Area Sewage Research Articles

Targeted and non-targeted identification of dye and chemical contaminants in Loji River, Indonesia using FT-ICR-MS

This study utilized liquid chromatography (LC) alongside Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to explore the dyes and chemical contaminants in Loji River, Indonesia. We tentatively identified a total of 655 contaminants at various confidence level, subsequently classifying them into 22 distinct categories. Of the 54 dyes we detected, 12 corresponded with entries in our specialized in-house database. These 12 dyes were further confirmed by reference standards, matching both retention time (RT) and MS/MS spectra. LC-FT-ICR MS data showed that dyes from printing batik and textile industries are key contributors to river pollution. Particularly noteworthy were two sample locations that displayed substantial contamination, predominantly from azoic and reactive dyes. Additionally, pharmaceuticals were identified as one of the most frequently occurring contaminants, underscoring the inadequacies in the area's sewage management. To corroborate these findings, we conducted physicochemical, phytotoxicity, and acute toxicity tests, all of which verified the harmful effects of the Loji River's water on both the local flora and human populations. Notably, water samples that tested positive for dye contamination exhibited elevated toxicity levels. To the best of our knowledge, this study is pioneering in its molecular-level investigation of dye contamination in Southeast Asian rivers. Our results accentuate the pressing need for both targeted and non-targeted screening methods to identify contaminants in the surface waters of developing nations.

Enhanced denitrification of the AO-MBBR system used for expressway service area sewage treatment: A new perspective on decentralized wastewater treatment

Decentralized wastewater treatment warrants considerable development in numerous countries and regions. Owing to the unique characteristics of high ammonia nitrogen concentrations and low carbon/nitrogen ratio, nitrogen removal is a key challenge in treating expressway service area sewage. In this study, an anoxic/oxic-moving bed biofilm reactor (A/O-MBBR) and a traditional A/O bioreactor were continuously operated for 115 days and their outcomes were compared to investigate the enhancement effect of carriers on the total nitrogen removal (TN) for expressway service area sewage. Results revealed that A/O-MBBR required lower dissolved oxygen, exhibited higher tolerance toward harsh conditions, and demonstrated better shock load resistance than traditional A/O bioreactor. The TN removal load of A/O-MBBR reached 181.5 g‧N/(m3‧d), which was 15.24% higher than that of the A/O bioreactor. Furthermore, under load shock resistance, the TN removal load of A/O-MBBR still reached 327.0 g‧N/(m3‧d), with a TN removal efficiency of above 80%. Moreover, kinetics demonstrated that the denitrification rate of the A/O-MBBR was 121.9% higher than that of the A/O bioreactor, with the anoxic tank biofilm contributing 60.9% of the total denitrification rate. Community analysis results revealed that the genera OLB8, uncultured_f_Saprospiraceae and OLB12 were the dominant in biofilm loaded on carriers, and OLB8 was the key for enhanced denitrification. FAPROTAX and PICRUSt2 analyses confirmed that more bacteria associated with nitrogen metabolism were enriched by the A/O-MBBR carriers through full denitrification metabolic pathway and dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathway. This study offers a perspective into the development of cost-effective and high-efficiency treatment solutions for expressway service area sewage.

Water quality improvement measures at the Yagang cross-section in the Pearl River Delta based on the calculation of excessive pollutant fluxes

Abstract The aim of this study was to quantify the sources of pollution in the Yagang River Basin. A 1-D hydrodynamic model and a 1-D water quality model were combined with the excessive pollutant flux analysis method to calculate pollution data of the Yagang area. The results showed that upstream pollution was the primary cause of water quality degradation for the Yagang Basin, exceeding the water quality standards. In addition, the pollution problem ranking of the entire basin was as follows: the Yagang area (30.4%) > the Foshan area (23.2%) > the Baini River Basin (13.1%) > the Liuxi River Basin (0.6%). In addition, the rainy season had the greatest influence on pollution concentrations. It was also concluded that if the boundary water quality could meet the inspection requirements (class IV water), and the internal research area sewage collection rate reached 60%, the ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) in the river discharge would reach 35.7%. This would allow the water quality at the Yagang cross-section to reach standard class IV.

Cleaning up Hong Kong’s harbour by building big and digging deep

A major civil engineering scheme has recently been completed to improve the water quality of Victoria Harbour between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon peninsula. It has involved creating the city’s largest sewage treatment works and its deepest sewage tunnel. The £1·6 billion project, commissioned at the end of 2015, complements an earlier stage completed in 2001. All harbour area sewage is now delivered by way of the combined 44·6 km long, 160 m deep sewer tunnel to Stonecutters Island sewage treatment works before being discharged into the harbour. This paper describes the many daunting design and construction challenges, which included keeping the first stage operational as work progressed, and the numerous innovations adopted to overcome them.

Full-scale evaluation of aerobic/extended-idle regime inducing biological phosphorus removal and its integration with intermittent sand filter to treat domestic sewage discharged from highway rest area

Biological phosphorus removal (BPR) has been demonstrated to be successfully achieved in the aerobic/extended-idle (AEI) wastewater treatment regime in previous bench-scale studies. To date, however, its feasibility has never been evaluated by any full-scale investigation. Here we report a first full-scale (180m3/day) evaluation of the AEI process and its integration with intermittent sand filter to treat highway rest area sewage that is often neglected but actually brings significant impacts on receiving water bodies in China. The results showed that 70–99% of influent phosphate was removed in the AEI zone, although the sewage contained 23–37% of carbohydrate that is usually considered to be detrimental for BPR. Batch experimental investigation revealed that the presence of glucose (model compound of carbohydrate) promoted the AEI-inducing BPR efficiency, as opposed to deteriorating the conventional anaerobic/oxic regime-inducing BPR performance. Although the performance of AEI zone was affected by seasonal variation, the efficiencies of contaminant removal were stable and excellent (total nitrogen>86%, others>92%) in the integrated system. This study offers an attractive option for BPR from carbohydrate-rich wastewaters and also provides a prototype for wastewater treatment in remote areas.

The study on the evaluation of the pollution control situation of the sewage systems in the counties and cities of Taiwan by applying the VIKOR method.

Currently, the pollution control situation of the sewage systems across Taiwan can be divided into the two major sewage systems, namely, industrial area sewage and public community sewage. When the counties and cities of Taiwan cannot effectively control the sewage pollution situation, ecological pollution of the environment and personal health damage would result. Therefore, evaluating the pollution control situation of the sewage systems can help the environmental protection authorities developing strategies for the pollution control of the sewage systems in the future. In this study, the Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method was applied to evaluate the pollution control situation of the sewage systems. The water sample test qualification rate, the emission permit issuance rate, and the staff setting rate of the dedicated wastewater treatment company were used as the pollution control evaluation indexes. According to the results, the use of the VIKOR method to evaluate the pollution control situation of the sewage systems is effective. In cities and counties in Taiwan, public community sewage systems, dedicated to pollution control case, the public community should be actively coached in emission control technology to upgrade sewage capacity, the issuance of discharge permits, and the staff setting rate of the dedicated wastewater treatment, to improve public community sewage pollution control system capabilities. In Taiwan, the industrial area sewage systems, dedicated to pollution control situations, must pay attention to business units in raw materials, spare part inventory, and machine supplier of choice, and we must choose to meet environmental supply chain of green suppliers, which would be effective in reducing effluent produce and improve water sample test qualification rate. The VIKOR value of Yilan County is 1.0000, which is the worst in the pollution control of all the industrial area sewage systems, followed by Taoyuan County (0.2253) and Kaohsiung City (0.1334). Other cities and counties of Taiwan have good performance in the pollution control of the industrial area sewage systems. The VIKOR value of Kinmen County is 1.0000, which is the worst pollution control among the all public community sewage systems, followed by Hsinchu County (0.7458) and New Taipei City (0.5527). Among the cities and counties with good pollution control of the public community sewage systems, the best is Chiayi County (0.0000), followed by Kaohsiung City (0.0159) and Hsinchu City (0.0352). Chiayi County is a good performance compromise between all VIKOR values (0.0000), whether in industrial or public community area pollution control sewage systems. Yilan County industrial pollution control has the poorest performance of all the industrial area sewage systems in Taiwan, but in the public community, it ranked as fourth place of all the public community area sewage systems in Taiwan. The VIKOR method proposed in this study can effectively evaluate the pollution control situation of the sewage systems, and serve as a reference for the environmental protection authorities in developing the strategies for the pollution control of the sewage systems.

동절기 마을하수처리장 영양염류 제거에 관한 연구

농촌 지역 마을하수도 보급률은 도시 지역에 비해 38% 정도 수준밖에 되지 않는다. 농촌 지역은 상수원 인근에 위치하여 농촌지역에서 발생하는 하수는 상수원 오염의 원인으로 알려져 있다. 그래서 정부에서는 마을하수도 관리에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동절기 마을하수도 영양염류 제거 효율을 분석하였으며, 안동 임하댐 인근에 위치한 봉화, 영양 그리고 안동의 신설된 마을하수도를 연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 동절기 마을하수도 영양염류 제거 효율은 체류 시간과 미생물 농도에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 마을하수도 운전 시 영양염류 처리를 위해 운전 조건 조절 및 유지관리가 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. Sewage distribution rate in rural area is only 50% level than urban area. Normally, rural area sewage is focused on the reason of water source pollution owing to rural areas were located in near water source. The Korea government is effort to manage the rural community sewage for protect the water source. In this study conducted analysis on rural community sewage treatment plant(RCSTP) nutrient treatment efficiency using operation results on winter season. Research areas are newly constructed in Bong-hwa, Yeong-yang and An-dong areas which are located in near An-dong Im-ha Dam. Based on operation result, sludge retention time(SRT) and mixed liquer suspended solid(MLSS) were effected on RCSTP nutrient treatment efficiency. Thus, it is necessary to manage of operation condition for nutrient treatment efficiency in RCSTP during the winter season.

봉화군에 도입된 마을하수도 하수 특성 및 처리 공법 분석

소규모 농촌 지역 하수도 보급률은 도시지역의 약 40% 이하 수준이다. 농촌지역의 낮은 하수도 보급률은 상수원의 수질악화의 원인으로 보고되고 있다. 안동댐과 임하댐 상류에 위치하고 있는 봉화군에 신설된 마을하수도 11개소의 운전 결과를 분석하였다. 운전결과를 바탕으로 봉화군 마을하수도 특성과 도입된 처리 공법에 관한 분석을 실시하였다. 봉화군 유입 하수는 도시지역에 비해 고농도의 유기물과 영양염류를 함유하고 있다. 마을하수도에 도입된 처리 공법은 전체적으로 안정적인 처리 효율을 보였다. 하지만 영양염류의 경우 처리 효율의 변화가 크게 나타났다. 이는 마을하수도 운전 시영양염류 처리에 있어 운전 조건 관리에 관심을 기울여야 한다는 것을 의미한다. Rural area sewage distribution rate is 40 % less than urban area. Previous research results announced that one of the reason in water resource pollution was caused of low rural area sewage distribution rate. Analysis on operation result of 11 RCSTP in Bong-hwa area which is located at the upper region of An-dong Dam and Im-ha Dam. Based on operation result, an analysis on characteristics of wastewater in Bong-hwa and treatment efficiency of installed treatment process was conducted. The wastewater influent of Bong-hwa contained high organic matter and nutrient than those of urban area. Treatment process showed totally stable treatment efficiency. But, The treatment efficiency for nutrient showed high fluctuation. This result means which is need to operation condition control of nutrient treatment when operating RCSTP.

Plant-specific correlations to predict the total VOC emissions from wastewater treatment plants

Simple linear correlations between the lumped parameter of raw wastewater flow rate, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and concentration of three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chloroform, dichloromethane and toluene in the liquid and gas phases, Q × MLSS ( C in / ER ) , and T, wastewater temperature, were found for three large wastewater treatment plants operated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC) using their monthly data for year 2000. These linear relationships were verified for these three dominant VOCs using the data from years 1987 to 1992, 1998, and 1999 for the three MWRDGC plants. The results of this theoretical study showed that linear functions could reasonably fit to the actual data, and the specific VOC compounds’ emission rate could be predicted upon having information on ambient temperature, MLSS, and VOC concentration in the liquid phase at the influent to the specific plant without having to use the Bay Area Sewage Toxics Emission (BASTE) fate model as a future emission estimator once the baseline correlation was determined.

유기성자원의 퇴비원료로 활용 가능성 평가방법 개발

본 연구는 다양한 종류의 유기성자원 중에서 퇴비원료로의 활용 가능성이 충분하고 퇴비로 제조되어 농지에 시용하였을 때 유해성분이 적은 자원을 선별하기 위해 현재 비료관리법상 퇴비원료기준에 규제하고 있는 유기물함량과 중금속(8성분)에 유기화합물(HEM, PAHs)과 Bioassay(Microtox 생물검정법)을 추가하여 규제기준으로 활용 가능성을 검토하기 위해 <TEX>$'04{\sim}'05$</TEX>년(2년) 전국의 유기성자원 16종, 62점을 무작위로 선정하여 분석하였다. 시험재료의 유기물함량은 <TEX>$65.3{\sim}98.0%$</TEX>로서 기준치인 60% 이상을 크게 상회하였고, 전 질소 함량과 인산함량은 퇴비원료로서 질소 및 인산성분의 공급을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다. 중금속의 경우 섬유오니가 Cr, Ni 및 As에서, 식품오니 및 피혁오니는 Ni 함량에서 퇴비원료의 기준치를 초과하여 퇴비원료로 사용이 곤란하였고, 나머지 성분함량들은 모두 기준치보다 낮았다. HEM 함량은 섬유오니가 <TEX>$113mg\;kg^{-1}$</TEX>으로 다른 재료에 비해 상당히 높았으며, PAHs 함량은 제지오니에서 <TEX>$3,462ug\;kg^{-1}$</TEX>으로 가장 높았고 그 다음은 피혁오니>중소도시 하수오니 순으로 낮았다. PAHs 성분별 분포는 naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, fluoroanthene, acenaphthene이 다른 화합물들보다 많았다. Microtox분석에서 <TEX>$EC_{50}$</TEX>값은 피혁오니에서 가장 낮았고, 제약오니<제지오니<공단지역 하수오니<섬유오니 등의 순으로 낮아졌다. 각 분석치 항목 간의 상관관계는 HEM이 Zn, Cu, Ni과 99% 및 Cd와 95% 수준에서, Microtox <TEX>$EC^{-1}$</TEX> 값은 Hg과 HEM에서 95% 수준에서 유의성을 보였다. 현재 우리나라에서 유기성자원의 퇴비원료로 활용에 대한 기준은 유기물함량과 중금속(8성분: Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, As, Hg)으로 규제하고 있으나, 일반성분(B) 및 중금속(Co, Mo, Se)을 비롯하여 유해화합물(HEM, PAHs, PCBs 등) 및 생물검정법(Microtox 등)에 대한 추가적인 보완연구를 통해 퇴비원료로 활용 가능성 여부를 평가할 수 선별체계(일반성분<TEX>$\Rightarrow$</TEX>중금속<TEX>$\Rightarrow$</TEX>유기화합물<TEX>$\Rightarrow$</TEX>Bioassay) 및 각 선별 체계별 활용기준 항목에 대한 규제기준이 설정된 후 이들의 각 성분함량을 통과하고 최종 비효시험(포장)을 마친 경우에는, 유용한 유기성자원의 농업적 활용으로 안전한 작물재배 및 농업환경을 보전할 수 있다고 생각된다. This study was conducted to find a system for screening organic resources with 16 species, 62 samples which were selected to randomizing point from city, province and industrial areas in the whole country. Content of organic matters were <TEX>$65.3%{\sim}98.0%$</TEX> in all samples so that they were largely over than 60%, raw material regulation of compost. Concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were <TEX>$0.7{\sim}4.8%\;and\;0.8{\sim}5.0$</TEX>, they could look for effect of the nitrogen and phosphorus supply as a raw material of compost. In case of 8 elements concentrations of heavy metal, they were too high to use as raw materials of compost which were over to regulation limit in Cu, Cr, Ni, and As from fiber industry, Ni from food company and leather industry, and the others are adapt to limit levels. HEM contents fro the highest to <TEX>$113mg\;kg^{-1}$</TEX> from liber industry and PAHs content were the highest to <TEX>$3,462ug\;kg^{-1}$</TEX> from paper-mill manufacture. Distribution of PAHs concentiations were naphthalene>phenanthrene>pyrene>fluoroanthene>acenaphthene. <TEX>$Microtox{(R)}\;EC_{50}$</TEX> values for bioassay were pharmaceutical company>paper-mill manufacture>industrial area sewage sludge>fiber industry>urban sewage sludge>metropolitan sewage sludge. HEM between Zn, Cu, and Ni was significant at the 99% and between Cd was significant at the 95%, Microtox between Hg and BEM significant at the 95%.

Tertiary nitrification in an up flow biofilter on floating media: influence of temperature and COD load

The wastewater plant Seine Aval (located in Acheres, France) treats 6 million PE (25 m3/s average flow, 570 MGD) with activated sludge. Following a research program called “Azote Acheres” which demonstrated that biofilters are an economical solution, the Paris Metropolitan Area Sewage Service (SIAPP) has tested 3 industrial prototypes during a period of more than 4 years. One of these is an up-flow biofilter using a floating filter bed made of expanded polystyrene beads. This specific process is called BIOSTYR and is used here as a nitrifying tertiary biofilter. The purpose of this paper is to show that the biofilter process achieves very low, steady state, effluent ammonia concentrations with different applied nitrogen loads (0.3 to 2.7 kg NTK/m3.d), even with low temperature and high applied carbonaceous load. During this 4 years period, a model has been developed to explain the hydraulic behavior of the filter. By measuring the operating conditions (temperature, loads), the head loss of the filter can be predicted. After this test period, the prototype has been operated by Seine Aval plant staff. The results obtained have confirmed the previous test results.

Estimation of VOC emissions using the BASTE model

AbstractEmissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater raises concerns as many VOCs are photochemically reactive and contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and may be toxic with subsequent adverse affects on human health. Many municipal wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) and industries are, or will be, required to complete extensive VOC emissions inventories. Accurate VOC emission models are desirable to facilitate such inventories, and to serve as alternatives to resource‐intensive air sampling at all processes within WWTFs. A flexible VOC fate model (Bay Area Sewage Toxics Emissions: BASTE) has been developed to simulate a wide range of treatment configurations within WWTFs. In addition to its ability to simulate complex treatment trains, BASTE has several features not found in existing VOC fate models. These features include the ability to (1) simulate covered treatment processes, (2) mix mechanistic emissions estimates with emissions measurements and empirical emission factors, and (3) incorporate measured dissolved oxygen concentrations as surrogate measures of VOC emission potential.

Summer Phytoplankton Physiognomy in Coastal Waters of the Gulf of Naples

Abstract. Thirteen sampling cruises were conducted at weekly intervals in the inner part of the Gulf of Naples in the summer of 1983 to investigate the effects of excess nutrient inputs on phytoplankton communities. High surface phytoplankton concentrations (up to 1.15 ×108 cells 1‐1) were recorded, particularly near Naples harbour and along the eastern coast, two locations that receive most of the area's sewage and industrial discharge. Phytoplankton populations were generally dominated by small species, mainly diatoms, which were associated with small phytoflagcllatcs. Species diversity values were relatively high (H′≤ 3.62) in most samples. Throughout the sampling period a high spatial and temporal variability for phytoplankton abundances and species composition was observed.

Tertiary Nitrification Pilot Plants on Parisian Waste Water

The Paris Metropolitan area, which contains over eight million inhabitants, has a daily output of about 3 M cu.meters of wastewater, the purification of which is achieved by SIAAP (Paris Metropolitan Area Sewage Service) in both Achères and Valenton plants. The carbon pollution is eliminated from over 2 M cu.m/day at Achères. In order to improve the quality of output water, its tertiary nitrification in fixed-bed reactors has been contemplated. The BIOFOR (Degremont) and BIOCARBONE (OTV) processes could be tested in semi-industrial pilot reactors at the CRITER research center of SIAAP. At a reference temperature of 13°C, the removed load is approximately 0.5 kg N NH4/m3.day. From a practical point of view, it may be asserted that in such operating conditions as should be at the Achères plant, one cubic meter of filter can handle the tertiary nitification of one cubic meter of purified water per hour at an effluent temperature of 13°C.

下水汚泥広域処理事業（エースプラン）の現状と課題

下水汚泥広域処理事業（エースプラン）の現状と課題

Conventry Area Sewage Sludge Disoposal Scheme: Development of Strategy and Early Operating Experiences

SYNOPSISThe paper outlines the development of a sludge disposal strategy for the City of Coventry, from 1939 onwards. The aim of the paper is to show how a fundamental change in philosophy from gravity thickening to mechanical dewatering led to the construction of a £1.5 million dewatering plant. It provides a detailed appraisal of the first year of operation, and attempts to identify the major problem areas which led to plant performance failing to achieve expectations. The concluding paragraphs describe the on‐site work which is currently being undertaken, the results of which will eventually dictate the most suitable operational option.

Analysis for chromium traces in the aquatic ecosystem II. A study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the susquehanna river basin of New York and Pennsylvania

A new procedure for the differential analysis of ppb concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in natural waters has been developed. In this method, three-liter samples are filtered, acidified to pH 6.0, and divided into three parts. One liter is passed through an anion-exchange resin bed (AG-1X4, 100–200 mesh, Cl − form), one liter is passed through a cation-exchange resin bed (50 WX4, 100–200 mesh, Na + form), and one liter remains untreated. 10 ml of 1.0 M HNO 3 are then added to each of the three aliquots and they are individually reduced in volume by evaporation to 10 ml. Analysis by A.A. employing the method of standard addition follows. By difference, cationic, anionic, and non-ionic Cr concentrations in the sample become available. Cr(III) concentration is probably closely related to (cationic + non-ionic), and Cr(VI) concentration in the original sample corresponds to the anionic portion. Precision is ±20 % or better for total, cationic, and anionic Cr at the 1 ppb level. Precision of the non-ionic analyses is closely linked to these other precisions as the concentration of non-ionic Cr species in the original sample is obtained by the mass balance requirement set up by the other three analyses. Application of this technique to the analysis of natural water samples revealed the predominance of trivalent Cr in uncontaminated waters of the Upper Susquehanna River Basin (1–2 ppb). River water samples taken downstream of Binghamton, N.Y. area sewage outfalls revealed an increase in the mean Cr(VI) content of the river from ∼0.5 ppb to ∼1.6 ppb. The persistence of the Cr(VI) at least as far as 60 km downstream of the outfall area leads to the conclusion that at these levels, little dissolved Cr(VI) is removed from the river as it flows away from a point of contamination. Concentrations of Cr in samples of river sediments also revealed Cr contamination below the outfall area, and Cr contamination extended at least as far as 60 km downstream of the outfall area.

Sanitary Sewage Disposal for Subdivisions

Factors involved in fringe area sewage disposal and solutions reached in several areas; some cost and construction data are given based on survey made by National Assn of Home Builders and U S Public Health Service; legislation and financing.