Areas Of Human Health Research Articles

Risk-indicative or sustainable consumption? Consumers’ risk perception on conventional and organic food products in Poland

The consumption of organic food is becoming increasingly popular and, to avoid numerous threats to human health and the natural environment, the issues devoted to it require greater attention from decision-makers, producers, and consumers. Consumer decisions have an impact on shaping food consumption patterns and recently the trend of the consumption of conventional versus organic food products has been widely discussed. This is especially true given the fact that the area of human health is strongly related to the consumption of food products produced under the challenges of environmental protection and sustainability. The study aimed to investigate if the perception of consumption among Polish respondents was risk-indicative or sustainable based on the animal, fruit, and vegetable products purchased from conventional or organic production. The results revealed that fruit and vegetable consumption was not identically related with socio-demographic features, but the income level equally affected consumer choices regarding the purchase of organic food products. Gender and marital status only influenced decisions regarding the purchase of organic fruit. The consumption of animal products regarding the frequency of their consumption did not reveal the features of sustainability. The metal accumulation index (MAI) for conventionally cultivated vegetables was not higher for all of the investigated vegetables, namely pumpkin, spring onion, cabbage, lettuce, spinach, and garlic. Our study contributes to addressing the knowledge gap on consumer choices about organic food products in Poland.

Sources, Degradation, Ingestion and Effects of Microplastics on Humans: A Review.

Celluloid, the predecessor to plastic, was synthesized in 1869, and due to technological advancements, plastic products appear to be ubiquitous in daily life. The massive production, rampant usage, and inadequate disposal of plastic products have led to severe environmental pollution. Consequently, reducing the employment of plastic has emerged as a pressing concern for governments globally. This review explores microplastics, including their origins, absorption, and harmful effects on the environment and humans. Several methods exist for breaking down plastics, including thermal, mechanical, light, catalytic, and biological processes. Despite these methods, microplastics (MPs, between 1 and 5 mm in size) continue to be produced during degradation. Acknowledging the significant threat that MPs pose to the environment and human health is imperative. This form of pollution is pervasive in the air and food and infiltrates our bodies through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. It is essential to assess the potential hazards that MPs can introduce. There is evidence suggesting that MPs may have negative impacts on different areas of human health. These include the respiratory, gastrointestinal, immune, nervous, and reproductive systems, the liver and organs, the skin, and even the placenta and placental barrier. It is encouraging to see that most of the countries have taken steps to regulate plastic particles. These measures aim to reduce plastic usage, which is essential today. At the same time, this review summarizes the degradation mechanism of plastics, their impact on human health, and plastic reduction policies worldwide. It provides valuable information for future research on MPs and regulatory development.

Literature Review: Punica granatum (pomegranate) with an emphasis on its anti-parasitic activity

The pomegranate (Punica granatum) has been known for its medicinal and nutritional benefits from time immemorial and across ancient civilizations. In addition, it is a very ancient plant that has existed since more than 3000 B.C. Pursuant to one source; it was cultivated for the first time in Iran; while another claimed it was in India or Turkey. Then it was expanded along trade routes to reach each region of the entire world. The pomegranate was highlighted in this study through a literature review in terms of its origin, classification, and description; its medicinal and therapeutic significance; the chemical content of the various pomegranate parts; and lastly, its antiparasitic activities. Pomegranate belongs to the Punicaceae family. Interestingly, it has been frequently employed in disease therapy since ancient times. Furthermore, pomegranate fruits, seeds, and peels are frequently utilized as a natural remedy in traditional medicine. Flavonoids, ellagitannins, punicalagins, ellagic acid, vitamins, minerals, and other chemical components are the most significant ingredients in this plant. Researchers have been evaluating the fruit's characteristics in recent years and have revealed encouraging findings in areas such as cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The pomegranate's unique blend of antioxidants, polyphenols, and other bioactive chemicals has been demonstrated to benefit several areas of human health. In this review, the researcher highlighted the substantial role of the pomegranate as an antiparasitic agent by reviewing numerous studies performed on this topic, whether in vitro or in vivo. Despite a scarcity of research to evaluate its anti-parasitic properties, this study concluded that the pomegranate has anti-parasitic properties that are very encouraging, such as anti-amoebic, anti-anthelmintic, cryptosporicidal, leishmanicidal, giardiacial, and other anti-parasitic characteristics.

Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamomum Extract

Plant extract exhibited unique therapeutic characteristics due to their high content of chemical formulas with multiple medical effects. The plant extracts have shown a great advancement in controlling cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, as well as, it was used as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory agents. Cinnamomum has been used a medical herbs from ancient times along with its uses as spice in food. Cinnamomum oild and extract have shown a great perspective in many areas of human health. We have aimed to prepare an ethanolic extract from dry cinnamomum powder, and investigate its influence in vitro against four types of bacteria and one fungal strain, and again in vivo as wound healing agent in rats. The results have shown that cinnamomum extract in ethanol was exhibited good effect in growth inhibition of escherichia coli, klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Candida albicans. The greatest effect of cinnamomum extract was obtained against the Gram positive bacterial strains S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Furthermore, cinnamomum extract has shown to be a good wound healing agent, in which rats whom treated with cinnamomum extract have shown a faster healing compared to control rats starting from the day 7. These effects make cinnamomum to be very useful in the medical field generally, and in inflammation line specifically.

E스포츠와 건강에 대한 재논의

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to re-discuss negative images that were previously prevalent, focusing on e-sports and human complex health.BR Method: This study used a literature review research method, and presented e-sports and human health, focusing on the three areas of human health (physical, psychological, and social) suggested by the WHO.BR Results: The results of this study are as follows. 1) E-sports are physically healthy sports. Human physical movements include internal, as well as external factors. E-sports are healthy sports that involve the entire collection of movements. 2) E-sports are psychologically healthy. Participation in e-sports with appropriate purpose can also have a significant effect on human mental health. 3) E-sports are socially healthy. The virtual space of e-sports can be a place where you can meet and communicate with countless people and learn more sociality than in the real world. Also, It can be an equal society where everyone can enjoy equal opportunities without discrimination.BR Conclusion: In summary, this study critically approached e-sports and human complex health. To this end, this study was presented through a literature review, and it suggested that discussions on e-sports and human health should be reconsidered.

Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Electricity Generation from Biogas in Polish Conditions

Life cycle analysis allows for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative relationship between selected areas of human activity and the consequences for the environment. One of the important areas is the production of electricity and heat, for which the main raw material in Poland is hard coal. An alternative may be to use biogas as a fuel for energy purposes. This article presents the assessment of environmental hazards caused by the production of energy from biogas. The analysis took into account the change of the substrate from maize silage, commonly used in Polish biogas plants, to waste from the domestic agri-food industry. The evaluation covered the acquisition of substrates, their transport to a biogas plant, generation of electricity from biogas, and management of the generated by-products. The analysis was done in terms of both the impact and sensitivity categories. It was found that the emission of pollutants related to the acquisition of the substrate plays a key role and the use of waste for the production of biogas used for energy production brings environmental benefits. The analysis has shown that replacing coal with biogas, regardless of the raw materials used in its production, results in a positive environmental effect, especially in the areas of human health and resources categories. The positive environmental effect of the production of electricity from biogas can be enhanced by switching raw materials from purpose-grown crops to waste from the agri-food industry and agriculture. An important factor influencing the environmental impact is the degree of heat utilization (the greater the percentage of heat utilization, the greater the environmental benefits) and management of all by-products.

Fluorine and nitrogen co-doped near-infrared carbon dots for fluorescence "on-off-on" determination of nitrite.

A fluorescence "on-off-on" strategy was established for the determination of nitrite in aqueous solution based on fluorine and nitrogen co-doped near-infrared carbon dots (NIR-CDs). NIR-CDs were prepared via one-step hydrothermal method by using N-(4-aminophenyl)-acetamide and 4,5-difluorobenzene-1,2-diamine as precursors. The photoluminescence quantum yield of NIR-CDs reaches to 17.4%, and the optimal emission peak of NIR-CDs is 675nm under excitation of 530nm. The Stokes shift of NIR-CDs (145nm) is higher than that ofsome CDs with longer emission wavelengths. The red bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid (BPS)-Fe2+ complex can quench the fluorescence of NIR-CDs via inner filter effect and static quench modes. Nitrite can oxidize Fe2+ to produce Fe3+ in acidic environment, resulting in not only the formation of colorless and unstable BPS-Fe3+ complex but also the fluorescence recovery of NIR-CDs. This fluorescence "on-off-on" phenomenon also comes with the color variation of the mixture, resulting in both the fluorescence and the visual determination of nitrite. Under optimal conditions, this assay exhibits a good linear range from 1 to 50μM and a low detection limit of 0.056μM for nitrite determination. The method showed good applicability for nitrite determination in soil extract, human urine, and water samples with acceptable results. A convenient fluorescence "on-off-on" strategy for nitrite detection based on fluorine and nitrogen co-doped near-infrared carbon dots (NIR-CDs) and bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid (BPS)-Fe2+ complex was innovatively established. This probe showed a low detection limit of 0.056μM for nitrite in authentic samples, which offered a new sight for fluorescent and visual detection of nitrite in environmental protection and human health areas.

The spectrum and severity of psychopathological symptoms in previously healthy individuals who have had severe COVID-19 pneumonia

IntroductionThe medical novelty of COVID-19 requires a comprehensive study of its impact on various areas of human health, including mental health.ObjectivesTo study the spectrum and severity of psychopathological disorders in previously healthy patients of different age groups who have had moderate and severe COVID-19 pneumonia.MethodsImmediately after stabilization of the physical condition, patients completed the Symptom Checklist-90-R, designed to assess 11 parameters: somatization (SOM), obsessive-compulsive (OS), interpersonal sensitivity (INT), depression (DEP), anxiety (ANX), hostility (HOS), phobic anxiety (PHOB), paranoid ideas (PAR), psychoticism (PSY). Patients with cognitive impairment were excluded.Results The study involved 148 patients aged from 26 to 84 years. In the general sample, psychopathological symptoms were detected mainly on the SOM, DEP, ANX, HOS scales. To a lesser extent - on the INT and PAR scales; were practically not determined on the PSY and PHOB scales. Most of the symptoms are significantly more intense in patients over 46 years old (n = 129) compared with the younger population (<46 years old, n = 19). Older patients according to SOM revealed 1.23 points (IQR 0.5) versus 0.85 (IQR 0.7) among young people, DEP - 0.88 (IQR 0.44) vs. 0.47 (IQR 0.44), ANX - 0.66 (IQR 0.44) vs. 0.43 (IQR 0.29), OS - 0.55 (IQR 0.5) vs. 0.31 (IQR 0.25) and HOS - 0.46 (IQR 0.34) vs. 0.29 (IQR 0.09).Conclusions Patients recovering from severe COVID-19 pneumonia require psychiatric evaluation and subsequent differentiated psychotherapeutic rehabilitation, especially for the age group over 46.Conflict of interestNo significant relationships.

Can Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Contribute to Sustainable Agriculture?

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) have become the leading agricultural herbicides used globally since the development of genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops. This paper investigates whether GBHs are consistent with or supportive of sustainable agriculture. Agricultural sustainability is defined by generally agreed upon goals: (1) promoting agroecology; (2) protecting soils and the Earth’s natural resources; (3) protecting biodiversity; and (4) enhancing the quality of life and health of farmers, farm workers, and society. Through an in-depth examination of the scholarly literature, the paper explores whether the scientific studies of GBHs are consistent with their sustainable applications in agriculture in the areas of human health, non-tillage agriculture, soil quality, aquatic ecosystems and beneficial, non-target species. Based on the four generally agreed upon goals listed above for agricultural sustainability, the paper finds that GBHs are not consistent with sustainability goals.

Two-Photon Phosphorescence Lifetime Microscopy.

Two-photon Phosphorescence Lifetime Microscopy (2PLM) is an emerging nonlinear optical technique that has great potential to improve our understanding of the basic biology underlying human health and disease. Although analogous to 2-photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (2P-FLIM), the contrast in 2PLM is fundamentally different from various intensity-based forms of imaging since it is based on the lifetime of an excited state and can be regarded as a "functional imaging" technique. 2PLM signal originates from the deactivation of the excited triplet state (phosphorescence) [1, 2]. Typically, this triplet state is a much longer-lived excited state than the singlet excited state resulting in phosphorescence emission times of microseconds to milliseconds at room temperature as opposed to nanoseconds for fluorescence emission [3]. The long-lived nature of the triplet state makes it highly sensitive to quenching molecules in the surrounding environment such as biomolecular oxygen (O2). Therefore, 2PLM can provide not only information on the distribution pattern of the probe in the sample (via intensity) but also determine the local oxygen tension (via phosphorescence lifetime quenching) [1]. The ability to create three-dimensional optical sections in the plane of focus within a thick biological specimen while maintaining relatively low phototoxicity due to the use of near-infrared wavelengths for two-photon excitation gives 2PLM powerful advantages over other techniques for longitudinal imaging and monitoring of oxygen within living organisms [4]. In this chapter, we will provide background on the development of 2PLM, discuss the most common oxygen sensing measurement methods and concepts, and explain the general principles and optical configuration of a 2PLM system. We also discuss the key characteristics and strategies for improvement of the technique. Finally, we will present an overview of the current primary scientific literature of how 2PLM has been used for oxygen sensing in biological applications and how this technique is improving our understanding of the basic biology underlying several areas of human health.

Expectativas de graduandos de fisioterapia em relação à inserção do fisioterapeuta no mercado de trabalho

O curso de graduação em Fisioterapia proporciona mediação de conhecimentos que se constroem nas aulas práticas e estágios. Contudo, existe um descontentamento destes profissionais devido à dificuldade de ingressar no mercado de trabalho. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as representações sociais de estudantes de Fisioterapia sobre a inserção do fisioterapeuta no mercado de trabalho. O método utilizado foi o de abordagem qualitativa, pautado na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Para a coleta de dados, foram aplicados questionário sociodemográfico e semiestruturado a 34 estudantes de fisioterapia de instituição de Ensino Superior particular. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Técnica do Discuso do Sujeito Coletivo. Os resultados possibilitaram a construção de seis discursos entre os graduandos iniciantes e concluintes do curso. Considerou-se a necessidade de fomentar o reconhecimento social e financeiro deste profissional, visto que ele é essencial nas ações preventivas, terapêuticas e de reabilitação na área da saúde humana.

3069 – GRANULIN, REVEALED BY SINGLE-CELL RNA-SEQUENCING OF DEVELOPING HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS, DRIVES MACROPHAGE AND NEUTROPHIL DIFFERENTIATION

Myeloid cell differentiation leads to the formation of neutrophils and macrophages, which are critical cells for host defenses against infections. In addition, a multitude of other functions beyond their classical inflammatory roles have been assigned to these cells, including wound healing, neurodegenerative diseases and tumorigenesis. Thus, the identification of novel genes that regulate myeloid cell development has undoubtedly the potential to impact diverse areas of human health. Here, we have used deep single-cell RNA-sequencing during the active phase of myelopoiesis in the zebrafish embryo to create a platform for the identification of novel genes required for myeloid cell formation. Using this platform, we have uncovered a role for granulin (GRN) during neutrophil and macrophage differentiation. Leveraging the restricted expression of the zebrafish orthologue grna to the myeloid cell lineage, enabled us to perform loss of function experiments without altering its function in non-hematopoietic cells. With the generation of a zebrafish model of grna deficiency, we reveal that myeloid progenitors are unable to differentiate into neutrophils and macrophages. These grna deficient progenitors are also incapable of triggering a myelopoiesis emergency response, resulting in abnormal wound healing with aberrant collagen depositions. Utilizing CUT&RUN, we identified that Pu.1 directly binds grna enhancers, triggering its expression. Similar to the zebrafish grna, the mammalian granulin is also upregulated in myeloid cells, and controlled by the myeloid transcription factors PU.1 and IRF8. Altogether, our findings uncover the role of Granulin during myeloid cell differentiation, opening a new field of study that will help elucidate the pleiotropic role of this enigmatic protein in inflammation, wound healing, tumor progression and neurodegenerative disease.

Chemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of a Novel Spanish Propolis with New Polyphenols also Found in Olive Oil and High Amounts of Flavonoids.

Propolis is a natural product obtained from hives. Its chemical composition varies depending on the flora of its surroundings, but nevertheless, common for all types of propolis, they all exhibit remarkable biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of a novel Spanish Ethanolic Extract of Propolis (SEEP). It was found that this new SEEP contains high amounts of polyphenols (205 ± 34 mg GAE/g), with unusually more than half of this of the flavonoid class (127 ± 19 mg QE/g). Moreover, a detailed analysis of its chemical composition revealed the presence of olive oil compounds (Vanillic acid, 1-Acetoxypinoresinol, p-HPEA-EA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA) never detected before in propolis samples. Additionally, relatively high amounts of ferulic acid and quercetin were distinguished, both known for their important therapeutic benefits. Regarding the antimicrobial properties of SEEP, the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) against Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were found at the concentrations of 240 and 480 µg/mL, respectively. Importantly, subinhibitory concentrations were also found to significantly decrease bacterial growth. Therefore, the results presented here uncover a new type of propolis rich in flavonoids with promising potential uses in different areas of human health.

Laying the Foundation for Bladder Health Promotion in Women and Girls

Prevention strategies have been effective in many areas of human health, yet have not been utilized for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) or bladder health (BH). This commentary outlines LUTS prevention research initiatives underway within the NIH-sponsored Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Research Consortium (PLUS). Prevention science involves the systematic study of factors associated with health and health problems, termed protective and risk factors, respectively. PLUS is enhancing traditional prevention science approaches through use of: (1) a transdisciplinary team science approach, (2) both qualitative and quantitative research methodology (mixed methodology), and (3) community engagement. Important foundational work of PLUS includes development of clear definitions of both BH and disease, as well as a BH measurement instrument that will be validated for use in the general population, adolescents, and Latinx and Spanish-speaking women.1 The BH measurement instrument will be used in an upcoming nationally-representative cohort study that will measure BH and investigate risk and protective factors. PLUS investigators also developed a conceptual framework to guide their research agenda; this framework organizes a broad array of candidate risk and protective factors that can be studied across the life course of girls and women.1 As PLUS begins to fill existing knowledge gaps with new information, its efforts will undoubtedly be complemented by outside investigators to further advance the science of LUTS prevention and BH across additional populations. Once the BH community has broadened its understanding of modifiable risk and protective factors, intervention studies will be necessary to test LUTS prevention strategies and support public health efforts. LUTS providers may be able to translate this evolving evidence for individual patients under their care and act as BH advocates in their local communities.

Applications of nano-materials in diverse dentistry regimes.

Research and development in the applied sciences at the atomic or molecular level is the order of the day under the domain of nanotechnology or nano-science with enormous influence on nearly all areas of human health and activities comprising diverse medical fields such as pharmacological studies, clinical diagnoses, and supplementary immune system. The field of nano-dentistry has emerged due to the assorted dental applications of nano-technology. This review provides a brief introduction to the general nanotechnology field and a comprehensive overview of the synthesis features and dental uses of nano-materials including current innovations and future expectations with general comments on the latest advancements in the mechanisms and the most significant toxicological dimensions.

Water–energy nexus for water distribution systems: a literature review

Water and energy are interdependent on each other. Energy is required to supply water to a system while, at the same time, water is needed for power generation in any natural or artificial system. This relationship is often called the water–energy nexus (WEN). In a water supply system, energy is consumed for source water extraction, transmission, treatment, and distribution. About 7%–8% of the world’s total generated energy is used for drinking water production and distribution. A major portion of this energy is used for distribution, i.e., pumping, chlorination, and maintenance activities, and hence is the focus of this review. Most of the world’s energy is generated by fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), which results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here we review studies conducted to assess and evaluate the energy consumption and the related GHG emissions in water distribution systems (WDSs). This review covers the basic concepts and studies on WEN, energy saving solutions, renewable energy resources for water pumping, optimization of design, and the life cycle assessment (LCA) of large WDSs. Most of the reviewed studies suggest a trade-off between energy cost and the associated GHG emissions when selecting fixed-speed pumps over variable-speed pumps for large WDSs. To mitigate CO2 emissions, renewable energy resources like solar, wind, and mini-water turbines for water pumping have been discussed and mini-water turbines were found to be energy efficient solutions. The energy-focused LCA model has been studied to investigate the environmental impacts, GHG emissions, operational energy, and various life cycle stages of pipe manufacturing (embodied energy) in the network. Case studies of real world WDSs are reviewed and the potential research gaps are identified. Most life cycle studies have focused on the areas of pipe replacement, the life cycle cost of the system, the operational energy, and the reduction of GHG emissions, whereas less attention has been paid to the geographical and socio-economic issues along with the areas of human health, water resource diversity, and the hydraulic characteristics of WDSs.

Equol: A Bacterial Metabolite from The Daidzein Isoflavone and Its Presumed Beneficial Health Effects.

Epidemiological data suggest that regular intake of isoflavones from soy reduces the incidence of estrogen-dependent and aging-associated disorders, such as menopause symptoms in women, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Equol, produced from daidzein, is the isoflavone-derived metabolite with the greatest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. Consequently, equol has been endorsed as having many beneficial effects on human health. The conversion of daidzein into equol takes place in the intestine via the action of reductase enzymes belonging to incompletely characterized members of the gut microbiota. While all animal species analyzed so far produce equol, only between one third and one half of human subjects (depending on the community) are able to do so, ostensibly those that harbor equol-producing microbes. Conceivably, these subjects might be the only ones who can fully benefit from soy or isoflavone consumption. This review summarizes current knowledge on the microorganisms involved in, the genetic background to, and the biochemical pathways of, equol biosynthesis. It also outlines the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses on the effects of equol on different areas of human health and discusses briefly its presumptive mode of action.

EFSA's third Scientific Conference 'Science, Food, Society': concluding remarks.

From 18–21 September 2018, EFSA hosted its third Scientific Conference on Science, Food and Society in Parma, Italy. This paper summarises the overall recommendations on future actions and research priorities of the conference and complements the earlier multi‐authored papers in this issue. The conference started and closed with the plenary sessions ‘where science meets society: putting risk assessment in context’ and ‘staying relevant in a changing world’, respectively. In between, there were seven breakout sessions five of which aimed at advancing risk assessment science in the areas of human health, the environment, biological hazards, nutrition and managing evidence, and two of which were dedicated to the societal aspects of risk assessment: engaging with society and envisioning the expertise of the future. During the 4 days of the event, participants addressed the complex interplay between science, risk assessment, policy and society, and explored how to advance food safety risk assessment to address the challenges of a changing world and ensure preparedness. Acknowledging that good science alone is no longer sufficient to ensure fit‐for‐purpose food safety risk assessments, EFSA must further build on its current five Strategic Objectives. To ensure that its risk assessments remain scientifically robust and sound, EFSA should strive for robust and fit‐for‐purpose risk assessments; consider food in the context of safety, nutrition and sustainability; and explore further how EFSA can work with other organisations to achieve the One Health/One Environment goals. In addition, EFSA should base scientific risk assessments on reliable science while capitalising on scientific advances; address scientific uncertainties; and fully publish the evidence and data used. In line with societal expectations, EFSA, in coordination with risk managers, should frame risk assessments through clear policy goals and problem formulation; be explicit about value judgements; communicate clearly and consistently and in coordination with risk assessors and risk managers; involve society; avoid conflicts of interest; and follow trustworthy processes.

What did we learn from multiple omics studies in asthma?

More than a decade has passed since the finalization of the Human Genome Project. Omics technologies made a huge leap from trendy and very expensive to routinely executed and relatively cheap assays. Simultaneously, we understood that omics is not a panacea for every problem in the area of human health and personalized medicine. Whilst in some areas of research omics showed immediate results, in other fields, including asthma, it only allowed us to identify the incredibly complicated molecular processes. Along with their possibilities, omics technologies also bring many issues connected to sample collection, analyses and interpretation. It is often impossible to separate the intrinsic imperfection of omics from asthma heterogeneity. Still, many insights and directions from applied omics were acquired-presumable phenotypic clusters of patients, plausible biomarkers and potential pathways involved. Omics technologies develop rapidly, bringing improvements also to asthma research. These improvements, together with our growing understanding of asthma subphenotypes and underlying cellular processes, will likely play a role in asthma management strategies.

Diagnostic Usefulness of 1, 5 Anhyroglucitol in Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

1,5 AG is a six carbon chain monosaccharide and is one of the major polyols present in humans. The approximate normal levels of 1,5AG are about 20 -40 µg/mL. The main source of 1,5AG is diet containing carbohydrates, and this 1,5AG undergoes similar metabolic pathways like other saccharides and is distributed in all organs and tissues. Once DM is confirmed and treatment initiated, it is important to monitor glycemic control at regular intervals of time. While HbA1c has been used as a gold standard to monitor diabetic control during the preceding 2-3 months, GA and FA were used to monitor short time glycemic control. But none of the above three serves to monitor glycemic excursion after meals. 1,5AG has been emerging as an alternative short-term diabetic control monitoring marker to assess short term glycemic excursions. 1,5 AG has also been found to be useful to monitor CVD, CLD patients as well in the clinical usefulness of subtypes of DM. This review article gives a condensed version of research findings during the last two decades and will be very useful for future researchers to expand the clinical usefulness of 1,5AG in other areas of human health.