In the United States, regulatory plant protection, often referred to as regulatory entomology or plant quarantine, has historically been concerned with preventing the introduction of plant pests into the United States as well as preventing interstate and intrastate dissemination of these organisms. Regulating articles and products that would harbor plant pests, which includes means of conveyance, may incorporate federal, state, or municipal laws. Specific federal regulatory authority exists primarily in the Plant Quarantine Act of 1912, the Organic Act of 1944, and the Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957. These acts relate principally to interstate movement. State agencies have similar legislation relating to intrastate activities. In emergency situations, should an affected state not exercise its intrastate authorities, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) can control intrastate spread and exercise right-of-entry authority and other jurisdictions over state commerce. Modern regulatory plant protection also encompasses pest management practices which may not necessitate using governmental quarantine authority, but other authorities which allow the application of areawide pest management activities as deemed necessary.