Argument For Compatibility Research Articles

One-sided GRP solver and numerical boundary conditions for compressible fluid flows

In the computation of compressible fluid flows, numerical boundary conditions are always necessary for all physical variables at computational boundaries while just partial physical variables are often prescribed as physical boundary conditions. Certain extrapolation technique or ghost cells are often employed traditionally for this issue but spurious wave reflections often arise to cause numerical instability. In this paper, we associate this issue with the one-sided generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver motivated by the accelerated piston problem in gas dynamics so that the extrapolation technique can be actually avoided. In fact, the compatibility arguments naturally require to formulate the one-sided generalized Riemann problem and incorporate it into the numerical procedure of boundary conditions. Once the corresponding solver is available, the boundary control volume is treated in the same way as the usual interior control volume. As far as the interaction of nonlinear waves with physical boundaries, such a one-sided GRP solver shows significant benefits, as numerical experiments demonstrate, on avoiding spurious wave reflections at the computational boundaries.

Abul-Barakāt al-Baghdādī on Divine Foreknowledge and Human Free Will

The present paper aims to explore the medieval philosopher Abū al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī’s (d. pre- 560 AH/1164-5) position concerning the problem of divine foreknowledge and human free will and argues Abū al-Barakāt to have considered the argument for compatibility between divine foreknowledge and human free will to be invalid. One can defend either divine foreknowledge or human free will; no other solution is available. By examining his accounts on this issue through the logic and metaphysics of his book al-Muʿtabar fi-l-ḥikma, Abū al-Barakāt defense of human free will shall become evident.

Mechanical derivation of elastic constants of ε-martensite

This work presents direct formulas to compute the HCP elastic constants of ε-martensite from the FCC ones of austenite. The derivation is performed thanks to mechanical compatibility arguments while considering ε-martensite as a laminate structure of twinned and untwinned FCC phases. The formulas are applied to predict the elastic constants of several alloys and very good agreement with measurements is found. According to these relations, directional Young moduli of ε-martensite are most of the time stiffer than the austenite ones and the (0001) shear modulus is always greater than the (111) one, which hardens dislocation glide parallel to the interfaces.

Political implications of compassion in Mencius

AbstractThis paper examines Mencius’ view on compassion in the political realm by proposing that Mencius defends compassionate governance by reconciling the two extremes of Yangist self-love and Mohist universal love. This paper proposes a reading of two famous stories, namely, the story of a young child on the verge of falling into a well, and the story of King Xuan of Qi sparing an ox as paradigmatic cases for understanding Mencius’ account of compassion in the political realm. This paper argues that Mencius succeeds in his defense of governance with compassion against the other two extremes of self-love and altruism. To provide an argument for compatibility with egoism or self-love, this paper offers an analysis of Mencius’ idea of the ruler sharing pleasure with his people instead of denying pleasure for himself. In this sense, a good ruler does not need to sacrifice his self-interest. To counter the demand of universal love of the Mohists, Mencius develops a position that the Confucian ideal ruler, while not sacrificing his self-interests, those interests need to be guided and directed by a proper process of moral cultivation of his compassionate heart so that he can readily share his pleasures with all the peoples in his kingdom. These readings indicate Mencius’ expanded argument for political implications of compassion in the moral universe of the Confucian school.

On the selection of extension twin variants with low Schmid factors in a deformed Mg alloy

A statistical analysis is conducted on the formation of {10-12} extension twin variants with low Schmid factors (SFs), based on large data sets acquired by electron backscatter diffraction on a deformed Mg AZ31 alloy. Two physical conditions of the analyzed low SF twins are characterized: those solely at grain boundaries (group 1) and those in a pair of cross-boundary twins (group 2). The presence of a majority of them can be explained by strain compatibility arguments. The twins in group 1 require not only the most or more accommodation through basal slip with very low critical resolved shear stress (CRSS), but also the least or less accommodation through pyramidal slip with very high CRSS, in their neighboring grains. Those in group 2 also require the least or less accommodations through pyramidal slip and/or contraction twinning with very high CRSSs, but in their neighboring twins. However, they require the most or more accommodation through prismatic slip and/or extension twinning with low CRSSs. This is due to the texture of the material with respect to the loading geometry that renders different low CRSS accommodation systems available to the two different groups of low SF twins. The shears induced by low SF twins can be accommodated by several different deformation systems. In such cases, twin variant selection criteria depending on only one deformation system are limited in the prediction of twin variants.

Darwinian ‘blind’ hypothesis formation revisited

Over the last four decades arguments for and against the claim that creative hypothesis formation is based on Darwinian ‘blind’ variation have been put forward. This paper offers a new and systematic route through this long-lasting debate. It distinguishes between undirected, random, and unjustified variation, to prevent widespread confusions regarding the meaning of undirected variation. These misunderstandings concern Lamarckism, equiprobability, developmental constraints, and creative hypothesis formation. The paper then introduces and develops the standard critique that creative hypothesis formation is guided rather than blind, integrating developments from contemporary research on creativity. On that basis, I discuss three compatibility arguments that have been used to answer the critique. These arguments do not deny guided variation but insist that an important analogy exists nonetheless. These compatibility arguments all fail, even though they do so for different reasons: trivialisation, conceptual confusion, and lack of evidence respectively. Revisiting the debate in this manner not only allows us to see where exactly a ‘Darwinian’ account of creative hypothesis formation goes wrong, but also to see that the debate is not about factual issues, but about the interpretation of these factual issues in Darwinian terms.

Chilling the Protection of Human Rights: What the Kimberley Process Waiver Can Tell Us About the WTO's Effect on International Law

The civil wars in West Africa are fueled by the desire to control natural resources. Diamonds are a particularly lucrative prize, offering readily transferable wealth to their possessors. This wealth allows rebel militias to purchase arms to continue their wars, making diamonds both a goal of and an instrument to prolong the wars. The brutality with which the fighting forces pursue their quest has given such diamonds the name conflict diamonds. The Kimberley Process Scheme for Certification of Rough Diamonds aims to stop the trade in conflict diamonds by prohibiting participating governments from importing or exporting any rough diamonds coming from non-participants. In May 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO) offered Kimberley Process participants a waiver of their GATT obligations of market access and non-discrimination. The following article asserts that the waiver sets a dangerous precedent for the trade and human rights dialogue because it allows the WTO treaties to maintain an ambiguous relationship to the principles and requirements of the international human rights legal system. More significantly, the use of WTO compatibility arguments during non-trade negotiations chills the development of international law in areas such as human rights. This latter effect needs to be investigated if the WTO rules are not to severely hinder the progress of international law in protecting human rights, environment, development, culture, or any other trade linkage area.

An Encounter in the Baroque Age: French and Amerindians in North America

European colonization of North America had its origins in the expansion of European capitalism. But, on the ground, what occurred during the 16th and 17th centuries was the encountering of certain European nations by certain native peoples. Our present field of interest is the particular nature of the encounter between Amerindians and the French, expressed in cultural metissage (mixture or hybridity) and political alliances, since this interaction contains all the ingredients that would lend distinctive colors to the new colonial societies. Exploration of European-Amerindian contacts on the part of archaeologists has already resulted in numerous studies focused on the economy, particularly with respect to the fur trade, or on the newcomers’ adaptations to a different environment. For the past few years, however, the author has attempted to approach the issue from another angle, that of representations. It is hoped that this approach will lead to a better understanding of the encounter and shed light on the elusive perceptions of that encounter deep in the minds of the actors involved. The thesis presented here is that a true compatibility existed between representations of the world by the French and by the Amerindians, that this compatibility explains the special nature of the relation between the two groups, and, finally, that the archaeological remains left behind by the two groups lend support to the argument for compatibility, enabling the author to make an original contribution to the comprehension of this encounter. The problem of colonial origins in New France may be approached within a dynamic framework whose main stages are linked one to another in time and space, from Europe to North America: the departure, the passage, the encounter, the contact, the exchange, and the metissage.

Displacement and strain patterns of extensional orogens

Rock fabrics that result from displacement in extensional orogens provide a means of identifying geometric models responsible for extension of continental crust. Strain compatibility arguments indicate that a finite extension can be accommodated by displacements across (1) planar, nonrotating faults or ductile shear zones, (2) shear zones which rotate above a horizontal detachment (the domino model), or (3) shear zones which rotate as a result of a horizontally oriented, pure shear stretching component (the plastic model). Listric, normal shear zone geometries may develop as the result of a depth dependent change in the pure shear component (in the plastic model) or the area loss component (in the planar shear zone model). Within the geometric framework of these various models, the effects of superposed simple shear, pure shear extension, and area change on the rock fabric are investigated. These displacement components, which may be superposed sequentially or simultaneously, determine the state of finite strain associated with a given magnitude of tectonic extension. The relationships between displacement and strain are expressed as graphs of foliation dip (or strain ratio) versus shear strain and as graphs of foliation dip (or strain ratio) versus tectonic extension. The shear strain graphs illustrate the effects of the different displacement components on the rock fabric in a single shear zone, whereas the tectonic extension graphs better illustrate these effects on the regional scale. The shear strain and tectonic extension graphs can be used by field geologists (1) to determine tectonic extension across a region from measurements of strain ratio or orientation and fluctuation of foliation, (2) to distinguish between possible extension models from field data, and (3) to evaluate the influence of shear zone attitude and thickness upon the amount of displacement. Applications of these methods are illustrated for field areas in metamorphic core complexes of Arizona and in the Basin and Range province of the North America Cordillera.