Areas Of Community Development Research Articles

Community Empowerment Through Integrated Cattle Farming in Muara Satu District, Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province

Community empowerment is the responsibility of all parties as mandated by the law. The private sector must do some programs that benefit and positively impact all its surroundings. PT Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE) North Sumatra Offshore (NSO), which operates in Aceh, has done a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program by empowering the community through integrated cattle farming in Muara Satu District, Lhokseumawe City, Aceh Province. This program will be carried out by assisting with as many as twenty-two cattle and assistance to farmers for five months in 2022. Cattle assistance was provided for eleven Gampong (villages) through the Forum Geuchik (village heads) of Muara Satu District, Lhokseumawe City. This program is well implemented, marked by success in fattening and profits between Rp2.500.000 to Rp4.000.000 per head of cattle within five months of rearing. Integrated livestock can develop into a Village Owned Enterprise (BUMDes). This program allows for replication to various areas around the community development area by PT Pertamina Hulu Energi (NSO)

APPLICATION OF PARTICIPATORY LAND USE PLANNING TOOL IN SOME COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AREAS OF JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Participatory land use planning was conducted with the aim to develop community natural resources maps in some selected community development areas (CDA) for sustainable land use planning and problem prioritization for intervention in Jigawa State. Mapping of the community natural resources was conducted in six selected communities in two local government areas: Auyo LGA (Auyokayi, Ayan and Gamafoi), Dutse LGA (Dagwaje, Gandun Fawa and Kwadiya). The six CDAs were sketched, delineated and mapped participatorily, thereafter, problems of each of the CDAs were listed and ranked. The results obtained indicated that, land use types identified were rain-fed/upland, Fadama/ lowland, Sand-dunes areas and others. Farmlands are the major land use types in the study area, major prioritized problems by the farmers were poor irrigation facilities, low soil fertility, poor access roads and, inadequate water for domestic use.

Design Thinking and Urban Community Development: East Bangkok

This research focuses on community development and ways in which community members can express their opinions and maintain well-being. However, in many contexts, these voices have been enfeebled through top-down approaches, lack of a concrete scenario, and attention to community problems, all of which are frequently associated with prejudices based on social status, education, or gender. For the first time within an urban context, the Ban Bu/Wat Suwannaram community in Bangkok, Thailand, has been given the opportunity to voice their opinions about the community, the direction it should take, and the overall improvement to be made, without the constriction of external authorities. This study applies design thinking, which despite being one of the major trends in business over the last couple of decades, is not generally used to address social issues. Since design thinking requires data collection and the creation of a model/prototype, two complementary procedures are employed. Firstly, the community is studied through observation and interviews, which helped creating a SWOT analysis to identify its potential and facilitate an informal discussion with members of the local community on the situation before urbanisation loosened community ties. After this initial stage, a prototype for various areas of community development is discussed in a community workshop to enable participants to offer their opinions on how the community could develop further. The results reveal the aspirations of the local community towards improving social and environmental issues.

Journalists from Local Media in Sibiu (Romania) and the Challenges of Goal 11 from UN Agenda2030

This article addresses how journalists in the local press are interested in covering topics in the field of sustainable development, more precisely those connected with SDG11 - sustainable cities and communities. While the theoretical framework investigates recent studies on the general relationship between media and sustainable development, the applied part of this paper consists of empirical research aimed to distinguish this relationship, especially concerning SDG11 locally, in Sibiu, a city from central part of Romania. The research questions that formed the basis of the applied research were: Do local journalists know the 17 objectives of sustainable development on the UN 2030 Agenda? Regardless of whether they know the objectives or not, to what extent are local journalists interested in producing materials related to SDG 11 - sustainable cities and communities? How do they understand media reporting on SDGs in general and Goal 11 in particular? How do journalists define the relationship they have with local government institutions? What about NGOs in the area of ​​community development? How interested are the media consumers in topics related to the sustainable development of their community? For the applied part of this study, we resorted to a complementary methodological approach: on the one hand, we conducted a case study on a specific event, namely the media coverage of European Mobility Week, monitoring journalistic materials published in media outlets from Sibiu, between September 16-22, on the most relevant local news sites; on the other hand, we organized a focus group attended by eight professional journalists, full-time employees from the first two most-read local news sites: Tribuna (three people) and Turnul Sfatului (five people). The group interview comprised some pre-set questions, but we also included adjacent queries destined for clarification in-depth. The main advantage of the use and combination of the two research methods - case study and focus group - is to obtain quantitative and qualitative data relevant to journalistic practices in the local press with reference to a specific topic.
 The most relevant conclusion of this research is that the way in which journalists from the local press relate to the objectives of sustainable development does not consider primarily the agenda of institutions, but the public interest and the specific needs of Sibiu dwellers. However, local newsrooms frequently inform about decisions and actions of local institutions, such as the City Hall or the County Council. Some of them are connected to UN Agenda 2030 and have budgets including for media trusts, which is why the press releases appear in local newspapers.

Exploring Maker Innovation: A Transdisciplinary Engineering Design Perspective

Researchers, designers, and engineers embrace the ongoing maker movement and view ‘grassroots innovation’ as essentially important for staying competitive in both academia and in industry. The research team gives full play to its expertise on innovation and entrepreneurship education. In the past five years of actively participating in the China-U.S. Young Maker Competition, the team coached and worked with over five hundred student makers to create innovative engineering prototypes focusing on the areas of community development, education, environmental protection, health and fitness, energy, transportation, and other areas of sustainable development by combining innovative design and emerging technologies. Several conceptual designs and developments are described. A transdisciplinary engineering design and teaching approach is presented and discussed. Due to the limited time allowed by the competition, more thorough design and development iterations will take place in a future study.

Practical Approach of Environmental Awareness to Broadening Community Participation: A Case Study of Pindad (Persero)

Manufacturing industries, both in commercial and strategic defense sectors are in trends to start their changing paradigm on environmental management. PT Pindad (Persero) as one of national manufacturing industry in Indonesia has been initiated related programs for the last few years. Starting year of 2020, the industry have implemented new transformation on energy and environmental preservation program, which also simultaneously conducted in community development area. This paper mainly discussed about activity in the industry, consist of energy efficiency and responsible resource consumption to reduce waste emitted to the environment, taking into account the life cycle thinking. Results shows that life cycle thinking of the Weapons Division consist of Design, Development, Manufacture, and Assembling activity, have potential impact in wastewater toxicity and air emission. This impact somehow drives the industry to reports the improvement program comprehensively, mainly in manufacturing area. Moreover, in the same objectives to spread environmental concern, the industry also conducted ex-situ conservation and land rehabilitation, while also develop awareness on environmental, safety, and health aspect to the long-run community empowerment.

Unpacking local agency in China–Africa relations: Frictional encounters and development outcomes of solar power in Kenya

China is a ‘rising power’ in Africa, and growing Chinese investments in the renewable energy sector in SSA (e.g. in wind and solar) are gaining traction. The ways in which China is shaping low-carbon energy transitions in SSA and the implications of it doing so merit attention. While existing research has tended to focus on fossil fuels and hydropower, it is crucial to undertake analysis of Chinese-backed wind and solar projects and of the micro-level engagements of Sino-African actors in order to further unpack the nature and complexity of Chinese involvement as it unfolds on the ground. In this article, we employ the concept of ‘frictional encounters’ in order to investigate empirically the development of the first utility-scale solar PV project in Kenya, which was delivered as a turnkey package along with a Chinese investor, technology supplier and construction contractor. Building on qualitative research methods, including semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions, we explore the micro-level frictional encounters between Chinese and Kenyan actors involved in the project in the areas of community development and employment. The article offers two important insights: (I) that the project organization has important implications for the scope of the development outcomes; and (II) that these outcomes are not likely to accrue automatically without deliberate government intervention. In addition, the article offers a finer-grained perspective on Chinese projects in Africa focusing on the often overlooked significance of local African agency in Sino-African relations. Finally, the article provides a contribution to furthering understanding of the theoretical processes and features of the concept of frictional encounters.

Обґрунтування напрямків розвитку сільських та селищних територіальних громад Луганської області

In connection with the completion of the administrative-territorial reform and the creation of 1469 territorial communities (TGs) in Ukraine, which function on the basis of direct relations with the central budget of the country, the issue of summarizing the results of the activities of previously created communities to generalize the directions of their development is being updated. An analysis of the activities of previously created TGs, which have worked on the terms of direct relationships with the state budget for 1 to 3 years, shows a very different level of their effectiveness. Therefore, the issue of economic efficiency of TG activities should become an object of thorough research in order to determine the factors and substantiate the directions of development of territorial communities. Based on a study of the performance indicators of 17 rural communities in the Luhansk region, results were obtained that show certain patterns of variability in the specific indicators of income, capital and current costs per capita, depending on the general indicators of TG, such as the number of inhabitants and the area of TG territory. As a result, for the rural territorial communities of the Luhansk region, functioning in the same climatic and industrial conditions, ideas about relevant areas of community development, in particular, through more efficient use of land resources, assistance to the development of entrepreneurship, limiting the costs of maintaining the community management apparatus, taking into account objective trends in the change in indicators depending on the size and area of the territory of communities.

Practical Approach of Environmental Awareness to Broadening Community Participation: A Case Study of Pindad (Persero)

The purpose of this study is to discuss the activity in the manufacturing industry, consisting of energy efficiency and responsible resource consumption to reduce waste emitted to the environment, taking into account the life cycle thinking. Manufacturing industries, both in commercial and strategic defense sectors are in trends to start their changing paradigm on environmental management. PT Pindad (Persero) as one of national manufacturing industry in Indonesia has been initiated related programs for the last few years. Starting year of 2020, the industry have implemented new transformation on energy and environmental preservation program, which also simultaneously conducted in community development area. This paper has collected both primary and secondary data depending upon onsite data availability. Data is obtained in several related divisions that responsible to do monitoring periodically. Therefore, range of data used in this paper started from 2018 onwards. Results shows that life cycle thinking of the Weapons Division consist of Design, Development, Manufacture, and Assembling activity, have potential impact in wastewater toxicity and air emission. This impact somehow drives the industry to reports the improvement program comprehensively, mainly in manufacturing area. Moreover, in the same objectives to spread environmental concern, the industry also conducted ex-situ conservation and land rehabilitation, while also develop awareness on environmental, safety, and health aspect to the long-run community empowerment.

Strategy and Management for Community Engagement and Investment

The first step in the process of designing, implementing and managing a company’s community engagement and investment should be developing appropriate strategies and policies. The development of a community-focused strategy is the time for the corporate responsibility committee of the company’s board of directors, and the company as a whole, to focus on three fundamental questions. First, the company should decide on the group within their community that will be the primary target of the activities (e.g., young people by improving primary education and/or providing recreational spaces, older people or community members with disabilities). The next thing that needs to be done is to determine whether activities should be focused on specific parts of the community, such as a particular neighborhood, or can and should be scaled to have an impact throughout the entire geographic area. Finally, in order to have a strategy the company needs to decide on the sector and related issues on which the community-related activities will concentrate. Sector refers to the broader community development area (e.g., education, health, the environment and job creation) on which the company’s community-related activities will concentrate, and issues are specific aspects of the selected sector (e.g., early childhood education in the education sector or entrepreneurship training in the job creation sector).

Mapping and Assessment of Healthcare Facilities Using GIS in a Part of Ikorodu Metropolis, Lagos State

The uneven distribution of health care services in Nigeria had been validated the inequalities in the accessibility and the best of fitness care services rendered to citizens. Basic fitness care offerings continue to be a cardinal responsibility of the authorities for the survival of her citizenry. Mostly in the developing country, the accessibility to these health care centres is poorly understood and underserved by the timing populations. there is a need to apprehend the elements that affect or inhibit health care used and what contributed to the use elements in term of distance from residences to the health care amenities and the thickly populace developed round the facilities. This paper focuses on the acceptable evaluation of spatial distribution of health care facilities and proposed for new health centres in some of catchments location that deserves it primarily based on distance and population figures in Ikorodu Local Community Development Area. It was subdivided into Ibese, Ojubode , Local Govt, Police Post, Ebute , Ogoloto , Tos Benson, Ita Elewa, Sambo , Alagbala and Eyita Area with their two land mass for every the catchment area inside the learn about which covered two Ibese Area, Ojubode Area, Local Govt. Area, Police Post Area, Ebute Area, Ogoloto Area, Tos Benson Area, Ita Elewa, Sambo Area, Alagbala Area and Eyita Area covered 128.585 ha, 59.658 ha, 106.793ha, 99.631ha, 140.803ha, 109.485ha, 131.518 ha, 111.625ha, 155.051 ha, 89.698 ha and 112.907 ha. Based on buffer coverage and population used and it was revealed and proposed new healthcare centres for Ojubode, Local Govt, Ibese, part of Eyita, Sambo,Alagbala and Ogoloto areas maps were produced. The useful geodatabase was created for digital healthcare facility mapping for less difficult replace every time it’s necessary.

Mapping and Assessment of Healthcare Facilities Using GIS in a Part of Ikorodu Metropolis, Lagos State

The uneven distribution of health care services in Nigeria had been validated the inequalities in the accessibility and the best of fitness care services rendered to citizens. Basic fitness care offerings continue to be a cardinal responsibility of the authorities for the survival of her citizenry. Mostly in the developing country, the accessibility to these health care centres is poorly understood and underserved by the timing populations. there is a need to apprehend the elements that affect or inhibit health care used and what contributed to the use elements in term of distance from residences to the health care amenities and the thickly populace developed round the facilities. This paper focuses on the acceptable evaluation of spatial distribution of health care facilities and proposed for new health centres in some of catchments location that deserves it primarily based on distance and population figures in Ikorodu Local Community Development Area. It was subdivided into Ibese, Ojubode , Local Govt, Police Post, Ebute , Ogoloto , Tos Benson, Ita Elewa, Sambo , Alagbala and Eyita Area with their two land mass for every the catchment area inside the learn about which covered two Ibese Area, Ojubode Area, Local Govt. Area, Police Post Area, Ebute Area, Ogoloto Area, Tos Benson Area, Ita Elewa, Sambo Area, Alagbala Area and Eyita Area covered 128.585 ha, 59.658 ha, 106.793ha, 99.631ha, 140.803ha, 109.485ha, 131.518 ha, 111.625ha, 155.051 ha, 89.698 ha and 112.907 ha. Based on buffer coverage and population used and it was revealed and proposed new healthcare centres for Ojubode, Local Govt, Ibese, part of Eyita, Sambo,Alagbala and Ogoloto areas maps were produced. The useful geodatabase was created for digital healthcare facility mapping for less difficult replace every time it’s necessary.

Perpetration and Experience of Intimate Partner Violence Among Residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area, Lagos State, Nigeria.

The occurrence of aggressive behavior in intimate relationships carries serious mental and physical health consequences for the victims and children exposed to such events. Studies have been devoted toward understanding the nature and prevalence of the phenomenon; however, there has been a paucity of empirical investigation into the complexities and nuances of the subject matter, and this study seeks to address one of such complexities. This study examines the dynamics of intimate partner violence (IPV) within the context of perpetration and victimization among residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey, 218 married residents of the area were analyzed through bivariate and multivariate regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that gender and socioeconomic factors were not associated with IPV victimization. Educational differences between the respondent and spouse were associated with IPV victimization. Individuals who perpetrated IPV were about 19 times more likely to experience IPV. This study sheds light on the areas of IPV that tend to be ignored in academic literature and it calls for more empirical investigation, both at the quantitative and qualitative levels, to be conducted for better understanding of the subject matter.

Консолідація місцевих громад: політичні чинники

У статті вивчено консолідацію місцевих громад як явище перетворення суспільного середовища вітчизняної трансформаційної політичної системи, приділено увагу особливостям злагодженої дії неурядових організацій на рівні місцевих громад. З’ясовано, що ймовірність поширення принципів безпосереднього народного волевиявлення на місцевий рівень виступає чинником стимулювання демократичних реформ, підвищення рівня громадянської активності, забезпечення прозорості діяльності влади, досягнення високих європейських стандартів. Доведена спроможність і актуальність місцевої демократизації в сучасній Україні. Розглянуто подолання обмежень інституційної моделі щодо вироблення спільних правил гри для діяльності місцевих політичних суб’єктів. Виокремлено значення формування широкого консенсусу і забезпечення синхронності у функціонуванні місцевих громад. Метою статті є встановлення особливостей консолідації місцевих громад на основі зарубіжного і вітчизняного досвіду. Розкрито специфіку взаємодії локальних і центральних еліт. Наведено орієнтири консолідації як чинника забезпечення сталого розвитку місцевих громад у політичній площині. Доводиться, що активізації локального політичного спектру сприяє місцевий порядок денний, який визначає необхідність тісної співпраці між діючими політичними силами та громадськими об’єднаннями, які відстоюють конкретні інтереси громадян.

АНАЛІЗУВАННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ РОБОТИ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНОЇ ГРОМАДИ

Reforming the system of public finances and administrative- territorial organization of Ukraine affects the formation of effective mechanisms for financial support of the functioning of territorial communities for their full involvement in the processes of socio-economic growth of the state. In this context, the theoretical principles of the need to analyze the financial condition of territorial communities in Ukraine are considered. In accordance with modern domestic transformation processes, local self- government bodies are gradually becoming influential subjects of financing the development of territorial communities in Ukraine. In addition to them, today the important subjects in these processes are public authorities that provide funding for the development of territorial communities. The author of the study analyzed the financial work of Novostrilishchanskaya TG during 2019-2020. As a result, the amount of budget allocations increased by UAH 442082. Revenues from the provision of services also increased by UAH 6,668. The amount of income from exchange transactions increased by UAH 448,750,000. Tax revenues of the budget decreased by UAH 35,642. However, the total budget revenues increased by UAH 492,853. As for expenditures, there was a significant increase in expenditures for the implementation of budget programs by UAH 424,473. Based on the SWOT analysis, problems were identified and priority areas of community development were selected. The community has significant prospects for economic and social development, associated with a favorable geographical location, good transport links and hard work of community residents. It is substantiated that the financial support of territorial communities should be understood as the process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources in order to meet the needs and interests of citizens in all spheres of life in the territory. In this context, the main priority areas of financial development of the community for the next 3-5 years are proposed. Effective methods of analysis of financial work for construction of strategy of development of territorial communities are defined.

Comparative analysis of International Service Learning Programs

Purpose – International service learning is a new trend in management development and a new field of research. International Service Learning Programs (ISLP) are experiential corporate volunteering initiatives designed to give employees the chance to work for a short spell abroad (often in a developing or emerging market) on a service assignment with a partner from the social sector (e.g. NGO, social enterprise). The service assignment is a project defined with a social-sector partner on which the corporate employee works full-time on a pro-bono basis and contributes his/her knowledge and expertise in exchange for a rich learning experience. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the use of ISLP in business firms and conducts a comparative analysis of six programs set up by multinational corporations from three industries (health, technology, and accounting and professional services). It identifies characteristics and similarities among programs, discusses differences, offers criteria for program classification and areas for future research. As such, it is an important starting point for quantitative studies. Design/methodology/approach – This is a qualitative study based on six ISLP. The data were gathered through desk research, interviews with program representatives and a structured questionnaire containing closed and open-ended questions. Findings – Regardless of the stated aims (which usually stress value for the participants, the company and the communities), most programs had one clear focus (two programs in the area of leadership development, two in the area of community development) while two showed closely linked foci (with slightly greater emphasis on organization development than on the other areas). Research limitations/implications – The authors suggest that the type of ISLP has an effect on the learning outcomes. Since companies are still testing usefulness and outcomes of these programs, academic research that provides comparative quantitative data on the outcomes of such programs is of great value for business practice. Practical implications – This systematic overview and classification of ISLP is a starting point for empirical program comparisons as well as for the evaluation of different service learning approaches. This could prove very useful for other companies planning to set up or refine their own ISLP to achieve certain outcomes. Originality/value – This is the first paper that compares ISLP run by multinational corporations. It identifies a number of category areas in which they differ (e.g. in placement length, nature of the assignment – individual or in teams, learning methods used) and provides a typology for program classification (leadership development, organization development or community development).

Eksplorasi Bakteri Kandidat Probiotik di Lumpur Hutan Mangrove Wonorejo <br><i>[Exploration The Candidate Probiotic Bacteria In Mangrove Mud Wonorejo]<I>

AbstractMangrove as one of the bacterial community development area, one of which is a probiotic bacterium. Exploration of probiotic bacteria in the mud of mangrove forest has not been done, especially in the mud in the mangrove forest Wonorejo, Rungkut-Surabaya. This study aims to determine the candidate probiotic bacteria species found in mangrove forests Wonorejo. This research method is descriptive in the form of sludge sampling surveys at five different points area. Sampling points are T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. T1 is an area of mangrove forest near Wonorejo milkfish. T2 is a region of southern estuarine mangrove forest near Wonorejo milkfish. T3 is a region of northern estuary mangrove forest Wonorejo near sewerage drains Wonorejo citizens. T4 is a region of southern estuarine mangrove forest Wonorejo and T5 is a region of northern estuarine mangrove forest Wonorejo. Fifth sludge samples performed a series of tests in the identification bekteri Hall Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Safety of Fishery Products Class 1 Juanda. Data were analyzed by descriptive identification results by describing the data distribution of probiotic bacteria at each sampling point area Wonorejo mangrove mud. The results showed that probiotic candidate bacterias found were Bacillus sp., B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pseudomonas sp., P. pseudomallei, Vibrio alginolyticus and Microccus sp.

Denbigh Showground: a potential “agri-cultural” attraction concept for tourism in Jamaica

Subject area The proposed areas of study for this case are strategic management, marketing, tourism planning and development, hospitality management, attraction management and special event planning and management. Study level/applicability The case is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students pursuing courses in the areas of strategic management, marketing, tourism planning and development, hospitality and tourism management, attraction management and special event planning and management. Case overview The Denbigh Showground located in the parish of Clarendon, Jamaica, is the venue of the annual Agricultural and Industrial Show. Three separate studies conducted indicated the need for its development to enable the use of the facility all year round and to contribute to the socio-economic development of the parish. Suggested development options from these studies included a fun and amusement park, a site for eco-tourism and a multi-purpose agri-cultural facility with linkages to the parish's cultural legacies and places of interest. The large land acreage could facilitate its development, making the property a leading “agri-cultural” attraction concept. Expected learning outcomes he students should be able to: identify the typology of the Denbigh Showground as an attraction; categorize the product offerings of the Denbigh Showground from a marketing perspective; explain the factors to consider regarding the development of the showground; analyze the socio-economic contributions of the facility to the parish of Clarendon and the community's attitude towards the development of the showground; discuss the potential uses of the Denbigh Showground that can make it a leading international “agri-cultural” attraction; synthesize the concept of sustainable tourism development and its importance to the development and viability of the attraction for future generations; and assess other tourism concepts such as community-based tourism, special interest tourism and alternative tourism and how they relate to the development of the Denbigh Showground. Social implications This case study will help students understand the concept of an agri-cultural attraction and its impact on the socio-economic development of the surrounding communities and the country as a whole. The case will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the areas of community development and residents’ perception regarding tourism development. It offers insights to both potential and current investors; provides practical guidance to the government and other tourism planners to enable better planning for the areas’ future growth and development; and serves as a reference for academicians as well as undergraduate and graduate students. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or e-mail: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Sustainable community development through sport and events: A conceptual framework for Sport-for-Development projects

The number of aid organisations, NGOs and government agencies pursuing the Millennium Development Goals and seeking to improve the everyday needs and social life of disadvantaged communities has been growing over the past decade. Particularly in divided societies, Sport-for-Development projects have increasingly been staged to contribute to intergroup togetherness, social cohesion and community empowerment. While the analyses of individual sport and event initiatives highlights their capacity to impact positively on people and groups, they do not provide strategic guidelines, models or frameworks for community empowerment. However, such models are needed to foster practical research in the area of community development that can inform sport and event planning, management and leverage. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper presents and discusses the Sport-for-Development (S4D) Framework, which can be used to guide the strategic investigation of sport and event projects and their contribution to understanding and measuring direct social impacts and sustainable social outcomes for (disparate) communities. The S4D Framework presents a holistic yet flexible management tool that can take account of cultural heterogeneity and program diversity, while shaping implementation, directing evaluation, and encouraging future planning of development initiatives. To conclude, this paper suggests different ways in which the S4D Framework can be empirically tested and validated through both qualitative and quantitative research.

The Operationalization of the Concept of Participation from the Islamic Perspective in Community Development Research Methodology

AbstractThe operationalization of a concept is an important issue within social science research because it has to do with the content validity of the research concept and the accuracy of the variable. Nevertheless, the operating concept has been emphasized in the Western perspective on research, but it is not discussed much from an Islamic perspective. This is due to the fact that many Islamic perspectives emphasize the practical aspects of human life as seen through the revelatory source. To assess the situation, this paper reviews a comparative study that uses content analysis design and applied methods for comparing various dimensions of library methods. These methods operationalize both Western and Islamic perspectives in the area of community development. The data was coordinated and analyzed by QSR NVivo computer software. Overall, the study shows that the Islamic perspective has its own explanations with respect to the concept of participation, its own operationalization, and integral multiple-dimensions. Thus, this paper illustrates that the Islamic perspective has successfully proven its ability to conduct scientific research through its own ontology and epistemology of areas of community development