Areas Of Social Policy Research Articles

Availability of social services for families with disabled children in the context of the welfare state

The phenomenon of the welfare state is characterized by complexity of indicators. To determine in which areas the country is closer to the welfare state, various areas of social policy are analysed. In this article, we set out to investigate one of them, i.e., the accessibility of social services for children with disabilities. The European Union ensures the basic preconditions for the well-being of children with disabilities and emphasizes the compatibility of health, social and educational services (European Commission, 2021). In addition, Member States are free to introduce specific measures for social inclusion (COM, 2021). The well-being of children with disabilities is inseparable from that of adults, usually the family in which the children live. Depending on the child’s disability, the family has to devote time to the child’s special needs, so opportunities to function in society, such as working and earning an income, become dependent on the social assistance received for the disabled child. Research shows that participation in labour market processes reduces the social exclusion of families with children with disabilities and improves quality of life indicators in general (Stefanidis & Strogilos 2020). However, analysis of good practice is more common, while information about the lack of services that parents face difficulties remains overboard. Thus, our research contributes to a better understanding of how families raising children with disabilities use state-provided social services and what solutions and measures are needed to improve the quality of life of children with disabilities and their relatives. The practical implications of our article are revealed through the possibility of more confidently shaping the decisions and measures of the welfare state.The article presents results of a survey of 68 families with disabled children. Our research was conducted in Druskininkai municipality which has typical infrastructure of social services for the disabled and their families in Lithuania.Our study has shown that social services in Lithuania poorly meet needs of families with disabled children. Though social inclusion is one of the most important features of the welfare state, the provision of social services to disabled and their families goes beyond the concept in Druskininkai municipality at least. Families have little information about social guarantees and support provided by the state and municipality. The families are limited to services reported by health care and education institutions. Moreover, the most significant problem hindering social integration of disabled and their families is a small portion of disabled children using services of day care centre. As a result, children suffer at risk of social exclusion while disabled children’s parents lack of opportunities to fully participate in the labour market.Based on the results of the study we state that increasing the availability of social services that meet the needs of families with disabled children is a necessary social policy solution, without which the development of a welfare state in Lithuania is hardly possible.

Engineering advice in policy making: a new domain of inquiry in evidence and policy

Background: Academic research on technical advice to policy commonly focuses on social and related policy areas such as health, education and crime (Oliver et al. 2014) and disciplinary advice from science disciplines (Jasanoff 1994; Millstone and van Zwanenberg 2001). Little or no prior research in the social sciences have explored engineering expertise in policy domains where such advice is critical (e.g. energy policy). Aims and objectives: We aim to establish ‘engineering advice’ as a new domain of inquiry by showing how civil servants view it as distinctive (from ‘science advice’), important and similar to policy making – implying it can clash or complement it. Methods: 18 qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of officials across a UK ministry were conducted by the authors (all but one of whom were civil servants) in 2012. The qualitative data were thematically coded to address the study aims. Findings: A majority of officials spontaneously identified engineering expertise as both distinctive and important for their work. There was clear evidence that it both complemented and clashed with policymaking. Discussion and conclusions: We identified a range of interactions that imply a need to consider styles of management internal deployment of experts within policy organisations as well as the implications for policy making and engineering expertise given the way practices overlap. Further research on the ontological, epistemological nature of engineering as it relates to policy making is needed if governments and therefore society are to fully benefit from engineering advice.

Legal principles of regulation of state gender policy in Ukraine

Problem setting. Gender policy today is one of the decisive factors in building civil society, reaching consensus between different branches of government, the successful implementation of democratic reforms in Ukraine, its integration into the European Union. The observance of gender equality in the state demonstrates how civilized and democratic it is. The purpose of this article is a general study of the main directions of state gender policy, analysis of international norms in the field of gender equality and compliance of current Ukrainian legislation with international legal standards. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Issues of legal support for gender equality in Ukraine are studied by scientists in various aspects, as indicated by the scientific works of Kobelyanska L., Hrytsyak N., Hrytsai I., Grabovska I., Melnyk T., Honyukova L., Pedchenko N., Kresina I. and others. Article’s main body. However, some aspects related to further improvement of the state gender policy, bringing the current legislation in line with international and regional legal standards remain unresolved. The implementation of these tasks has not only theoretical but also significant practical significance and, accordingly, requires further research. Problems of studying the state policy of Ukraine in the field of gender equality remain relevant, as evidenced by the analysis of international norms and current Ukrainian legislation in the field of equality of rights of men and women, elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, combating domestic violence. The article considers both the positive and negative aspects of the state gender policy; the necessity of further improvement of the current legislation, bringing it in line with international legal standards, which is especially important in connection with the European integration processes of Ukraine, is substantiated. Conclusions and prospects for development. Thus, it should be noted that gender policy remains an important area of public policy, but unfortunately, despite significant advances in gender equality, public policy is reduced to such separate areas as assistance to families with children, social protection of women, protection of women in sphere of labor, etc. These areas of state social policy are very important, but they are not exhaustive. In addition, the legal framework for state gender policy needs to be further improved. Not all legal documents are perfect, unambiguous and can be fully applied in practice and therefore need further refinement. The Law on Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men, adopted in 2005, needs to be updated because it does not meet modern needs. In addition, Ukraine lacks a National Strategy in the field of gender equality, which would promote the further development of the principle of gender integration in all spheres and branches of public administration. The problem of equal rights for women and men in a democratic society is proclaimed as one of the main tasks in solving today’s social problems.

Putting the Social in Systems Engineering: An Overview and Conceptual Development

AbstractExpanding the capacity of systems engineering to include evaluating and designing social systems is a desired goal as stated in the INCOSE SE Vision 2025. Systems engineering applications in sociotechnical contexts, from management and organizational to learning and education studies is already documented. There is room for adaptability in systems engineering methodology to accommodate a further reach into the social domain. The growing interest in this expansion is leading to the establishment of the term: social systems engineering. Social systems engineering is a reciprocal relationship between systems engineering and the social sciences. More specifically this means: 1) adapting/applying systems engineering methods/tools in a range of social policy areas in industry, government and academia; and 2) developing/applying social science theory and methods for the integration of teams and communities that are engineering systems. In this paper, we provide an overview of the history of social systems engineering and develop the concept to provide systems engineers with a conceptual foundation for using social systems in their systems engineering practice.

Social Policies in Romania after 30 Years. Expectations and Answers, Publishing House of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 2020. Edited by Elena Zamfir, Mălina Voicu, Simona Maria Stănescu

Excerpt from the book review: Social Policies in Romania after 30 Years: Expectations and Answers is the latest in a series of books dealing with this topic, which have been published successively by various researchers from the Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, in 1995, 1999, 2002, 2004 and 2005. The editors of the current volume are three experienced scholars with long publication records in the areas of social policy, the welfare state, and the post-socialist transition. Professor Elena Zamfir is well-known for her academic contributions and initiatives in organizing the social work curriculum at the University of Bucharest. MălinaVoicu has a rich publication portfolio around modernization theories applied to Romania, while Simona Stănescu has published extensively on the welfare state in Romania, before and after its EU integration.

Improved Local Implementation under Central Inspection? Evidence from Social Mandates in China

While the principal-agent problem has been challenging to public administration in general, it is particularly acute in China, where implementation gaps abound. This study examines whether central inspection, one important form of central monitoring in China, helps reduce implementation output gaps at the provincial level. Based on an analysis of a unique dataset of provincial governments’ documents formulated to implement central mandates in social policy areas from 2003 to 2017, it finds mixed results. While central inspection does help speed up provincial implementation outputs, it does not improve the quality of provincial implementation outputs.

Technology of early intervention in a preventionof chilfren disability in perm region

This article is devoted to the development of early intervention in the Perm region as a measure for the prevention of child disability in the system of complex rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people (disabled children). The article presents the level of disability among the child population in modern Russia; the theoretical and methodological foundations of the provision of early comprehensive intervention to children with special needs and their families are considered; the relevance of the development of early intervention at the federal and regional levels as a strategically significant area of modern social policy in the country, the creation of a unified system of early intervention, taking into account the characteristics of the regions of the country. The authors presented results of the study reflect the experience of organizing an early intervention service in the system of comprehensive rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people (disabled children) in the Perm region over the past few years. The early intervention system in the Perm region is constructed at three levels. At the macro level, the activity of the region is analyzed within the framework of the implementation of the Pilot Project to develop approaches to the formation of a system of comprehensive rehabilitation and habilitation of disabled people; the specifics and content of the created mechanisms of interdepartmental interaction are disclosed; the problems and prospects of their implementation are identified, the experience of organizing early intervention as a public service is studied. At the meso-level, the structure of early intervention services created at institutions of various departmental affiliations is presented; disclosed the activities of the early intervention service, created at the departments of social service institutions of the Perm region; describes the procedure for providing early intervention services to children and their families. The provision of early intervention services to a child and his family is presented as a micro level; disclosed the content of early intervention technology in the early intervention service; describes the stages of providing early intervention services, forms and methods of work used. The prospects for the development of early assistance in social service institutions, new forms of providing early intervention services in modern conditions are determined.

Childhood adversity and healthy ageing: a study of the Chinese older population

This study examines the relationship between childhood adversities and healthy ageing in the Chinese older population. The data come from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), a national survey that collected life history and ageing-related information on 9248 older people aged over 60 in 2014 and 2015. The analysis of healthy ageing focuses on seven indicators: IADL limitations, ADL limitations, cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, self-reported health, and chronic illness. Using k-means clustering, an unsupervised learning technique, we identified four qualitatively different groups according to their achievement in healthy ageing. We studied 17 types of childhood adversities and found that experiencing multiple childhood adversities is associated with a lower probability of achieving healthy ageing. This relationship is moderated by age and gender. Women are more vulnerable than men to the negative impacts of childhood adversities. The threat of childhood adversities to healthy ageing is greatly attenuated among people aged over 80. We argue that the policy response to healthy ageing should not be confined to those services and programmes that directly target older people. Instead, healthy ageing can be better addressed by concerted efforts in different areas of social policy.

Conceptual-methodological ground of inclusive education in the Russian Federation

The goal of this article lies in the analysis of theoretical conceptual-methodological grounds of inclusive education in the Russian Federation for the effective management and coordination of the work of educational institutions. For achieving the set goal, the author examines the general theoretical conceptual-methodological grounds of inclusive education; competence approach towards inclusive education in Russia; theory of implementation the inclusive form of education; basic elements of the concept of inclusive education; as well as methodology of inclusive education in the Russian Federation. The concept of inclusive education implies the mechanism for exercising human rights for people with health impairments. This mechanism is based on the interdepartmental cross-disciplinary formation of the barrier-free environment for any person to exercise their rights. The concept of inclusive education formulates social approach towards disability. The medical problem of disability shifts into the social sphere – a person with health impairments should not only receive treatment, but also live a normal life. Therefore, disability is viewed as a set of social barriers that stand in the way of realization of the abilities and needs of a person with physical or mental impairments. The goal is to eliminate such social barriers. The modern strategy of the Russian Federation in the area of education and social policy is aimed at bringing into compliance the institutional systemic conditions in order to turn inclusive education into the priority area of education.

О ВАЖНОСТИ УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ И СПОРТА В РЕГИОНАХ ЦФО

The development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation is an important area of social policy, which has a close relationship with the economic component of the country. The higher the interest of the population in a healthy lifestyle, maintaining motor and social activity, the better for the country's economy, since healthy and active people are less ill, therefore, less need to spend on medical care, and work longer, which is important in the context of an aging population. Unfortunately, in the Russian Federation, due to the instability of the investment climate, which is characterized as unfavorable, as well as the lack of effective mechanisms in terms of tax relief for sports sponsors, similar to the experience of the United States and Brazil. As part of the implementation of the Strategy for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, many of the targets identified at the time of its implementation were achieved, which allow us to assess the work in this direction as quite effective. Of particular interest in this case is the change in the volume of financing of the industry, both in absolute and relative terms, since the high dependence of this sector on budget financing in a crisis could jeopardize the fulfillment of key goals and tasks for the development of the direction. In the course of the study, it was found that in most regions of the Central Federal District, the change in funding is positive, in some even abnormal, but still in the vast majority of regions it remains at a low level relative to the leading regions.

Outsourcing Public Services to the Social Services System

Goals and objectives . The article is devoted to the issue of modernizing the Russian sphere of providing public social services to the population with a social service system using outsourcing technology. The problems inherent in traditional industry of the distribution of social order for the production of social services are highlighted. Approaches to the introduction of outsourcing technology into the provision of public services in the social services sector of the population have been analyzed. Methods. The study used a set of general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, system-functional and integrated approach. Within the framework of the stated theme, theoretical provisions and modern approaches have been organized by studying the works of various authors, regulatory documents and official statistics. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to flesh out and organize modern strategic approaches of Russian state policy in the sphere of providing public services to the population with a social service system. This area of state social policy has not yet been sufficiently researched by the national science. The analysis provides an opportunity to reveal the extent of the solution to the problem of introducing outsourcing technology into the Russian practice of social services at the present stage, actualizes the importance of public policy on the development of public-private partnership in the provision of social services to the population. The results highlight the advantages and weaknesses of new approaches in the provision of public services based on outsourcing technology, which may further develop public policy in the provision of public services and social services. Results and conclusions . The article presents the results of a study of The Russian State Policy on the provision of public social services to the population. The peculiarities of the organization of the provision of public services by the system of social services on the basis of outsourcing technology are shown, and opportunities for developing partnership with SONKO in this direction are considered. The weak and strong sides of the state social policy to modernize the delivery of public social services have been revealed. Conclusions have been drawn on ways to improve the introduction of outsourcing technology into the practice of social services.

Stability of seized cocaine during 60 months of storage

This study aims to analyze changes in appearance, weight and purity of 31 samples of cocaine seizes whose sanctioning procedure is carried out by the judicial authority. The Corps seized these samples in the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León, and they were analyzed by the laboratory of Health and Social Policy Area of the Sub-delegation of Government in Valladolid for 60 months. Samples were stored under two conditions of temperature and humidity, the environmental environment "E" 22.30 °C +/- 2.88 °C and 65.96 % +/- 1.72 % of relative humidity and refrigerated environment "R" 4.64 °C +/- 0.44 °C and 28.36 +/- 0.76 % of relative humidity. Results show there is a decrease in purity in the samples over time. The percentage change (ΔC) for environmental samples in the first 9 months was ΔC9 = -17.53 %, at 12 months ΔC12= -27.33 %, at 36 months ΔC36= -28.19 % and at 60 months ΔC60= -28.95 % on average. In the case of the refrigerated samples, the percentage change after 9 months was ΔC9 = -15.93 at 12 months ΔC12= -18.51, at 36 months ΔC36= -19.25 and at 60 months ΔC60= -20.09. The negative value of ΔC indicates purity loss.The influence of the temperature and humidity influence, at the loss weight average percentage in the samples under ambient conditions -10.94 % (+/- 4.21 %) was bigger than loss weight average percentage in the specimens under refrigerated conditions -7.02 % (+/- 2.80) after 60 months of storage. The negative values indicate weight loss.It can be concluded that the equation Ctom = 2.36 + 1.29 Ct12m, could explain the different results obtained when another analysis is carried out twelve months after the first one. So the different results obtained on the contradictory analysis can be justified to the Judicial Organism.

Institutional overlap and access to medicines in MERCOSUR and UNASUR (2008–2018). Cooperation before the collapse?

ABSTRACT The proliferation of international and regional organisations in the last decades led to increasing overlap of memberships and mandates in social policy areas. Whereas the literature has explored the benefits and perils of institutional overlap though neglecting the social policy dimension of such processes, studies on regionalism have focused on single cases of regional organisations. This paper breaks new ground by examining the effects of the overlap in membership, health mandates and institutional mechanisms between the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) between 2008 and 2018. It focuses on two cases of access to medicines: the creation of the medicine price bank and the price negotiation of high-cost medicines. Our argument is that the overlap was positive, leading to an incipient trend towards cooperation. This was facilitated by the membership structure, the expertise already accumulated in the region and the relations and networks among those involved in health regional cooperation. Overall, the article deepens our understanding of the conditions under which regional organisations, even in the context of institutional overlap, can contribute to adequately respond to transnational challenges, which, as global health, are not only persistent, but also profoundly affect our societies.

Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of financing social expenditures considering the risk

  Currently, all the prerequisites have been met for transitioning to the qualitatively higher level of public finance management that correspond to the generally accepted principles and international standards. The responsibility for choosing the most effective methods of public expenditure management increases with the development of innovation economy. This actualizes the problem of improving the state financing of social expenditures. The subject of this research is the assessment of the effectiveness of government spending in the area of social policy, considering the range of indicators that reflect socioeconomic development of the regions. The score is suggested for assessing the effectiveness of government spending in the area of social policy based on the standardized values of the criteria that describe the aspects of social policy of the regions and the peculiarities of their economic development. The proposed methodology for integrated assessment of the effectiveness of government spending takes into account the trends in the criteria that characterize the level of economic development of the regions, as well as possible variability of budget flows aimed at financing social expenditures. Practical implementation of such methodology allows classifying the territories by the level of efficiency of social expenditures, which facilitates rational financial decisions on the formation of resources that ensure sustainable economic growth and development of strong human capital.  

A Parliament for the People? – The European Parliament’s Activism in the Area of Social Policy From the Early 1970s to the Single European Act

The formal powers of the European Parliament (EP) prior to the Single European Act (SEA, 1986) were marginal. However, this limited formal role did not correspond to the perception of the early Members of the EP (MEPs) as to what role the EP should play in Community policy-making. Predominantly driven by pro-integrationist ideas of ever-closer union - and of an ever-stronger Parliament - MEPs became activists for deeper political as well as institutional integration from the institution’s beginnings in the 1950s. This article studies the EP’s emerging legislative influence through the lens of Community social policy, a policy area with a particularly strong ideational dimension. Perceiving a lack of public support for and identification with the Community project, MEPs invested considerable time and effort prior to the SEA into attempts of creating a broad Community social policy. In so doing, the delegates hoped to convince the member states’ citizens of the added value of closer European integration whilst simultaneously enhancing their own institution’s position. Based on an extensive collection of EP archival documents, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the EP’s gradual empowerment at a time when the Treaties foresaw little more than a consultative assembly.

Social Development and Welfare State Systems in Developing Countries in East Asia: A Comparative Study

This study looks at the state of social development in developing countries, particularly in East Asia, applying a qualitative cum quantitative method, that is, a multiple case study analysis combined with social indicator analysis (hence applying method triangulation), with the aim to study the relative performance in social development and the development of welfare state systems in relation to the level of economic development. The study highlights the need for more research in the area of comparative social policy in developing countries in particular and normative social policy in general—in order to identify and learn from more positive (e.g. win-win) solutions, or positively outstanding cases, in international comparative normative social policy. In the four case studies under scrutiny, governments have scaled up social security coverage and demonstrated high levels of innovation in designing new institutions and the compilation of the overall welfare state system. The quantitative social indicator analysis, in addition, confirms that with regard to East Asian welfare state systems there is a greater number of positively outstanding (positively deviating) cases. The paper concludes that East Asian welfare state systems have their unique mix of welfare state institutions, unique overall welfare philosophy, and even uniquely developed welfare state instruments and designs, while also accomplishing positively outstanding performance in social development relative to their level of economic development.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СФЕРИ СЕРЕДНЬОГО БІЗНЕСУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article notes that financial regulation and support for the development of medium-sized businesses is one of the priority and main areas of social and economic policy in Ukraine. Financial regulation is a form of regulation or supervision, which subjects financial institutions to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to maintain the stability and integrity of the financial system. This may be handled by either a government or non-government organization. Financial regulation has also influenced the structure of banking sectors by increasing the variety of financial products available. It is emphasized that the main areas of financing of the medium-sized business support program are: assistance to companies, that are engaged in the development and implementation of innovative products and services, innovative industries; subsidizing the interest rate on loans to make them more attractive for entrepreneurs; compensating for the cost of purchasing equipment; promoting the development of equipment leasing; expanding self-employment programs for the unemployed people, supporting social branch and responsibility of entrepreneurship; creation of business incubators, accelerating programmes, industrial parks, technology parks, entrepreneurship centers, cluster development centers, prototyping centers, collective access centers, equipment, etc. promising areas for improving and complementing programs of state regulation and financial support for medium-sized and small businesses in Ukraine are indicated. It is proved that financial mechanisms are ensuring the life of the enterprises and businesses are the only type of its resources that act as an incentive for entrepreneurial activity, as well as providing funds for the production process, Personnel Support and use of labor resources, and the implementation of a set of marketing measures, production, economic and other elements of the enterprise and their transformations, which increases at the end of the stage of the financial cycle, increasing the volume of net cash flow, acting as a necessary condition for the development of any organization. It is concluded that the implementation of the proposed measures will contribute to solving the financial problems of medium-sized businesses, as well as ensure the real development and growth of this sector in Ukraine.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН СОЦІАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ УКРАЇНИ

Social development should be a priority of the modern social policy of every state. Despite positive developments in the economic sphere of many national economies, social problems affecting the standard of living and quality of life, as well as the equal distribution of income among the population, are increasingly arising. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the theoretical approaches to the understanding of social development, to investigate the state of social development in Ukraine and to propose priority directions of state social policy that will contribute to social progress. A key indicator that helps to adequately assess the level of a country's social development is the Social Development Index. The index helps governments decide on the main directions of social policy, public investment priorities, and other measures that will contribute to social progress. Over the past ten years, Ukraine has significantly improved its performance in terms of economic inclusion (discrimination against minorities, opportunities to influence political decisions based on gender, social group, and socioeconomic status) and in the category of access to information and communications (access to online services, Internet, media censorship, and availability of cell phones among the population). Ukraine received the worst results in the study of personal safety and health indicators. Such low scores are negatively influenced by the conflict in eastern Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, Ukraine has improved its performance in the international ranking, but there are still many problematic areas that should be addressed and the direction of state influence on them should be improved. According to the results of the analysis of the social development index, priority areas of state social policy were identified, among them: combating child poverty, ending the conflict in eastern Ukraine, improving access to quality medical services and effectively combating the pandemic, effective environmental policies to combat pollution, combating corruption, inclusive growth and development policies should be the key focus of modern economic development.

Сельское здравоохранение Казахстана: проблемы и тенденции (Обзор литературы)

mproving the welfare and quality of life of the population, ensuring fair and equal access to health services are priority areas of social policy in Kazakhstan. As modern domestic studies show, the quality of health of the rural population lags far behind the urban population and has a steady tendency towards deterioration.One of the leading factors affecting the health of rural residents is the low level of accessibility of primary healthcare. It should be noted that the availability of healthcare services is directly and to a greater extent related to the availability of medical organizations and their provision with qualified human resources. In Kazakhstan, an imbalance in the provision of personnel between urban and rural healthcare remains, and the availability of medicines for the rural population is much lower than for the urban population.The purpose of this study was to conduct a literary review of domestic and foreign sources on the problem of rural healthcare in the Republic of Kazakhstan and abroad.Key words: rural healthcare, the quality of life of the rural population, the availability of medical services, social justice

Sosyal Politika Açısından Kayıt Dışı Ekonominin Önemi

The informal economy is a multifaceted phenomenon with both economic and social consequences. It is important to better understand the informal economy in the context of social policy, as the informal sector is also associated with unemployment, income distribution, poverty, and migration. Thus, this study aims to draw conclusions about the relationship between the informal economy and outcomes in the primary areas of social policy. Accordingly, an evaluation was made in the context of unemployment, income distribution-poverty, migration, and informal employment, with the objective of revealing the relationship between the informal economy and social policy. The analysis of these relationships is based largely on empirical studies in the literature. It was found that the informal economy has both positive and negative consequences for unemployment, income distribution-poverty, and migration and that the informal economy must be considered in social policy planning so as to avoid deepening current social problems.