Philosophical Poverty Of Hart’s Concept Of Law: David Hume, The International Legal System And Sovereignty As ‘Effective Control’

This essay demonstrates that the positivist predisposition to philosophicallyimpoverish their arguments leads to inadequate and imprecise understanding of law. In contrast, by taking a whole systematic philosophical argument, in this case from David Hume, and examining it through Philosophical-Policy and Legal Design, the philosophical poverty of Hart’s concept of law can be fully illuminated. Instead of a positivist concept of law based on false classification of norms, and the denial of international law as law, the true nature of international law in the evolution of social convention, Justice-As Sovereignty and ‘effective control’ as its rule of recognition will be illuminated. The increased complexity and norm-sensitivity of Hume’s concept of law will be argued to create a greater philosophical space for the practice of international law and evidence of how Hume’s logic of concepts maps onto practice in terms of the both the Lotus case and the Isle of Palmas arbitration will be explained.

Classical zero-knowledge arguments for quantum computations

We show that every language in QMA admits a classical-verifier, quantum-prover zero-knowledge argument system which is sound against quantum polynomial-time provers and zero-knowledge for classical (and quantum) polynomial-time verifiers. The protocol builds upon two recent results: a computational zero-knowledge proof system for languages in QMA, with a quantum verifier, introduced by Broadbent et al. (FOCS 2016), and an argument system for languages in QMA, with a classical verifier, introduced by Mahadev (FOCS 2018).

The Inconsistency of ICSID Awards Over Argentina Cases

This paper discusses the inconsistency of International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) awards over an emergency situation in Argentina in 2001. Utilising a doctrinal methodology under Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL) paradigm, this paper explores the argument set out in Argentina case in the first trial and its appeals, then makes an effort to find out the better and systematic argument for Argentina. Therefore, this paper contributes to factually understanding the different argument from two perspectives in ICSID proceedings which has been contested and herewith proposed a better formulated argument for the future of ICSID awards making by placing economic development in Third World States as a basis of argument. Hence this argument can be used for the similar cases in the ICSID in future.

The Existential and Anthropological Semantics of the Word in Late 17th-Century Sermons

This article describes the semantics of the word concept, which is represented in late 17th-century homiletic texts. It is defined by the topics of sermons in terms of their ontological and anthropological content, which is characterised by specific features depending on the author. The article mostly focuses on Statir, an extensive and little-studied collection of sermons written by an anonymous author on the Stroganov patrimonial estate. The text is of considerable scholarly interest because of its high artistic level and the author’s fresh view on the traditional aspects of religious life. His sermons actualise the concept of the word on three levels: the Divine Word – the word of the Church Fathers – the sermon word of the clergyman. The three levels are arranged in a hierarchical chain, whose first link is the Word spoken by God the Father (God the Son) and the Gospel, while the next is represented by the teachings of the Holy Fathers. Each new link is the priest’s word, which is reflected in sermons addressing the parish and readers of the collections. These levels are fully represented in the sermon Word 35. Teaching for the Day of the Three Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom. Praise of their Care for the Flock. And about the False Shepherds, and on Heretics, and on the Existing Schismatics. The reader joins in the praise of the three hierarchs and theologians to whom the sermon is devoted. It dwells on the topics of the teaching word, the transformative word, and the role of the clergyman in the process of relaying the truth and criticism of tendencies deviating from the Church and offering an alternative interpretation of its dogma. The word concept is also studied in Food for the Soul (Rus. Obed Dushevnyi), a sermon collection written by Simeon Polotsky, which was familiar to the author of Statir as can be seen from the references. The author of the article carries out comprehensive text analysis and examines the historical and cultural content of the preaching texts. Features of the thematic content of the sermon are examined through the rhetorical structure of a separate work. The study demonstrates that for the author of Statir, the semantics of the multi-level word concept is primarily associated with the categories of continuity, transmission of true knowledge, and transformation of reality. The word is a key to salvation capable of confronting the unrighteous word and directing believers’ lives (in contrast to the word in Food for the Soul where it appears as a resource, a specific fuel required for the spiritual development of the recipient). In the sermon Teaching for the Day of the Three Hierarchs, the author builds a complex system of arguments designed to convince the readers of the need to learn the word of truth through sacred texts and curb the spread of false teachings. Using extensive metaphors and creatively processing sources, the author engages the recipients in the space of teachings and convinces them to adopt his point of view. The sermon resembles a fluent multidimensional conversation, whose themes form a network and are combined into an integrated system by the word concept.

The Synchronous Online Argumentation System User Interface with an Integrated Design Framework: Redesign and Evaluation

The Synchronous online argumentation system is highly needed to facilitate learning activity in this internet era. To gain deeper insights about this important issue, this study developed nine principles based on Cognitive Load, User Interface, and User Experience to redesign a system. With this framework, 48 (forty-eight) students of Chi-Ying High School had tested with two prototypes, and the second prototype used the nine principles. The systems were measured with Web-Based Learning Environment (WEBLEI) and System Usability Test (SUS). The result of WEBLEI measurement shows that the second prototype gives better result and shows higher user acceptance than the first prototype. The result of SUS measurement shows that the usability of the second prototype is better than on the first prototype with (4.43) SUS score difference. The result shows that the use of nine principles that applied to the second prototype does increase the usability and acceptance of the students.

Pedagogy of Argumentation: Teaching the Skills of Argumentation to Older Teens

The article deals with the problem of training future teachers to teach older teens the ability of argumentation as an intellectual and communicative activity. The authors analyze the specifics of the training of future teachers in higher education institutions; the process of formation of the competence of teaching the ability of argumentation; the development of pedagogy of argumentation in higher education institutions. The current stage of the education system development requires improving the level of teachers’ training. The problem of professional competence of future teachers who acquire the method of teaching students the ability of argument is relevant. At the same time, there is a need to develop a special professional quality of the future teacher – to be able to defend their own point of view, to formulate theses, to effectively build a system of arguments during communication. So, the issue has a complex character – university students should be taught pedagogical argumentation, they should be equipped with the corresponding technique in order their future pupils gain an opportunity to realize successfully the structure of argumentation both in written and spoken communication. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of teaching methods used at secondary school when forming pupils’ ability of argumentation. This paper aims to identify the main approaches to teaching argumentation, to find out the level of future teachers’ readiness to teach students the ability of argumentation, to develop an experimental method of teaching pedagogy of argumentation and check its results. We conducted an experimental study with 44 students of the Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol state pedagogical university and State Higher Educational Institution Krivoy Rog State Pedagogical University in Ukraine for two years (2018-2019). We divided students into control and experimental groups and provide an extensive education to the control group. The results suggest that the control group’s argumentation skills increased significantly. In drawing conclusions, we note that the proficiency of the teaching methods of older adolescents affects the professional and a future teacher’s personal qualities.

A Study on the Characteristics of the Ionospheric Gradient under Geomagnetic Perturbations.

The Earth’s ionosphere is greatly influenced by geomagnetic activities, especially geomagnetic storms. During a geomagnetic storm, the ionosphere suffers many perturbations, leading to a spatial gradient that are neglected during geomagnetically quiet periods. An ionospheric gradient generates potential hazards for a ground-based argumentation system (GBAS) by enlarging the errors in the delay corrections between ground monitor stations and users. To address this problem, this work investigates the characteristics of the ionospheric gradient under geomagnetic storms. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations from the continuously operating reference station (CORS) network were used to analyze the ionospheric gradients during the geomagnetic storm on 8 September 2017. The statistical behavior of the ionospheric gradient was further discussed. Experiments show that strong geomagnetic perturbations lead to large ionospheric gradients, and the gradients also vary with the geomagnetic location.

POLITICAL THEOLOGY AND THE LEGITIMATION OF CATHERINE’S COUP OF 1762: “SOLEMN EULOGY” OF KONSTANTIN (BORKOVSKIY)

The paper analyzes the role of political theology of Russian 18th century in the legitimation ideology of Catherine II aimed at justification of the palace coup of 1762. The subject of analysis is the sermon delivered by Konstantin (Borkovskiy) in Moscow on July 10th, 1762, and dedicated to explanation of the events of the coup. The author shows that Konstantin’s sermon deploys two main systems of argumentation: providential appeal to the history understood as uncovering of God’s plan for Russia (Augustinism), and the cult of monarch supported by the historical and Biblical comparisons and the direct glorification of monarch’s specific qualities. These parameters of Konstantin’s sermon could be compared with the earlier block of political sermons of Elizabeth’s age and the other texts which were justifying the coup (official manifestoes, poetical panegyrics). Such comparison allows author to conclude that Augustinism, being an intellectual tool to justify the fall of the monarch, was an unchangeable element of the legitimation ideology of the age, while the glorification of the monarch, being a tool to explain the enthronement of a particular person, was acquiring its ideological content depending on the circumstances. And even though the legitimation strategy of the 1762 coup included secular ideological systems (for instance, natural and Roman law, anti-absolutist rhetoric), the political theology remained pivotal element of Catherine’s legitimation ideology.

Argumentation Analytics for Treatment Deliberations in Multimorbidity Cases: An Introduction to Two Artificial Intelligence Approaches

Multimorbidity, the presence of multiple health conditions that must be addressed, is a particularly difficult situation in patient management raising issues such as the use of multiple drugs and drug-disease interactions. Clinical Guidelines are evidence-based statements which provide recommendations for specific health conditions but are unfit for the management of multiple co-occurring health situations. To leverage these evidence-based documents, it becomes necessary to combine them. In this paper, using a case example, we explore the use of argumentation schemes to reason and combine evidence-based recommendations from clinical guidelines, expected effects, conflicts stemming from said recommendations, and preferences regarding treatment goals. We compare the results of reasoning using the schemes for practical reasoning and argument from negative consequences in the Carneades Argumentation System with those of ASPIC-G, an extension of the artificial intelligence system ASPIC+.

A Traffic-Light System of State Arguments before the European Court of Human Rights

Abstract Despite an often-tense relationship between Contracting Parties and those who administer the echr, the atmosphere within the Court remains relatively peaceful. I suggest that this harmony is the result of a traffic-light system of state arguments: ‘green’ for acceptable orthodox arguments, ‘amber’ for more dubious submissions, and ‘red’ for contentions that exceed the parameters of appropriate conduct. Using Stanley Fish’s theory of interpretive communities, I contend that the determining factor behind the acceptability of an argument is the reaction that it receives from the other stakeholders within the Convention system. The harmony is therefore the product of an implicit system of internal regulation. While this stability is to be celebrated, given the present global backlash against human rights, and ‘Strasbourg bashing’ more specifically, it is not to be taken for granted.

Graphostructural modeling of discrete-argument systems

Graphostructural modeling is an effective tool for the analysis and control of social and economics systems. Graphs, hypergraphs and metagraphs are used to simulate complex hierarchical structures. In this paper we consider metagraphs and their matrices associated with 2D and 3D systems and cellular automatons; and their relationship with the transition from basic to associated models of cellular automatons. The transition to an associated model is a key step in developing the theory of discrete argument systems. In this paper with the simple examples of discrete-argument systems we demonstrate that matrix characteristics of the models, associated with such systems, are closely related to the matrix characteristics of associated metagraphs.

Some theoretical and empirical background to Fodor’s systematicity arguments

This paper aims to clarify certain features of the systematicity arguments by a review of some of the largely underexamined background in Chomsky’s and Fodor’s early work on transformational grammar.

Studying the effectiveness of an online argumentation model for improving undergraduate students' argumentation ability

AbstractThis research develops a web‐based model, entitled the “intuitive claim, peer‐assessment, discussion, and elaborate claim argumentation training” (IPadE) model, and embeds with a Web‐based Interactive Argumentation System to enhance undergraduate students' socioscientific argumentation abilities. This research adopts a quasi‐experimental research design; the sample comprised 131 undergraduate students from two classes (69 in the experimental group and 62 in the control group). The socioscientific issue discussed were related to global health. This study collected and analysed quantitative and qualitative data, including the pretest and posttest of students' knowledge test scores and argumentation abilities questionnaire. The results generally confirmed the effectiveness of the IPadE model. First, in a comparison of the content knowledge and argumentation skills, the experimental group have statistically significantly improved than the control group. Second, regarding the number of reasoning modes proposed, the experimental group could propose multiple reasoning modes and reasoning levels on rebuttals increased after training.