Arginine Content Research Articles

Potential mechanisms of different methylation degrees of pectin driving intestinal microbiota and their metabolites to modulate intestinal health of Micropterus salmoides

Four diets containing 8 % cellulose, low methyl-esterified pectin (LMP), high methyl-esterified pectin (HMP) and MMP (half LMP and half HMP) were designed to evaluate the potential mechanisms by which different esterification degrees of pectin drive intestinal microbiota and their metabolites modulating the intestinal health of Micropterus salmoides. The results showed that both dietary LMP and HMP consistently upregulated intestinal zonula occludens protein 1 (Zo-1), Caludin-1, and Caludin-4, and downregulated intestinal tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) gene expression (P < 0.05). Dietary HMP separately upregulated intestinal Occludin, nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) gene expression, as well as the digesta propionate content, OTUs, Sobs, Shannon, Chao, and ACE indices (P < 0.05), whereas dietary LMP decreased digesta arginine, 4-aminobutyric, L-tyrosine, and phenylalanine contents (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary HMP decreased plasma lipopolysaccharide and d-lactic acid contents and increased intestinal superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor and IgM levels (P < 0.05). Collectively, dietary HMP improves intestinal health by increasing intestinal flora α-diversity and enhancing intestinal mechanical barrier, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune functions. On the contrary, the interference of dietary LMP with butyrate, tyrosine, arginine, and 4-aminobutyric acid metabolism is the main reason for its detrimental effects on intestinal health.

The arginine decarboxylase gene CsADC1, associated with the polyamine pathway, plays an important role in tea cold tolerance

Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is an important enzyme responsible for polyamine (PA) synthesis in plants. In our study, 5 tea varieties were used to investigate the relationship between ADC and cold tolerance in field experiments. A strong and positive correlation was found between cold stress-regulated expression levels of CsADC1 and arginine (Arg) content (R2 > 0.75) in tea mesophyll cells and cold tolerance in 5 tea varieties. An exogenous supply of Arg significantly enhanced cold tolerance. To further clarify the location of CsADC1, the full-length cDNA of the CsADC1 gene was cloned and located in the cell nucleus. Moreover, cold stress significantly promoted the production of MDA in CsADC1-silenced leaves compared with WT plants, which exhibited poor cold tolerance. In contrast, under cold conditions, higher Fv/Fm and lower MDA were detected in CsADC1-overexpressing Arabidopsis than in the WT plants. Furthermore, CsADC1-silenced leaves inhibited the expression levels of the PA metabolism genes CsAIH, CsCPA, CsSPDS, CsSPMS1 and CsSPMS2 under cold stress; thus, significantly lower (p < 0.05) putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) content was d etected in CsADC1-silenced tea leaves under cold stress. Taken together, our results indicated that CsADC1, as a positive regulator, played an important role in cold tolerance, which may be due to modulation of polyamine pathways in the cold stress response.

Fusarium solani infection disrupts metabolism during the germination of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds.

Fungal infections adversely influence the production and quality of seeds. Previously, Fusarium solani was reported as the causal agent of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seed rot. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of F. solani infection on the germination, biochemical composition, energy reserves, and antioxidant activity of roselle seeds because there is currently a lack of information on the relationship between seed metabolism and infection with F. solani. The results showed that roselle seeds infected with F. solani exhibited a ca. 55% reduction in overall germination. Additionally, the fungal infection decreased antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, protein, sugar (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), and some amino acid (glutamine, serine, and arginine) contents. In contrast, some metabolites were more abundant in infected seeds, including alanine (2.1-fold) and some fatty acids (palmitic acid and heptadecanoic acid by 1.1- and 1.4-fold, respectively). The infection-associated changes in fatty acid profile resulted in the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids being 2.1-fold higher in infected seeds. Therefore, our results reveal that F. solani infection remarkably altered the biochemical composition of roselle seeds, which may have contributed to the loss of germination and quality of roselle seeds.

In-vitro and in-vivo antimicrobial activity of Citrullus lanatus prolamin hydrolysates

In recent years, the exploration of novel antibiotic agents from natural sources has gained significant attention in today's research due to a rapid increase in resistance to the existent synthetic drugs. The antimicrobial activity of prolamin hydrolysate of Citrullus lanatus (CLPH) was carried out using two different in-vitro antimicrobial methods (viable cell count method and broth-based turbidometric assay) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The in-vivo antibacterial effect of CLPH against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated in detail using the animal model. The total protein content and amino acid compositions of CLPH was also determined. CLPH exhibited high efficacy towards Gram-negative bacteria and inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa (37±3.1 µg/ml). The CLPH shows a potential role in eliminating P. aeruginosa in the animal model. Among all identified amino acids, arginine content in CLPH was found to be 189.4 mg/100 g. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium, which develops multi-drug resistance and enhances antibiotic resistance rate. Therefore, this outcome may have significant importance in the development of novel antibiotics from the food source for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Widely targeted metabolomics investigation of the meat taste of Eriocheir sinensis under ammonia exposure

Ammonia-nitrogen may accumulate in the aquaculture water of Eriocheir sinensis. This study investigated the effects of ammonia exposure during 48 h (0, 10.47, and 41.87 mg/L) on the meat taste of E. sinensis. Sensory analysis showed that the low-concentration ammonia group had the highest umami and the lowest bitterness scores. Metabolomics combined with quantitative analysis showed that ammonia increased the 5′-inosine monophosphate content and the equivalent umami concentration and reduced the arginine content, thereby enhancing umami and reducing crab meat bitterness. Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia reduced umami amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) and increased bitter amino acid levels (leucine, isoleucine, and tryptophan), which hindered the taste development of crab meat. The increased levels of sweet amino acids (glutamine and serine) in the high-concentration ammonia group may be key ammonia detoxification products. This study revealed that phospholipids and small peptides may participate in improving crab meat flavor after ammonia exposure.

Aromatic and arginine content drives multiphasic condensation of protein-RNA mixtures

Multiphasic architectures are found ubiquitously in biomolecular condensates and are thought to have important implications for the organization of multiple chemical reactions within the same compartment. Many of these multiphasic condensates contain RNA in addition to proteins. Here, we investigate the importance of different interactions in multiphasic condensates comprising two different proteins and RNA using computer simulations with a residue-resolution coarse-grained model of proteins and RNA. We find that in multilayered condensates containing RNA in both phases, protein-RNA interactions dominate, with aromatic residues and arginine forming the key stabilizing interactions. The total aromatic and arginine content of the two proteins must be appreciably different for distinct phases to form, and we show that this difference increases as the system is driven toward greater multiphasicity. Using the trends observed in the different interaction energies of this system, we demonstrate that we can also construct multilayered condensates with RNA preferentially concentrated in one phase. The “rules” identified can thus enable the design of synthetic multiphasic condensates to facilitate further study of their organization and function.

To a phytochemical study of Kazakhstani species Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Baker

Present article provides the results of a primary phytochemical analysis of Fritillaria karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Baker (syn. Rhinopetalum karelinii Fisch. ex D. Don) from family Liliaceae Juss., collected from different fields of populations in the Almaty region. A comparative analysis of water-alcohol isolations allowed identifying three substances belonging to phenolic nature, and the quantitative contents of flavonoids (in the range of 0.7–1.03 % in terms of air dry matter) and some other biological active compounds (alkaloids, amino acids, organic acids). There is a correlation in the quantitative content of arginine (max) and methionine (min) out of 13 amino acids that were identified in bulbs of three studied samples. By accumulation of amino acids, the Ili plant sample shows quantitatively different from the other two, for example arginine, proline (0.475), leucine (0.372), lysine, valine, phenyl, threonine, and alanine (0.51–0.31) prevail, and methionine and histidine were less than 0.1 %. Valine, threonine and proline are contained in the range of 0.298–0.193 %, while lysine, leucine, phenylalanine, and serine are in the range of 0.175–0.161 % for a sample collected near Nurly village. The content of other identified amino acids was below 0.15 %.

Study on Phyllosphere Microbial Community of Nettle Leaf during Different Seasons

Nettle (Urtica cannabina) is an excellent feed resource widely distributed worldwide. Phyllosphere microbes are important as they have living conditions similar to those of the above-ground parts of host plants. Exploring amino acids (AA) and microorganisms can further understand the growth of plants in different seasons. The present study investigated the content of AA and phyllosphere microbes’ structure of nettle plants in different seasons. The results found that AA contents varied significantly with the season, such as alanine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glycine, and methionine contents decreased significantly from spring to winter (p &lt; 0.05), the contents of arginine, histidine, serine, and lysine were highest in summer (p &lt; 0.05). The results suggested that the diversity of bacteria and fungi both increased during winter. During winter, Sphingomonas (relative abundance 25.22–28.45%) and Filobasidum (27.6–41.14%) became dominant. According to the redundancy analysis (RDA) of the correlation between AA and microbes, these two microbes were both the most important factors and showed a negative correlation with AA during winter. Thus, seasons could significantly affect the distribution of phyllosphere microbial communities on the nettle, especially in winter. According to the function prediction(PICRUS2 (KEGG pathway) and FUNGuild) results, the bacteria in the phyllosphere of U. cannabina mainly participated in metabolism. Pathogenic fungi were relatively high in autumn. The present study reveals the influence of seasonal change on the phyllosphere microbial community in U. cannabina.

Environmental irradiance and nitrogen source variability trigger the intracellular carbon and nitrogen reallocation of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

A rhodophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis is widely cultivated for food, carbon sequestration and bioproducts, and commonly experiences changing irradiance levels and nitrogen sources that might influence the productivity and biochemical composition of the alga. To explore optimal culture conditions or manipulations to gain best yield of carbohydrates and amino acids of G. lemaneiformis during mariculture, we cultured G. lemaneiformis in four conditions including high irradiance and low irradiance coupled with nitrate and ammonium (denoted as HI-NO3−, LI-NO3−, HI-NH4+ and LI-NH4+). The results showed that irradiance, nitrogen source and their interactions significantly regulated the intracellular carbon and nitrogen metabolism of G. lemaneiformis and the influence of irradiance was greater than of nitrogen source. High irradiance promoted more carbon accumulation of G. lemaneiformis, which was confirmed by higher growth rate, net photosynthesis rates and contents of soluble carbohydrate, carbon and C/N ratios. In contrast, low irradiance is conductive to nitrogen accumulation, as revealed by high contents of nitrogen, phycoerythrin, soluble protein and amino acids. Furthermore, we found nitrate coupled with high irradiance significantly promoted carbon sequestration of G. lemaneiformis, and the ammonium combined with low irradiance significantly promoted nitrogen assimilation and transformation. In addition, arginine exhibited a higher nitrogen storage capacity than phycoerythrin, as evidenced by the higher content of arginine and correspondingly higher nitrogen reserves in G. lemaneiformis under low light coupled with ammonium and nitrogen- enriched environments. Moreover, the content of proline was higher under low irradiance conditions, but its proportion among the eighteen free amino acids was upregulated by high irradiance, indicating its important role in responding to high-light aquaculture environments. These findings demonstrate that irradiance and nitrogen source influence the carbon and nitrogen reallocation of G. lemaneiformis and that the combination of these two variables can induce the production of chemical products for biotechnological, aquaculture, and nutraceutical industry.

Analysis of LncRNA43234-Associated ceRNA Network Reveals Oil Metabolism in Soybean.

Soybean [Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.] is an important oil crop. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a variety of functions in plants. However, their function in the soybean oil synthesis pathway is yet to be uncovered. Here, the lncRNA43234 gene related to soybean oil synthesis was screened, and the full-length cDNA sequence of the lncRNA was obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Overexpression of lncRNA43234 increased the content of crude protein in seeds, decreased the content of oleic acid, and affected the content of alanine and arginine in free amino acids. RNA interference of the lncRNA43234 gene decreased the crude protein content in seeds. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that lncRNA43234 influenced the expression of XM_014775786.1 associated with phosphatidylinositol metabolism by acting as a decoy for miRNA10420, thereby affecting the content of soybean oil. Our results provide insights into how lncRNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA regulatory networks are involved in soybean oil synthesis.

Nutritional Content and Benefits of Coconut Water for the Diabetes Metabolism: a Narrative Review

Background: Coconut water is one of the natural food products that is widely available around the world. This commodity provides nutritional content that could increase rehydration status and improve health. The application of coconut water to health, including improving type 2 diabetes metabolism, has gotten research interest in recent years. Objectives: This narrative review paper aimed to summarize several articles about the nutritional content and the mechanism of the potential bioactive component in coconut water to improve type 2 diabetes metabolism. Methods: This study design was a narrative review of several articles from five databases search: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scielo, PsycINFO, Microsoft Academic, and Google Scholar. Discussion: Coconut water includes several biologically active components such as protein, amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, vitamin, and phenolic compounds. The recent discovery of nutrient content, especially antioxidant properties, and arginine in coconut water, signifies a good potential in improving type 2 diabetes mellitus. Antioxidant and arginine altered blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum creatinine, blood urea, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, liver function enzyme, lipid profile, antioxidant status, and lipid peroxidation without any significant hepatocellular damage. Arginine enhanced the nitric oxide synthase activity in the liver and arginine levels in the plasma. In mammals, the arginine-nitric oxide system, which includes AMPK, cGMP, PGC-1α, and PI3K, can maintain blood glucose homeostasis, increase insulin sensitivity, and prevent diabetes-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: Coconut water can help to improve metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus conditions through antioxidant activity and arginine content.

Laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy combined with deep neural networks for identification of liver cancer cells

Rapid identification of cancer cells is crucial for clinical treatment guidance. Laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) that provides biochemical characteristics of cells can be used to identify cell phenotypes through classification models in a non-invasive and label-free manner. However, traditional classification methods require extensive reference databases and clinical experience, which is challenging when sampling at inaccessible locations. Here, we describe a classification method combing LTRS with deep neural network (DNN) for differential and discriminative analysis of multiple liver cancer (LC) cells. By using LTRS, we obtained high-quality single-cell Raman spectra of normal hepatocytes (HL-7702) and liver cancer cell lines (SMMC-7721, Hep3B, HepG2, SK-Hep1 and Huh7). The tentative assignment of Raman peaks indicated that arginine content was elevated and phenylalanine, glutathione and glutamate content was decreased in liver cancer cells. Subsequently, we randomly selected 300 spectra from each cell line for DNN model analysis, achieving a mean accuracy of 99.2%, a mean sensitivity of 99.2% and a mean specificity of 99.8% for the identification and classification of multiple LC cells and hepatocyte cells. These results demonstrate the combination of LTRS and DNN is a promising method for rapid and accurate cancer cell identification at single cell level.

Dietary arginine requirements of oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) assessed using growth and biomarkers of antioxidant capacity

An 8-week feeding trial was carried out to determine the dietary arginine requirement of oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense). Prawns of initial tank biomass (10.0 g) were fed isonitrogenic (ca 38% protein) and isolipidic diets (ca 7.5% lipid) with incremental concentrations of arginine (0.75, 1.19, 1.61, 2.02, 2.46, and 2.81%). The prawns were randomly assigned into 24 cylindrical polypropylene tanks (1000L), with 50 prawns in each tank replicated four times in a completely randomized design, and were fed three times daily to apparent satiation. Muscle samples were used to analyze the amino acid profiles. Hepatopancreas were collected for antioxidant activity and immune-related gene expression. The results indicated that the survival, growth performance and feed utilization were significant higher (p < 0.05) in prawns fed with 2.02% dietary arginine than in other treatments except the treatment with 2.46% dietary arginine. The highest biomass increase (25.5 ± 0.5 g), protein efficiency ratio (1.05 ± 0.08) and survival (87.0 ± 2.7%) were found in prawns fed with dietary 2.02%, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (2.53 ± 0.18) was observed in the same group. Whole-body crude protein content (15.4 ± 0.1%), lipid content (2.5 ± 0.1%) and muscle arginine content (1.47 ± 0.03%) significantly increased in prawn fed with dietary 2.02% arginine compared with other groups except dietary 2.46% arginine (p < 0.05). With increased dietary arginine supplementation up to 2.02%, the activities of hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase (25.07 ± 0.64 U/mg prot) and glutathione peroxidase (461.89 ± 8.79 U/mg prot) were increased (p < 0.05); nevertheless, the glutathione content (23.45 ± 3.47 μmol /mg prot) in the 2.02% dietary arginine group was similar with that of the control group (p > 0.05). Moreover, the hepatopancreas gene expressions of Toll-like receptor, dorsal, immune deficiency, and relish were significantly upregulated in the prawn fed with1.61% dietary arginine (p < 0.05). Broken-line, quadratic and cubic regression models are used to evaluate the optimal arginine requirements. The broken-line regression of biomass increase, based on the highest R2 value, showed that the optimum arginine requirement of oriental river prawns was 2.12% of dry matter (5.61% dietary protein). The optimum dietary arginine requirement, according to the cubic regression analysis for superoxide dismutase activity, was 2.27% of dry matter (6.01% of dietary protein). The ideal arginine concentration for antioxidant enzymes activity was thought to be higher than that for growth.

The production process of tempe protein isolate from germinated soybeans and its potential as an antidiabetic

Physical activity limitations during the COVID-19 pandemic have the potential to be a community-wide risk factor for type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM). Tempe, an indigenous Indonesian food, can be developed into protein isolate for DM treatment. The protein isolates that were used in this study were tempe protein isolate from germinated soybeans (GTPI), tempe protein isolate from non-germinated soybeans (NGTPI), and commercial soybean protein isolate (CSPI) as a control. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the soybean germination process on the production of tempe protein isolate (TPI) and antidiabetic potency of TPI by assessing amino acid composition, aglycone isoflavone level, and in vivo hypoglycaemic assays. The results showed that the production of GTPI requires a higher extraction pH (11.6-12.6) and a lower pI (3.6-4.2) than the manufacture of NGTPI. In vivo tests showed that GTPI has a better hypoglycaemic ability than NGTPI and CSPI. The hypoglycaemic ability of GTPI is supported by the higher content of arginine and isoflavone aglycones (daidzein and genistein) in GTPI compared to NGTPI and CSPI. These findings indicated that the germination process might increase bioactive compounds in soybean, which had a strong association with tempe protein isolate's antidiabetic effectiveness.

Physiological and biochemical responses of Limonium tetragonum to NaCl concentrations in hydroponic solution.

Limonium (L.) tetragonum (Thunb.) A. A. Bullock, a halophyte that grows all over the southwest coast of Korea, is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological effects. The salt defense mechanism stimulates the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and improves functional substances. In this study, we investigated the optimal NaCl concentration for the growth and enhancement of secondary metabolites in hydroponically grown L. tetragonum. The seedlings grown for 3 weeks in a hydroponic cultivation system were treated with 0-, 25-, 50-, 75-, and 100-mM NaCl in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 8 weeks. No significant effect on the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence was observed for the NaCl concentrations below 100-mM. The increase in the NaCl concentration resulted in the decrease in the water potential of the L. tetragonum leaves. The Na+ content accumulated in the aerial part increased rapidly and the content of K+, which acts as an antagonist, decreased with the increase in NaCl concentrations in hydroponics. The total amino acid content of L. tetragonum decreased compared to the 0-mM NaCl, and most of the amino acid content decreased as the NaCl concentration increased. In contrast, the content of urea, proline (Pro), β-alanine, ornithine, and arginine was increased with an increase in NaCl concentration. The Pro content at 100-mM NaCl accounted for 60% of the total amino acids and was found to be a major osmoregulator as an important component of the salt defense mechanisms. The top five compounds identified in the L. tetragonum were classified as flavonoids while the flavanone compound was detected only in the NaCl treatments. A total of four myricetin glycosides were increased in comparison to the 0-mM NaCl. Among the differentially expressed genes, a significantly large change in Gene ontology was seen in the circadian rhythm. NaCl treatment enhanced the flavonoid-based substances of L. tetragonum. The optimum NaCl concentration for the enhancement of secondary metabolites of the L. tetragonum in the vertical farm-hydroponic cultivation system was 75-mM NaCl.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONDUCTOMETRIC ARGININE-SENSITIVE BIOSENSOR BASED ON ARGININE DEIMINASE

An arginine-sensitive conductometric biosensor was developed. Two pairs of gold interdigitated electrodes deposited on the ceramic substrate were used as a conductometric transducer. Arginine deiminase was used to create a bioselective membrane. The enzyme was immobilized on the sensitive surface of one pair of electrodes of the conductometric transducer by covalent crosslinking with glutaraldehyde; a reference membrane based on bovine serum albumin was deposited on the second pair of electrodes. The optimal conditions of enzyme immobilization (enzyme concentration, duration and method of immobilization) were determined. The influence of solution parameters (ionic strength, buffer capacity, pH and protein concentration) on the operation of the developed biosensor was studied as well as stability of its functioning and storage. The iosensor selectivity and main analytical characteristics detection limit, linear and dynamic ranges of the iosensor operation etc.) were investigated. The proposed biosensor was shown to be promising for the quantitative determination of arginine content in real samples.

Estimation of Arginine content in milk of Sahiwal cattle supplemented with Masha Parna (black gram foliage): An exploratory attempt for understanding the Ayurvedic concepts in Vajikarana Chikitsa (aphrodisiac therapy)

Abstract Background: Various dietetic principles and nutritional facts are addressed in Ayurvedic classical texts. These facts if explored with modern parameters may open up a wide range of research opportunities and a deeper understanding of medical science. Various debates are uprising criticizing the effects of bovine milk on male reproductive health. However, these researches fail to acknowledge various factors that affect the composition of bovine milk. Although ancient in its origin Ayurvedic scriptures, acknowledge these confounders and provide the solutions. Alteration of composition in constituents of milk is achieved by changing the diet of the cows or with various herbal infusions in milk. It is one such supplement that is easily available and cost-effective, and if used in a planned manner could provide various health benefits. Aim: An experiment was conducted on Sahiwal cattle (Bos indicus) to determine the effect of supplementation of dried and ground Masha Parna black gram foliage (Vigna mungo L.) on milk composition with special reference to arginine content to understand the Ayurvedic concepts highlighted in Vajikarana Chikitsa (aphrodisiac therapy). Materials and methods: Twelve lactating cows of Sahiwal breed with a mean body weight of 330 + 35 kg between two and six calving mid-lactation were randomly divided into two groups of six each in a completely randomized block design. Two kilograms of dried and ground black gram foliage was fed in divided doses to the cows of the intervention group as an additional supplement in the concentrate mixture for a period of 2 months. The milk samples were estimated for arginine content with ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 501 nm. Parameters such as viscosity, total protein, fat content, and calcium were also analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference (P = 0.67) in the arginine concentration of milk in between the two groups. However, it was observed that the arginine concentration was fairly stable in the intervention group as compared with the control group throughout the study period with an 8.2% gain in the arginine concentration from 0th to 60th day. There was a significant difference (P = 0.04) in the viscosity with relation to the effect of time on all groups accounting for 11.95% of the total variance. There was a significant difference (P = 0.003) in the protein concentration with a 34.8% gain till the end of the study. Fat concentration in the control group was considerably higher with P = 0.008 in comparison with the intervention group. Conclusion: Supplementation of dried and ground black gram foliage to cows had no significant change in the arginine concentration of their milk. However, the 8.2 percentile gain of arginine may suggest an underlying role of the supplemented research drug. Further, exploratory studies on the estimation of the complete milk nutrient profile may provide revelations on the concepts highlighted in Vajikarana Chikitsa.

Влияние микроволнового излучения на химический состав нута

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is rich in protein and has a balanced amino acid profile. However, its characteristic bean flavor limits its use as a functional food ingredient. Microwave treatment may help to solve this problem. The research objective was to select the optimal parameters of microwave treatment to obtain chickpea samples with no bean flavor and to study their chemical composition.&#x0D; The study featured chickpeas of the Volzhanin variety. The experimental samples were processed in a microwave oven with a magnetron frequency of 2450 MHz at different power and time values. The protein tests, the analysis of amino acid profile, and the sensory assessment involved standard research methods.&#x0D; The microwave processing loosened the consistency of chickpeas and eliminated the bean flavor after 5–6 min at 200 W or 3 min at 400 W. A longer treatment time resulted in a peanut flavor followed by bitterness. The microwave treatment reduced the mass fraction of protein and the amount of essential amino acids. This process could be slowed down by increasing the power of microwave radiation and reducing the processing time. However, the intensification had a negative effect on the content of arginine, methionine, and tyrosine in chickpea protein.&#x0D; The results obtained can make it possible to use chickpeas as a functional food ingredient.

Improving acid resistance of Escherichia coli base on the CfaS-mediated membrane engineering strategy derived from extreme acidophile.

Industrial microorganisms used for the production of organic acids often face challenges such as inhibited cell growth and reduced production efficiency due to the accumulation of acidic metabolites. One promising way for improving the acid resistance of microbial cells is to reconstruct their membranes. Herein, the overexpression of cfa2 from extreme acidophile endowed E. coli with high-performance on resistance to the acid stress. The engineered strain M1-93-Accfa2, constructed by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated chromosome integration, also exhibited a significantly higher resistance to severe acid stress. The analysis of fatty acid profiles indicated that the proportion of Cy-19:0 in the cell membrane of M1-93-Accfa2 increased by 5.26 times compared with the control, while the proportion of C18:1w9c decreased by 5.81 times. Correspondingly, the permeability and fluidity of the membrane decreased significantly. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the contents of intracellular glutamic acid, arginine, methionine and aspartic acid of M1-93-Accfa2 were 2.59, 2.04, 22.07 and 2.65 times that of the control after environmental acidification, respectively. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy observation indicated that M1-93-Accfa2 could maintain a plumper cell morphology after acid stimulation. M1-93-Accfa2 also exhibited higher-performance on the resistance to organic acids, especially succinic acid stress. These results together demonstrated the great potential of M1-93-Accfa2 constructed here in the production of organic acids.

THE IMPACT OF CHOLECALCIFEROL ON THE SEX HORMONES LEVEL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN RAT MALES WITH EXPERIMENTAL GONADOPATHY

THE IMPACT OF CHOLECALCIFEROL ON THE SEX HORMONES LEVEL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN RAT MALES WITH EXPERIMENTAL GONADOPATHY