Areas Of Contamination Research Articles

Building of a Spatial Database to Identify Areas of Contamination by Mines and Hazardous Remnants of War by Using GIS (Analytical Study / Basra Governorate)

The problem of the spread of landmines and their remnants of war in Iraq in general and in the province of AL-Basrah is one of the existing issues that did not find successful solutions and steps to eliminate them and minimize the adverse effects and damage caused by them on the human and material property. This research aims to identify the areas of contamination by landmines and war debris to reach a clear vision that facilitates the development of solutions by the competent authorities through the preparation of a geographic database and a spatial database. All data and maps are collected, digitize them, conduct a range of statistical and spatial analyzes possible, and produce thematic maps

Responses of soil fungal and archaeal communities to environmental factors in an ongoing antimony mine area

Microorganisms are vital to biogeochemical cycles. However, heavy metal contamination has been implicated in altering the microbial community. Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) in soils can alter soil bacterial community composition in previous studies and, therefore, may have effects on soil fungal and archaeal community composition. The aim of this study was to assess the microbial activity and fungal and archaeal community composition in long-term Sb and As contamination areas. We analyzed soil respiration rates from 247.91 μg C/kg SDW h to 1372.93 μg C/kg SDW h, which revealed a positive correlation with concentrations of antimony (r = 0.79). The microbial diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson indices) showed that the abundances of the fungal and archaeal communities were more sensitive to As. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil properties and contamination are drivers controlling the fungal and archaeal community. All of these two microbial groups responded strongly to pH. However, the dominant drivers for fungal and archaeal community composition were very different. These differences were related to limiting conditions for different species, with fungal community composition affected strongly by pH, TC, TSb, RI and SbDGT, while archaeal community composition was mainly affected by the pH, AsDGT and TAs. Furthermore, soil respiration showed a very strong relationship with fungal community composition with r2 = 0,60, p < 0.01. These results showed that microbial responses to contamination gradients of Sb and As were heterogeneous due to the limiting environmental conditions of different microbial taxa.

Understanding the spatial and temporal dependence of the migration of conservative contaminant plume in urban groundwater environment in Panchkula region, Haryana, India

This paper introduces a GIS-based simulation method to study the temporal and spatial variation of the conservative contaminant plume in the subsurface environment of Panchkula region, Haryana, India. Numerical tools within GIS framework were used to create the raster images of various flow and contaminant transport parameters. The purpose of the study is to identify the plume area at different time and to investigate the variation of contaminant concentration with depth in perspective of the nature of the subsurface formations. This method is intended to evaluate the risk assessment with minimum available data on urban groundwater flow and transport parameters. The study investigates the temporal behavior of contaminant concentration at various depths i. e. 6 m (Z = 260 m), 26 m (Z = 240 m), and 36 m (Z = 230 m) below dumping site, which is situated as 266 m above sea level (a.s.l). The study using porous-puff shows that the contaminant plume area increases with an increase in time and the concentration decreases with the increasing depth below the dumping site. It is observed that the plume area is larger at 36 m (Z = 230 m) depth as compared to plume area at other depths due to the presence of sandstone layer around the dumping site at 36 m (Z = 230 m) depth. The ground water velocity is higher in sandstone layer at 36 m (Z = 230 m) depth which cause higher dispersion of source concentration in comparison to layers at 6 m (Z = 260 m) and 26 m (Z = 240 m) depths. Results show that this method is efficient in predicting contaminant plume behavior with fewer input parameters and less complexity. The plume movement analysis can be performed as a precursor to facilitate the mitigation of contaminated regions around the dumping site.

Assessment of groundwater nitrate contamination hazard in a semi-arid region by using integrated parametric IPNOA and data-driven logistic regression models.

Groundwater hazard assessments involve many activities dealing with the impacts of pollution on groundwater, such as human health studies and environment modelling. Nitrate contamination is considered a hazard to human health, environment and ecosystem. In groundwater management, the hazard should be assessed before any action can be taken, particularly for groundwater pollution and water quality. Thus, pollution due to the presence of nitrate poses considerable hazard to drinking water, and excessive nutrient loads deteriorate the ecosystem. The parametric IPNOA model is one of the well-known methods used for evaluating nitrate content. However, it cannot predict the effect of soil and land use/land cover (LULC) types on calculations relying on parametric well samples. Therefore, in this study, the parametric model was trained and integrated with the multivariate data-driven model with different levels of information to assess groundwater nitrate contamination in Saladin, Iraq. The IPNOA model was developed with 185 different well samples and contributing parameters. Then, the IPNOA model was integrated with the logistic regression (LR) model to predict the nitrate contamination levels. Geographic information system techniques were also used to assess the spatial prediction of nitrate contamination. High-resolution SPOT-5 satellite images with 5m spatial resolution were processed by object-based image analysis and support vector machine algorithm to extract LULC. Mapping of potential areas of nitrate contamination was examined using receiver operating characteristic assessment. Results indicated that the optimised LR-IPNOA model was more accurate in determining and analysing the nitrate hazard concentration than the standalone IPNOA model. This method can be easily replicated in other areas that have similar climatic condition. Therefore, stakeholders in planning and environmental decision makers could benefit immensely from the proposed method of this research, which can be potentially used for a sustainable management of urban, industrialised and agricultural sectors.

Using spatial statistics to identify the uranium hotspot in groundwater in the mid-eastern Gangetic plain, India

The occurrence of uranium in groundwater is of particular interest due to its toxicological and radiological properties. It has been considered as a relevant contaminant for drinking water even at a low concentration. Uranium is a ubiquitously occurring radionuclide in the environment. Four hundred and fifty-six (456) groundwater samples from different locations of five districts of South Bihar (SB) were collected and concentrations of uranium (U) were analyzed using a light-emitting diode (LED) fluorimetric technique. Uranium concentrations in groundwater samples varied from 0.1 µg l−1 to 238.2 µg l−1 with an average value of 12.3 µg l−1 in five districts of Bihar in the mid-eastern Gangetic plain. This study used hot spot spatial statistics to identify the distribution of elevated uranium concentration in groundwater. The hypothesis whether spatial distribution of high value and low value of U is more likely spatially clustered due to random process near a uranium hotspot in groundwater was tested based on z score and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics. The method implemented in this study, can be utilized in the field of risk assessment and decision making to locate potential areas of contamination.

Mapping land-based oil spills using high spatial resolution unmanned aerial vehicle imagery and electromagnetic induction survey data

Natural oil and gas are important sources of energy worldwide and their exploration and exploitation have significantly increased due to the global demand. The transportation of these valuable resources greatly depends on pipelines; however, pipeline leakages have huge economic and environmental impacts warranting an effective operational methodology for pipeline monitoring. We proposed a method for mapping soil contamination due to pipeline leakage in Dixonville, Alberta, Canada. In particular, very high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and electromagnetic induction (EM) surveying data were analyzed using a hierarchical object-based random forest (RF) algorithm. In level-1 classification, a land cover map was produced using UAV data. Next, all land cover classes, excluding contaminated soil, were masked out. In level-2 classification, the contaminated soil class was further partitioned into three subclasses representing varying degrees of contamination. Specifically, we proposed a salinity index, named the normalized salinity index, to detect areas of soil contamination. The salinity index proposed herein, as well as several other salinity indices and UAV bands, were used as input features for level-2 classification. An overall classification accuracy of about 77% was achieved for level-2 classification using the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the synergistic use of high spatial resolution UAV imagery and EM data is very promising for detecting soil contamination and examining ecosystem disturbance due to pipeline leakage.

Biomonitoring programs in Michigan, Minnesota and New York to assess human exposure to Great Lakes contaminants.

Over the past century, industrialization and urban practices have resulted in the contamination of the Great Lakes ecosystem-the world's largest surface freshwater system-that provides drinking water and recreation to more than 40 million residents. In 2010, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative was launched to accelerate efforts to protect and restore the Great Lakes and surrounding areas. Funded by GLRI, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry initiated the Biomonitoring of Great Lakes Populations (BGLP) program. The objective of the program is to assess human exposure to legacy and emerging contaminants in the Great Lakes by measuring the body burden of contaminants in potentially susceptible populations. The BGLP program consists of a series of cross-sectional studies carried out collaboratively with states that are funded through ATSDR. The first BGLP Program (BGLP-I) began in 2010 and was completed in September 2015 through cooperative agreements with state health departments in Michigan, Minnesota, and New York. The three state programs targeted susceptible adult populations living in designated areas of contamination. Contaminants measured in all populations include mercury, lead, mirex, hexachlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. In addition, some chemicals of emerging concern, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, were measured in several populations. The biomonitoring results helped guide public health actions to mitigate chemical exposures in these vulnerable Great Lakes populations. We provide an overview of the BGLP-I program's study populations, designs, and general methods. This overview provides a lead-in for subsequent manuscripts that present human biomonitoring data for legacy and emerging contaminants in culturally diverse susceptible populations-i.e., shoreline anglers, sport anglers, American Indians, and Burmese immigrants-residing in seven areas of concern.

Vulnerability assessment and potential contamination of unconfined aquifers

Abstract The decline in groundwater availability and quality has become a worldwide issue and has been the subject of several studies in recent decades. In this sense, the goal of this study is to assess the vulnerability of the Campeche Aquifer (Florianopolis, Brazil), identifying potential areas of possible contamination by the direct infiltration of runoff in drainage compensatory techniques. To achieve this goal, the following methodological steps were used: (1) data collection and preparation, (2) application of the DRASTIC model, (3) sensitivity analysis and (4) analysis of potential contamination by compensatory techniques. The results show that approximately 33% of the aquifer area presented moderate vulnerability to contamination. However, 29% of the remaining areas had high and extremely high vulnerability. Analysing the potential of contamination with drainage compensatory structures we verified that approximately 95% of them are located in areas of vulnerability classified as moderate and high. The other 5% were identified in areas with extremely high vulnerability. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the removal of topography, soil type and the impact of the vadose zone caused a large variation in vulnerability index. It is evident that there is a high potential of contamination of groundwater by direct infiltration of drainage compensatory structures.

Emission spread from mass and energy exchange in the atmospheric surface layer: Two-dimensional simulation

ABSTRACTThis article provides an original method for simulating the spread of hazardous emissions in the atmospheric surface layer in the event of emergencies The modeling process implies the development of a mathematical tool based on the partial differential equation (PDE) of turbulent diffusion. It is also based on a steady-state equation for determining the contaminant dispersion during an emergency with regard to the elapsed dispersion time, volumetric nature of the contamination source, wind speed. The model allows studying the changes in air composition that have occurred under various meteorological (wind speed and direction, temperature, fogs, precipitation, dust winds) and anthropogenous factors. An attempt was made to calculate the probable contamination area around the arbitrary system of sources with high contaminant concentration under unfavorable weather conditions. The original method for calculating the movement and dispersion of emissions allows forecasting the contaminant concentration level in the two-meter layer above the ground and the vertical concentration distribution with regard to the landscape, identified according to the meteorological data. Our model can be easily scaled on any territory; the entire line of complex landscape features was taken into account by introducing a model of weather statistics for the research region.

The Effect of the Urban Parametrization on Simulated Contaminant Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion

Urban atmospheric transport and dispersion are investigated through the simulation of hypothetical contaminant releases. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to simulate a New York City heat event from 18–20 July 2013 using three different urban parametrizations and the Noah land-surface model, with simulation results reflecting the variations in the parametrization of urban drag and building-wake effects, leading to simulated ranges of 2 °C for the surface air temperature, 3 m s−1 for the surface wind speed, and 20° for the surface wind direction. The Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) model for atmospheric transport and dispersion is used to simulate three hypothetical contaminant releases in Central Park in New York City: the release of a biological agent from a backpack sprayer, the release of pressurized liquid chlorine from a rupture in a tanker truck, and the release of a radioisotope from a radiological dispersion device. The WRF model results from the four simulations at the times of maximum and minimum surface air temperature are used to initialize the QUIC model, with the different urban parametrizations leading to differences in plume directions and contaminant contour areas of up to 33° and up to a factor of 2.1, respectively. The variation in the size of predicted contours at the toxicity threshold may influence emergency-response decisions, while the differences in the predicted plume direction may influence where emergency-response personnel are directed. The results support the development and deployment of the best urban parametrization scheme in a forecast model for predicting hazard areas.

(Invited) Impact of High Temperature Processing on Copper-Related Light-Induced-Degradation in Silicon Devices

Copper (Cu) impurities are known to cause harmful light-induced degradation (Cu-LID) in p-type silicon, even when present in 1E10 cm-3 concentrations. Therefore, it is important to be able to control Cu impurities during device fabrication. In case Cu impurities cannot be fully avoided, the most obvious way to mitigate Cu-LID is gettering, i.e. relocation of Cu impurities from the active device areas to locations in which they are not harmful. Due to high diffusivity of copper, such relocation is expected to be relatively simple as compared to slow-diffusing impurities. Here we report our experimental findings on the gettering of Cu and its impact on Cu-LID effects and demonstrate that e.g. the standard phosphorus gettering does not always prevent the occurrence of Cu-LID. Specifically, time-temperature profiles of the device process steps, copper contamination level as well as bulk micro defects present in the wafers play a critical role in the final gettering efficiency. For instance, we show that a typical rapid thermal anneal (RTA, a few seconds at 800 ºC) used commonly in the semiconductor and photovoltaic industries is sufficient to release significant amount of Cu impurities from the phosphorus-doped layer back to the wafer bulk in seemingly gettered wafers. We also study the impact of Cu-LID on final device operation, namely silicon solar cells, which are processed in industrial environment. We carefully contaminate Cz-substrates of different quality with different amounts of copper and process the substrates into complete industrial Cz-Si solar cells. We demonstrate that copper can be present in significant concentrations in the bulk of the finished cells after being exposed to only trace surface contamination. Consequently, even a small local copper contamination area is sufficient to induce strong LID in the full-sized (8 inch) cell parameters, resulting e.g. in ~7% relative efficiency loss during illumination.

Impact of copper on light-induced degradation in Czochralski silicon PERC solar cells

Both multicrystalline and Czochralski (Cz) silicon substrates are known to suffer from various mechanisms of light-induced degradation (LID), including copper-related LID (Cu-LID). Past studies on Cu-LID have mostly been performed on unprocessed wafers, omitting the impact of the solar cell process on the copper distribution. Here, we carefully contaminate Cz-substrates of different quality with different amounts of copper and process the substrates into complete industrial Cz-Si PERC solar cells, reaching a comprehensive mapping of the impact of Cu-LID for the PV industry. The results show that both the copper contamination level and Cz crystal quality are critical factors affecting the extent of Cu-LID. Most importantly, we show that copper can result in significant concentrations in the bulk of the finished PERC cells after being exposed to only trace surface contamination. Consequently, even a small local copper contamination area (~ 3–4 cm2) is sufficient to induce strong LID in the full-sized (156 × 156 mm2) cell parameters, resulting e.g. in ~7% relative efficiency loss during light soaking. The corresponding short circuit current density decreases by up to a factor of two in the contaminated areas.

Trace elements in soils of oases of Enderby Land (on an example of Vecherny oasis)

The content of trace elements in the soils of the Vecherny Oasis (Enderby Land, East Antarctica), where the construction of the Belarusian Antarctic Station started in December 2015, is considered. The results of the research are based on data collected during four Belarusian Antarctic expeditions in the period from 2011 to 2017, and analytical testing of soil samples taken from impacted and non-impacted sites. A total of 22 soil samples were analyzed for the content of trace elements; to compare the levels of accumulation and possible migration pathways, 7 samples of bottom sediments were also analyzed. Determination of trace elements was carried out using the AAS method (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) and emission spectral analysis (about 40 elements). The average values and range of concentrations of trace elements in soils and bottom sediments of the oasis are presented. The possible dependence of the trace elements content on the location positions in the landscape and on the sources of impact is discussed. It is shown, that the variability of metals content in soil profile for background site is low. In comparison with other oases of Antarctica no hotspots have been revealed and no significant areas of soil contamination have been identified yet, which is largely due to the fragmentation of the soil cover and lack of significant sources of pollution.

Impact in soils caused by metal(loid)s in lead metallurgy. The case of La Cruz Smelter (Southern Spain)

The old mining district of Linares (Southern Spain) was subject to intense Pb mining, minerallurgical and metallurgical activities for centuries, causing significant contamination of nearby soils. In this area the present study analysed the surroundings of the former lead smelter of La Cruz, where, in previous studies, soils with high metal(loid) contents were detected. To determine the intensity, spatial distribution and dispersion mechanisms of different trace elements, a geochemical prospecting campaign was designed in which 44 samples were collected from a 2.2 km2 surface area around the smelter. Of the 33 elements analysed, nine metal(loid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Sb, Bi, Cd and Tl) were found to have a high enrichment factor (EF). These elements show mean concentrations of 672, 6491, 464, 2.8, 75, 20, 2, 13 and 2.9 mg kg−1, respectively, values which largely exceed the levels of the environmental quality standards for soils established by both regional and European regulations. Multivariate analysis and geostatistical distribution maps enabled the most intensely contaminated areas to be characterised.The results obtained indicate that the main contamination zone is related to the smelter itself, with two different dispersal mechanisms: the first is linked to the gases and dust emissions generated by the metallurgical processes, and transported by the prevailing winds, in Southwest-Northeast direction; the second is associated with the leachate produced in the smelter residues. Additionally, two other secondary foci are formed by tailings ponds and mining residues. The contamination areas are known to affect a residential zone near the old smelter installations and land located Northeast of these areas, where there is an olive grove. The results of this study should therefore serve as a basis for the adoption of corrective measures to minimize the adverse effects on the soil from the old mining-metallurgical activities.

Радиационная обстановка на хвостохранилище Степногорского горно-химического комбината и прилегающих территориях. Сообщение I

Purpose: Assessment of the radiation situation at the tailing dump of the Stepnogorsk Mining-Chemical Combine (SMCC) and the settlements around.&#x0D; Material and methods: The tailing dumps of the SMCC and the settlements near located of Aksu, Kvartsytka and Zavodskaya were objects of the radioecological research. Field expedition studies were performed during the summer period and consisted in carrying out a detailed gamma survey of the territory of the investigated objects and settlements, sampling of surface waters, vegetation, surface and layered soil samples. In settlements, along with sampling and studying the gamma background, the equivalent equilibrium volume activity of radon daughters in residential and industrial premises was determined. To determine the concentrations of the studied radionuclides a background was selected, within which the levels of their global deposition were studied. To calculate the individual effective radiation dose of the population the National Radiation Protection Board methodology was used as the basis.&#x0D; Results: In the northern part of the tailing dump of the SMCC in the adjoining territory, a radioactive contamination site was found where the specific activity values for 226Ra, 232Th and 210Pb reach values of 1500–2000 Bq/kg. On the territory of the Aksu settlement, 5 local areas with the area from 25 to 1000 m2 were found, with the intensity of ambient dose equivalent of gamma radiation from 0.39 to 0.86 µSv/h. In the Zavodskaya village, two areas with increased levels of gamma radiation intensity were identified. &#x0D; Conclusion: The obtained results of field work and laboratory analytical studies testify to the negative impact of the tailing dump of the SMCC on the environment of adjacent territories, expressed in contamination of soil, water and vegetation with radionuclides. The nature of the abnormal areas on the territory of the settlements of Aksu and Zavodskaya excludes their origin from the tailing dump of the SMCC. The appearance of these areas of contamination may be due to the use of materials of the 3rd class in sanitary and hygienic standards for improvement and road construction. The probable annual effective dose for the population living in the radioactive local areas of the Aksu ~6.5 mSv/year, at the normal rate of 1 mSv/year from man-made radiation sources.

Is renal tubular cadmium toxicity clinically relevant?

ABSTRACTBackgroundExposure to cadmium (Cd) has been associated with the development of hypertension, especially in women, but the mechanism of such an association is not understood. We hypothesize that Cd exposure alters renal production of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), which plays an indispensable role in renal salt balance and blood pressure control.MethodsWe examined long-term Cd exposure in relation to urinary 20-HETE excretion levels, tubular dysfunction and blood pressure measures, using data from a population-based, cross-sectional study that included 115 normotensive and 110 hypertensive women, 33–55 years of age, who lived in Cd contamination areas in Thailand.ResultsThe mean [standard deviation (SD)] blood Cd level of the study subjects was 3.57 (3.3) µg/L, while the mean (SD) urinary Cd and urinary 20-HETE levels were 0.58 (0.47) µg/g creatinine and 1651 (4793) pg/mL, respectively. Elevated 20-HETE levels were associated with a 90% increase in prevalence odds of hypertension (P = 0.029), four times greater odds of having higher urinary Cd levels (P = 0.030) and a 53% increase in odds of having higher levels of tubular dysfunction (P = 0.049), evident from an increase in urinary excretion of β2-microglobulin. In normotensive subjects, an increase in urinary 20-HETE levels from tertile 1 to tertile 3 was associated with a systolic blood pressure increase of 6 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.3–12, P = 0.040).ConclusionsThis is the first report that links urinary 20-HETE levels to blood pressure increases in Cd-exposed women, thereby providing a plausible mechanism for associated development of hypertension.

Beta Skin Dosimetry using Passivated Planar Silicon Detector

Accurate measurement of beta skin dose remains a challenge. This dose is defined as the dose to the basil layer at 7 mg/cm2 (approximately 70 µm) below the surface of the skin and averaged over an area of 1 cm2. This dose is dependent upon the energy of the beta contamination on the surface of the skin, the area of contamination and the attenuation of this radiation through the 7 mg/cm2 epidermal layer. Ideally, knowing the energy spectra of betas at this level below the surface of the skin would allow accurate prediction of dose. In this work, a Passivated Planar Silicon (PIPS) detector was tested by measuring beta spectra in a geometry simulating skin and, from that, estimating dose. Three calibrated beta sources were used, a low energy beta source, (147Pm), a medium energy source, (204Tl), and a high energy beta source, (90Sr/90Y) to cover the range of beta energies typically found in skin contamination events. Modelling utilized the MCNPX and VARSKIN 4.0 computer codes to calculate dose in skin and were found to be in good agreement with each other. Experimental measurements using a 300 µm thick, 3 cm2 PIPS and the three sources identified above showed good agreement with MCNPX results (and thus, also with VARSKIN). Finally, MCNPX modelling compared the dose rates from a commercially available, 100 µm thick, 1.5 cm2 PIPS detector and skin, and found that the beta dose could be accurately predicted within 17% over the range of beta energies tested. This result can be obtained with a single measurement and without the need for post data collection analysis.

Hyperspectral Features of Oil-Polluted Sea Ice and the Response to the Contamination Area Fraction.

Researchers have studied oil spills in open waters using remote sensors, but few have focused on extracting reflectance features of oil pollution on sea ice. An experiment was conducted on natural sea ice in Bohai Bay, China, to obtain the spectral reflectance of oil-contaminated sea ice. The spectral absorption index (SAI), spectral peak height (SPH), and wavelet detail coefficient (DWT d5) were calculated using stepwise multiple linear regression. The reflectances of some false targets were measured and analysed. The simulated false targets were sediment, iron ore fines, coal dust, and the melt pool. The measured reflectances were resampled using five common sensors (GF-2, Landsat8-OLI, Sentinel3-OLCI, MODIS, and AVIRIS). Some significant spectral features could discriminate between oil-polluted and clean sea ice. The indices correlated well with the oil area fractions. All of the adjusted R2 values exceeded 0.9. The SPH model1, based on spectral features at 507–670 and 1627–1746 nm, displayed the best fitting. The resampled data indicated that these multi-spectral and hyper-spectral sensors could be used to detect crude oil on the sea ice if the effect of noise and spatial resolution are neglected. The spectral features and their identified changes may provide reference on sensor design and band selection.

城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201706141086 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京,中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目（41590841）；国家自然科学基金面上项目（41771201）；国家重点研发计划资助（2016YFC0503004） Method for quantifying the contribution of urbanization on population exposure to air pollution Author: Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Earth Science and Resources Institute,China University of Geosciences Beijing,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:短期快速城市化引发一系列生态环境问题，尤其是近年来以细颗粒物（PM2.5）为代表的城市与区域空气污染问题。人群的污染暴露一方面是因为污染区范围的扩张，另外一方面则归因于城市化引发的人口迁移，目前的研究重点关注于前者的贡献，而忽略了后者的贡献。因此，建立了城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法，并选取我国PM2.5污染最为严重的京津冀城市群开展了实证研究，通过利用2000、2005、2010、2015年PM2.5浓度和人口栅格数据以及人口自然增长率数据，定量评估了城市化引发的人口迁移对空气污染人群暴露的贡献。研究结果显示：（1）京津冀地区受污染影响面积和人口变化显著，造成大量的人口暴露于PM2.5污染。（2）城市化引发的人口迁移与自然增长贡献率方面：总体上，2000-2015年，京津冀城市群总的人口迁移贡献率为48%，北京市和天津市总的人口迁移贡献率分别为94%和88%，而河北省污染总的人口迁移贡献率为-32%。其中在污染保持区，北京市和天津市的人口迁移贡献率均接近100%，而河北省的迁移贡献率为-26%，尤其在2010-2015年，河北省衡水市的人口迁移贡献率达到-6613%；在污染新增区，北京市和天津市的人口迁移贡献率分别为86%和84%，而河北省污染的人口迁移贡献率为-757%。本研究建立了定量化的方法揭示了城市化在空气污染人群暴露中的定量贡献，为科学引导城市化发展提供了定量的手段，为合理规划京津冀城市群地区的人口流动与空气污染奠定了数据基础。 Abstract:Rapid urbanization has negative effects on the ecological environment, especially the air pollution in some areas of China, where the air has been widely polluted by the major pollutant known as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in recent decades. The population exposure in the contaminated area is generally due to the expansion of the contaminant's area, but is also highly attributed to the population migration caused by rapid urbanization. In this study, we established a quantitative model for evaluating the contribution of urbanization on the population exposed to air pollution, and selected the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, which has been suffering the most severe PM2.5 pollution in China and undergoing rapid urbanization. By using PM2.5 concentration, population raster data, and population natural growth rate data from 2000 to 2015, we quantitatively explored the contribution of urbanization on the population exposed to air pollution. The results showed that:(1) the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area affected by pollution and population changed significantly, resulting in a large number of people exposed to PM2.5 pollution. (2) Contribution of population migration and natural growth caused by urbanization were varied:in general, the total population migration contribution rate, which is the percentage of migrated population in the total increased population that exposed to PM2.5 pollution, of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration was 48%, the total population migration contribution rate of Beijing and Tianjin were 94% and 88% respectively, and that of Hebei Province was -32% from 2000 to 2015. In the continuously polluted area, the contribution rates of population migration in Beijing and Tianjin were close to 100% in 2000-2015, while the contribution rate of migration in Hebei was -26%; in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, the contribution rate of population migration was -6613% in 2010-2015. In the areas into which pollution expanded, the contribution of population migration in Beijing and Tianjin were 86% and 84% respectively, while the contribution rate of population migration in Hebei province was -757% in 2000-2015. This study establishes a quantitative approach to reveal the quantitative contribution of population exposure to air pollution caused by urbanization. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

ПУТИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ МЕТОДИКИ ОЦЕНКИ РИСКА ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ ПРИ ПЕРЕВОЗКЕ АХОВ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ

Introduction. Currently, the risk assessment method is widely used at the facilities. This is true in determining the chemical hazards arising in the storage infrastructure and transport of chemically dangerous substances. The basis of risk assessment analysis of chemical hazard is forecasting of the consequences of chemical accidents and contamination areas. Methods. As a result, it was revealed that the methods contain wrong assumptions. In particular, the actual area of chemically dangerous substance spill and its absorption into the underlying surface are not taken into account. These assumptions are proposed to be eliminated by use spreading and infiltration coefficient in the risk assessment method of chemical hazards. These coefficients are calculated on the basis of experiments to determine the area of the spill and the proportion of infiltration in the underlying surface of the main types of chemically dangerous substance. The spreading surface coefficient clarifies the main features that effect on evaporation time, the area of the spill and the thickness of the film of chemically dangerous substance spill on the underlying surface. Results and discussion. Infiltration coefficient determines the amount of chemically dangerous sub­stance absorbed into the underlying surface. In addition, it is not taken into account in the secondary cloud formation of chemical contamination. The article presents the coefficients that are calculated for the main types of chemically dangerous substance and ways to obtain them. An assessment of the chemical hazard was carried out using an improved methodology in the Republic of Mordovia. The procedure is compared with other methods. Conclusion. Calculations show that the proposed methodology for chemical risk assessment will allow more accurate forecasting. It is better to assess the risk of chemical hazards.