Areas Of Psychological Research Research Articles

Психологическая безопасность образовательной среды: становление направления и перспективы развития

<p style="text-align: justify;">Psychological problems of safety in the modern world have acquired an extremely high relevance due to the growing spectrum of threats present in the socio-cultural environment. Research on the problems of psychological safety of the educational environment and its subjects is one of the areas of achieving the goal set by the decree of President V. V. Putin on the national development goals of Russia until 2030. The purpose of this publication is to analyze the history, current state and prospects for the development of this area in educational psychology and other areas of psychological research. Research design. Research in this area began at the end of the 20th century and is actively continuing today. In 2003, we developed and defended the concept of psychological safety of the educational environment, assessment methods and creation technologies, which still serve as a guide for new theoretical and practical developments. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, we argue that it is a safe educational environment that maintains the state of human psychological safety. Safety means the presence of certain conditions necessary for life, development and activity. The educational environment is a set of conditions in which the formation and development of a person occurs throughout their entire life. A modern student interacts with many social environments: family, street, media environment, Internet environment, educational environment of a school and additional education organizations, etc.</p>

Editorial: Review of the Aims and Scope of Jurnal Psikologi

The editorial team of Jurnal Psikologi is excited to announce the renewal of our aims and scope to include emerging areas of psychological research, while reinforcing our commitment to the study of Indonesian psychology. The revised aims and scope offer a more precise and direct focus on understanding the unique ways cultural, social, environmental, and technological influences shape the mental processes and behavior of Indonesians. These insights can be presented in the form of original research and review articles, as we recognize that human knowledge can flourish and advance thanks to the empirical results reported in original research, while reviews help to refine our awareness of important subjects. In highlighting the unique psychological landscape of Indonesia, our goal is to enrich the psychological research based on Indonesians’ vast and diverse characteristics, enabling both local and global society to discover an in-depth understanding and empathetic utilization of the information. We are especially interested in several topics regarding the Indonesian psyche, including the influences of environment, technology, and the digital world. Why? We argue that these aspects play a crucial role in (re)shaping and cementing the psychological landscape of Indonesia. Other topics, such as neuroscience and cognition, also potentially contribute significantly to explaining the psychology of the Indonesian people. With the updated aims and scope in mind, we encourage authors to explicitly address the impact of their work on the current state of propose improvements to existing practices. The editor and reviewers will specifically evaluate this discussion within the manuscript.

A comparative evaluation of measures to assess randomness in human-generated sequences

Whether and how well people can behave randomly is of interest in many areas of psychological research. The ability to generate randomness is often investigated using random number generation (RNG) tasks, in which participants are asked to generate a sequence of numbers that is as random as possible. However, there is no consensus on how best to quantify the randomness of responses in human-generated sequences. Traditionally, psychologists have used measures of randomness that directly assess specific features of human behavior in RNG tasks, such as the tendency to avoid repetition or to systematically generate numbers that have not been generated in the recent choice history, a behavior known as cycling. Other disciplines have proposed measures of randomness that are based on a more rigorous mathematical foundation and are less restricted to specific features of randomness, such as algorithmic complexity. More recently, variants of these measures have been proposed to assess systematic patterns in short sequences. We report the first large-scale integrative study to compare measures of specific aspects of randomness with entropy-derived measures based on information theory and measures based on algorithmic complexity. We compare the ability of the different measures to discriminate between human-generated sequences and truly random sequences based on atmospheric noise, and provide a systematic analysis of how the usefulness of randomness measures is affected by sequence length. We conclude with recommendations that can guide the selection of appropriate measures of randomness in psychological research.

Exploring the landscape of adult autism research in psychology: a bibliometric and network analysis.

The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasing. ASD manifests with persistent social communication and interaction challenges, limited interests, and repetitive behaviors. As the scientific literature on ASD in adults varies greatly, mapping the recent global research becomes valuable for enhancing comprehension of this subject. This study aims to map recent global scientific publications on ASD in adults. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, bibliometrics, and network analyses, we assessed 850 articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection between 2013 and 2022 assigned to the research area of psychology. Findings indicate an annual average growth of 11.69%. Key keywords include Emotion, Anxiety, and Depression, with Anxiety, Depression, and Mental Health as central nodes in the network. Rehabilitation, Behavioral Sciences, and Psychiatry frequently co-occur, and Psychology, Psychiatry, and 'Neurosciences and Neurology' are central nodes in the network of research areas. The United States of America and the United Kingdom lead in publications, with the United Kingdom being the most central country in the network. King's College London and the University of California are the main research organizations, with King's College London as the central node in the network. The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5-TR was the most cited reference in the period. This comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding the landscape of ASD research in adults, providing insights for future research and fostering collaborations.

The Context of Indoctrination in Introductory Psychology

This commentary describes a set of academic, social, and financial factors that provide a context for Jared Bartel's article in which he claims that students in introductory psychology in North America are being indoctrinated by instructors who present socio-politically biased coverage of controversial areas of psychological research.

Attachment and emotional regulation: examining the role of prefrontal cortex functions, executive functions, and mindfulness in their relationship.

Attachment is a prominent area of psychological research, with its relevance linked to executive functions, mindfulness, and emotional regulation. The purpose of this study is to examine this relationship among these aforementioned four constructs and propose a model to be tested in the future. Based on the current trends using the Interpersonal Neurobiology approach, which assumes prefrontal cortex functions to include other socioemotional resources such as empathy, morality, insight, behavior, and body regulation. Our study included prefrontal cortical functions alongside executive functions. The assessment instruments used were Attachment-Based Cognitive Representations Scale, Prefrontal Cortex Functions Scale, Webexec, Five Facet Mindfulness Scale, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. We hypothesized that attachment would be the strongest predictor of emotional regulation. The participants in the study were 539 college students (mean = 20.21; sd = 1.57); (68% female and 32%, male). Our a priori research hypothesis was supported, with an additional finding that trait mindfulness was also a significant predictor. The strongest correlations with attachment styles were with trait mindfulness and emotional regulation. We conducted path analyses of two different models for secure and insecure attachment. The path analyses showed that secure attachment scores were negatively related, and insecure attachment scores were positively related to difficulties in emotional regulation scores. Furthermore, trait mindfulness and prefrontal cortex functions also mediated this relationship. However, there was no significant relationship between executive functions and difficulties in emotional regulation scores, even though it was significantly related to attachment. Results and implications are discussed.

Synr: An R package for handling synesthesia consistency test data

Synesthesia is a phenomenon where sensory stimuli or cognitive concepts elicit additional perceptual experiences. For instance, in a commonly studied type of synesthesia, stimuli such as words written in black font elicit experiences of other colors, e.g., red. In order to objectively verify synesthesia, participants are asked to choose colors for repeatedly presented stimuli and the consistency of their choices is evaluated (consistency test). Previously, there has been no publicly available and easy-to-use tool for analyzing consistency test results. Here, the R package synr is introduced, which provides an efficient interface for exploring consistency test data and applying common procedures for analyzing them. Importantly, synr also implements a novel method enabling identification of participants whose scores cannot be interpreted, e.g., who only give black or red color responses. To this end, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is applied in conjunction with a measure of spread in 3D space. An application of synr with pre-existing openly accessible data illustrating how synr is used in practice is presented. Also included is a comparison of synr’s data validation procedure and human ratings, which found that synr had high correspondence with human ratings and outperformed human raters in situations where human raters were easily mislead. Challenges for widespread adoption of synr as well as suggestions for using synr within the field of synesthesia and other areas of psychological research are discussed.

Strengths, challenges, and opportunities associated with process-based and multi-dimensional CBS research: A commentary on

Contextual behavioural science (CBS) methods are frequently applied in research to gain insight on the intricacies of human behaviour and have become integrated in psychological treatments, including acceptance and commitment therapy and applied behavioural analysis. The Association of Contextual Behavioural Science (ACBS) Task Force recently provided 33 recommendations to improve the quality and applicability of CBS research. The use of process-based approaches to CBS was encouraged as they place an emphasis on facilitating behaviour change to alter psychological events or behaviour. Recommendations were also made to incorporate multi-dimensional approaches in CBS research in order to consider human behaviour holistically and acknowledge that change may be motivated by evolutionary needs. The purpose of this commentary was to identify strengths, challenges, and potential opportunities associated with the process-based and multi-dimensional recommendations for CBS research. Despite some concerns about feasibility or clinical utility of process-based and multi-dimensional CBS research, there is potential for the recommendations to be achieved and to foster greater understanding of human behaviour as supported by other multidisciplinary areas of research in psychology. Process-based and multidimensional CBS is well positioned to support collaborative research opportunities that may close the gap between basic and applied knowledge and understanding of human behaviour and related applications to practice.

Beyond chaos and rigidity, flexstability

Chaos and rigidity are often used to describe problematic psychological states. If they are to be avoided, how does one conceive of a normative alternative? A midway compromise between chaos and rigidity seems unsatisfactory. This paper proposes that underlying chaos and rigidity are two dimensions of healthy human experience, those of stability (focus, routine, unity) and flexibility (exploration, novelty, diversity). Their union is possible, the optimal state of “flexstability”, a state in which individuals experience flexibility and stability simultaneously. Chaos can be now understood as flexibility without stability, and rigidity as stability without flexibility. These concepts may be arranged in a two-by-two “flexstability matrix” that suggests that normative psychological development navigates the extremes of chaos and rigidity and pursues the state of flexstability. The concepts of the matrix are applied to seven research areas in psychology: parenting styles, identity formation, development of mind, flow, creativity, emotional regulation and self-determination.

Can Likert scales predict choices? Testing the congruence between using Likert scale and comparative judgment on measuring attribution

How people make choices among alternatives are of interest in different areas of psychological research. One paradigm to answer this question is by applying Likert Scale (LS) to compare the agreements to different alternatives, and the respective LS scores are then transferred into rank order of preference. However, using LS to infer choices is somewhat debatable because the measurement format of LS was not designed for revealing psychological preference. In this article, we examined to what extent it is appropriate to use quantitative indicators derived from LS to infer choices, with which we used the Comparative Judgment (CJ) procedure to represent a direct measurement of choice decision to compare. A total of 929 adolescents reported their effort and ability attributions for academic failure and success using both LS and CJ. We found that while using LS is generally accurate in predicting results obtained via CJ, the percentage of people revealing different choices inferred from LS versus CJ was 14.7% and 12.1% for the success and failure scenarios, respectively, suggesting that inferring psychological preference from LS is not without risk, at least for this sample of adolescents from a culturally-Chinese society. Furthermore, the majority of participants displaying incongruent decisions of achievement attribution via LS and CJ showed equivalent LS scores between effort and ability attributions. A goodness-of-fit test was conducted (on a model motivated by the beta-binomial distribution) and successfully eliminated the possibility that the tied LS scores in effort and ability attributions actually represent participants’ true psychological state.

Assimilation and Accommodation

Abstract. This research provides a systematic overview of psychological areas using assimilation and accommodation to explain development and adaptation processes from 1998 to 2018. We primarily aimed to identify the main psychological research areas connected to assimilation and accommodation. We used assimilation and accommodation as keywords to extract data from SpringerLink, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES. Of 500 articles, 473 were included in the analysis. Ten categories were identified to allow systematization along with different research areas and development trajectories. The meanings of these terms were analyzed in terms of scientific impact, their connection to Piaget and Baldwin, application, and research methods. Our analysis has distilled the most driving and scientifically relevant approaches to assimilation and accommodation within psychological research, with the work of Baldwin and Piaget influencing practically all views. Thus, we have identified a common understanding of assimilation and accommodation, although the direction of the adaptation process should be made explicit in the future. Based on our analyses, we were able to identify white spots on the research map that should be focused on in future work: the need to better understand the interdependence and synchronicity of both processes, the connection to affects and emotions, and the potential co-research with artificial intelligence.

Personal internal sources of psychological well-being

Introduction. The problem of finding ways to preserve and improve individuals' mental health and effective means of promoting their psychological well-being and life satisfaction is a new promising area of research in psychology. From an empirical pointof view, this requires determining personal resources, which will be the basis for individuals' psychological well-being, happy life, realization of their potential, effective coping with difficulties, as well as good work performance.Aim: to identify factors in and internal sources of personal psychological well-being.Methods. J. Crumbaugh & L. Maholickʼs Purpose in Life Test, S. Maddi's Hardiness Survey, V. Stolina & S.Pantileevaʼs Personal Self-Assessment, The Ryff Scale of Measurement, N.PeseschkianʼsWIPPF, R. Lazarus &S.Folkmanʼs Ways of Coping Questionnaire, E. Deci & R. Ryanʼs General Causality Orientations Scale, andA.Antonovsky’s Sense of Affiliation.Results. Psychological well-being depends on the realism, structure, and integrity of individuals' system of attitudes as well as on their life perspective, which includes goals, plans, values, and aspirations. Individuals' ability torealize their potential and psychological well-being is ensured by the development of individuals' abilities related to self-identity, belief in their abilities and trust in others. The author's prognostic model of individuals' psychological well-being includes personal autonomy, personal growth and coherence as individuals' psychological well-being predictors.Conclusions. Promoting individuals' psychological well-being implies actualization of their internal resources, their understanding of their personal reserves and possibilities of self-realization.

Fear not of cognition in context

AbstractHow do researchers of cognitive development work to make sure that our field evolves so that our contribution to humanity is emancipatory? We can take inspiration from researchers near and far. Inspiration may be found in other areas of psychological research (social, cultural, etc.) and other social sciences (public health, sociology, etc.). Frameworks developed in other fields (e.g., intersectionality, Crenshaw, University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167) may be helpful for our own interests and questions. If so, this will require some work in determining how these tools can be used to improve the state of cognitive research.

Call for Papers: “Process Data in Computer-Based Assessment: Opening the Black Box”

Call for Papers: “Process Data in Computer-Based Assessment: Opening the Black Box”

RESEARCH OF AWARENESS OF PRINCIPALS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS REGARDING THE PROBLEM OF MANAGEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATION OF TEACHERS

In the context of significant socio-economic and information-technological changes taking place in our country today, the problem of personal adaptation comes to the fore. This is essential for the activities of educational organizations, which must also respond quickly to social changes in society, make the necessary changes in the content of education, find new forms of interaction, as they work with the younger generation, which is more open to everything new and considerably faster adapt to social change in comparison with adults. However, the need for changes in the professional activities of teachers and managerial activities of school principals in accordance with the new social requirements suggest that the management of professional adaptation of teachers should be considered as an important area of psychological research. In addition, the new social conditions require the development of new approaches to psychological training of principals of educational organizations, necessitate increasing their psychological competence, in particular, in the field of psychological foundations of teacher professional adaptation management, taking into account external and internal factors influencing this process.
 The following theoretical methods were used in the research process: analysis of philosophical, managerial, psychological-pedagogical domestic and foreign pedagogical literature on the research topic to find out the state of development of the problem; empirical: questionnaires. Thus, the data obtained, in our opinion, indicate an insufficient level of psychological training of school leaders on the problems of management of professional adaptation, and the need to implement a special program in this area of management in the institutions of postgraduate pedagogical education.

From retrospective to prospective memory research: a framework for investigating the deactivation of intentions.

The definition of episodic memory has evolved into a multifaceted concept that gathered great attention in several research areas in psychology and neuroscience. Prospective memory (PM), or the ability to remember to perform delayed intentions at a later moment in the future, represents one side of this capacity for which that has been a growing interest. In this review, we examined a counterintuitive finding: PM intentions may persist and affect our behaviour despite successful goal attainment and task completion, which in daily life may be as serious as taking medication twice. This review aims to elucidate the existing knowledge and identify some unresolved questions concerning this specific memory failure. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the uprising research dedicated to both PM omission and commission errors, including an analysis of its definitions, of the current theoretical approaches of PM retrieval, and the main procedures used in this field to offer an integrative perspective on this topic. Finally, the last section is devoted to discussing future directions to test the predictions of our suggested theoretical explanations for PM deactivation. This might be an avenue for research that is likely to extend our understanding of episodic memory's usefulness in everyday life.

The Comparison of Object Color Knowledge Between Congenitally Blind and Sighted People

What role does perception play in human cognition? This is an important question in the research area of psychology. The current study aimed at exploring the influence of visual perceptual experience on human color cognition, by comparing the differences in behavioral and neuropsychological responses between congenital-blind and normal-sighted participants. The current study employed a semantic-priming paradigm, and presented prime-target word pairs to the participants randomly, such as, /bai2se4/ (white) -/xue3hua1/ (snow), or /bai2se4/ (white) - /mei2tan4/ (coal). All participants were instructed to decide whether the color term and the color of the object were matched or not. Results showed that (1) congenital-blind participants had acquired some color knowledge, but they were not as good as the sighted participants. (2) Mismatched color relationships induced significant N400 effects in both of the two groups, with a left hemisphere asymmetry. (3) However, compared with the sighted group, the blind group exhibited stronger N400 effects (i.e., larger amplitude of the difference waveform) and shorter N400 peak latencies. The current study suggests that congenital blindness have induced some cognitive and neuropsychology adaptive changes in blind people, and first-hand visual perceptual experience is important to color cognition but may be not prerequisite.

Mining Twitter to Detect Hotspots in Psychology

Abstract. For identifying psychological hotspot topics, a mere focus on bibliometric data suffers from a publication delay. To overcome this issue, we introduce Twitter mining of ongoing online communication among scientists for the detection of psychological research topics. Specifically, we collected the entire 69,963 tweets posted between August 2007 and July 2020 from 139 accounts of psychology professors, departments, and research institutes from the German-speaking countries, as well as sections of the German Psychological Society (DGPs). To examine whether Twitter topics are hotspots in terms of indicating future publication trends, 346,361 references in the PSYNDEX database were extracted. For determining the additional value of our approach in contrast to traditional conference analysis, we gathered all available conference programs of the DGPs and its sections since 2010 and compared dates of topic emergence. Results revealed 21 topics addressing societal issues (e.g., COVID-19), methodology (e.g., machine learning), scientific research (e.g., replication crisis), and different areas of psychological research. Ten topics indicated an increasing publication trend, particularly topics related to methodology or scientific transparency. Seven Twitter topics emerged earlier on Twitter than at conferences. A total of four topics could be expected neither by bibliometric forecasting nor conference contents: “methodological issues in meta-analyses”, “playfulness”, “preregistration”, and “mobile brain/body imaging”. Taken together, Twitter mining is a worthwhile endeavor for identifying psychological hotspot topics, especially regarding societal issues, novel research methods, and research transparency in psychology. In order to get the most comprehensive picture of research hotspots, Twitter mining is recommended in addition to bibliometric analyses of publication trends and monitoring of conference topics.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИХ УСТАНОВОК: ЭМПИРИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ (ПСИХОЛОГО-ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД)

The article discusses and empirically studies the influence of identity on the level of extremist attitudes formation among the representatives of different age groups, taking into account the results of linguistic analysis. The significance of studying the determinants of extremism is stated and discussed. The modern theories of extremist behavior are analyzed. The contemporary points of view on the motivation of extremist actions are determined and compared; the characteristics of the extremist motive and its content are described. The social, economic and psychological reasons that stand behind extremism are described. The direc-tions and areas of psychological research of extremist attitudes are considered. The role of identity in the formation of extremist attitudes is noted, the need for an empirical study of various aspects of identity in order to identify the level of radicalization is substantiated. The article describes the procedure of empirical research of extremist attitudes based on a sampling of different age groups (n = 950). We establish the influence of such parameter as certainty of identity on fanatic and nationalistic attitudes. During the research we used self-reporting methods. Statistical analysis is performed using descriptive statistics methods, such as ANOVA, MANOVA. We also describe the results of the linguistic and cognitive analysis of the addresser's identity representation and his ideas about the identity of the addressee in multicode conflict-provoking texts in correlation with the empirical research data. The results of statistical analysis show specific differences in the determination of extremist attitudes and views by the identity. It was defined that the uncertainty of identity contributes to the formation of fanatical attitudes, potentially influencing the development of religious extremism. The results of self- and social identity on creating nationalist attitude differ a lot. The research reveals specific features of creating fanatical mindset at various age periods, as well as its adjacency with social identification. Constructing a certain social identity, as evidenced by our results, leads to an increase in fanatical attitudes from low to average level.

Motivational Strategies to Engage Learners in Desirable Difficulties

Learning strategies that create “desirable difficulties” by slowing or hindering improvement during learning often produce superior long-term retention and transfer ( Bjork, 1994 , Bjork, 1999 ). Despite the desirability of difficulties for learning, many learners choose not to use the learning strategies and/or disengage when they are implemented by a teacher. Knowledge of these learning strategies is necessary but insufficient for behavior change—learners must be motivated to embrace or, at minimum cope, with difficulties. To identify ways to help students engage with learning strategies that produce desirable difficulties, the present article briefly reviews five areas of psychological research on motivation that provide strategies for increasing engagement and persistence: finding value, reducing cost, reframing appraisals and attributions, creating appropriate challenges, and providing choice. Looking forward, there is a clear need for empirical work to investigate and theoretical frameworks to explain the interplay between motivation and learning strategies that create desirable difficulties.