Coastal Zone Area Research Articles

Направления по сохранению устойчивых лесов правобережья реки Волги

Forest ecosystems of the right bank of Volga. The increase of human activities. The decline of forest ecosystem stability. Typological diversity of the forests of the coastal zone and coastal areas. A complex of environmental protection measures to preserve the diversity and stability of vegetation: cutting of plantings, the regulation of recreational power on the coastal forests, protection of forests against diseases, pests, silvicultural and fire work. Improvement of coastal areas. The drought of the summer of 2010 and withering of birch stands, infection of oak forests by entomologic insects. Projected forest plantations of the Volga region, depending on soil conditions. Deforestation of steep slopes, gullies and ravines systems. Mixed and complex forest stands are effective. The bushy plants improves the soil protection role of forest communities. Conservation of trustworthy undergrowth of oak, linden, pine, larch, birch. Phytocenosis of Siberian larch on brown forest soil. Preparation of soil for planting. Meadow-improving development of erosion lands, hydraulic engineering measures. The type of forest conditions in the study area - fresh oak forest (D2), at least - moist complex subor (C3). Data of ground survey of areas and satellite images. Databases of abundance and distribution of flora, fauna, and information technology.

Polycyclic Musks in the Air and Water of the Lower Great Lakes: Spatial Distribution and Volatilization from Surface Waters

Polycyclic musks (PCMs) are synthetic fragrance compounds used in personal care products and household cleaners. Previous studies have indicated that PCMs are introduced to aquatic environments via wastewater and river discharge. Polyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed in air and water during winter 2011 and summer 2012 to investigate the role of population centers as sources of these contaminants to the Great Lakes and determine whether the lakes were acting as sources of PCMs via volatilization. Average gaseous Σ5PCM ranged from below detection limits (<DL) to 3.2 ng/m3 on the western shoreline of Lake Erie in Toledo. Average dissolved Σ5PCM ranged from <DL to 2.6 ng/L on the southern shore of Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Oswego River. Significant correlations were observed between population density and Σ5PCM in both air and water, with strongest correlations within a 25 and 40 km radius, respectively. At sites where HHCB was detected it was generally volatilizing, while the direction of AHTN air-water exchange was variable. Volatilization fluxes of HHCB ranged from 11 ± 6 to 341 ± 127 ng/m2/day, while air-water exchange fluxes of AHTN ranged from -3 ± 2 to 28 ± 10 ng/m2/day. Extrapolation of average air-water exchange flux values over the surface area of the lakes' coastal boundary zone suggested volatilization may be responsible for the loss of 64-213 kg/year of dissolved Σ5PCM from the lakes.

OPEN-SOURCE DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEMs) EVALUATION WITH GPS AND LiDAR DATA

Abstract. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) are freely available Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets for environmental modeling and studies. The quality of spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of the DEM data source has a great influence particularly on the accuracy specifically for inundation mapping. Most of the coastal inundation risk studies used the publicly available DEM to estimated the coastal inundation and associated damaged especially to human population based on the increment of sea level. In this study, the comparison between ground truth data from Global Positioning System (GPS) observation and DEM is done to evaluate the accuracy of each DEM. The vertical accuracy of SRTM shows better result against ASTER and GMTED10 with an RMSE of 6.054 m. On top of the accuracy, the correlation of DEM is identified with the high determination of coefficient of 0.912 for SRTM. For coastal zone area, DEMs based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) dataset was used as ground truth data relating to terrain height. In this case, the LiDAR DEM is compared against the new SRTM DEM after applying the scale factor. From the findings, the accuracy of the new DEM model from SRTM can be improved by applying scale factor. The result clearly shows that the value of RMSE exhibit slightly different when it reached 0.503 m. Hence, this new model is the most suitable and meets the accuracy requirement for coastal inundation risk assessment using open source data. The suitability of these datasets for further analysis on coastal management studies is vital to assess the potentially vulnerable areas caused by coastal inundation.

Physical and Biological Alterations Following Dredging in Two Beach Nourishment Borrow Areas in South Carolina's Coastal Zone

ABSTRACT Crowe, S.E.; Bergquist, D.C.; Sanger, D.M., and Van Dolah, R.F., 2016. Physical and biological alterations following dredging in two beach nourishment borrow areas in South Carolina's coastal zone. Dredging of nearshore subtidal sand deposits as a source for beach fill is a common practice in the SE United States, but the long-term effects of this practice on benthic environments are not well documented. Two borrow areas used to nourish the shoreface of Folly Beach, South Carolina, in 2005 (borrow area A) and 2007 (borrow area B) were sampled for sediment characteristics (silt and clay, calcium carbonate, total organic matter content, and sand phi size) and macrobenthic infaunal community composition using a before–after, control–impact design over periods of 8 and 6 years postdredging, respectively. Following dredging, surficial sediment characteristics within both borrow pits shifted toward finer materials and showed little evidence of recovering 8 and 6 years after impact. Changes in the benth...

Characterizing Surface and Air Temperature in the Baltic Sea Coastal Area Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Gis

Abstract Estimation of surface temperature using multispectral imagery retrieved from satellite sensors constitutes several problems in terms of accuracy, accessibility, quality and evaluation. In order to obtain accurate results, currently utilized methods rely on removing atmospheric fluctuations in separate spectral windows, applying atmospheric corrections or utilizing additional information related to atmosphere or surface characteristics like atmospheric water vapour content, surface effective emissivity correction or transmittance correction. Obtaining accurate results of estimation is particularly critical for regions with fairly non-uniform distribution of surface effective emissivity and surface characteristics such as coastal zone areas. The paper presents the relationship between retrieved land surface temperature, air temperature, sea surface temperature and vegetation indices (VI) calculated based on remote observations in the coastal zone area. An indirect comparison method between remotely estimated surface temperature and air temperature using LST/VI feature space characteristics in an operational Geographic Information System is also presented.

Analyzing the transfer of immovable property rights for urban resilience: An alternative land management model for the Karaburun–Cesme–Seferihisar Peninsula

This paper discusses the transfer of property rights as an active strategic tool that defines space (re) production, development, protection, and management processes and presents a creative approach and a perspective for urban resilience by an alternative land management model proposal. The discussion in this paper largely differs from the understanding of the concept both by the planning institution and the majority of academic studies. While the planning institution approaches the transfer of property rights as a passive ingredient, academic studies focus mainly on the outcomes of this transfer in economic terms and they fail in defining the necessary strategies, policies, and regulatory tools to decrease risk and negative impacts. The alternative approach presented in this paper suggests that property rights as a creative approach and policy tool for urban resilience should be examined on the basis of the relationship between partial interests in property; relative to value, land use, the location and the amount and type of real property transactions. A coastal region in Turkey where all types of historical, cultural, and natural resources are concentrated, but rapidly destroyed with the pressure of tourism, energy investments, and secondary housing is selected as a case for the analysis of the effects of the property market with the planning/urbanization problems in the region. The case study takes into account the internet data of transfer values by property types in the year 2008. The case study is used for presenting an administrative model that is implemented through and understanding for spatial planning to achieve urban resilience. This understanding is based on the concepts of integrated coastal zone and protection area management that are realized by controlling and directing transfers in order to limit the impact of the market and planning institutions.

Study on biological characteristics of a newly isolated Vietnamese strain of microalga Isochrysis galbana Parke for utilizing as live aquaculture feed

Marine microalga Isochrysis sp. was isolated from Hai Phong area of Vietnam coastal zone. Their pure cultures were raised in the laboratory for culture optimization, molecular identification and biochemical analysis. Based on the morphological studies the newly isolated species was identified as Isochrysis galbana Parke and was confirmed by 18S rRNA gene analysis. The nucleotide sequence of partial 18S rRNA gene was submitted to the GENEBANK with accession number FJ536744. Optimum conditions for growth of the species was f/2 medium at temperature 25 ± 1°C, salinity 30 ± 1 psu, pH 7.0 and light intensity of 100 μmol m−2 s−1. Under these optimum conditions, the content of protein, carbohydrate and total lipid were 27.981 ± 0.892%, 25.263 ± 0.789% and 9.780 ± 0.120% of dry cell weight, respectively (equivalent 38.768 ± 0.892%, 35.000 ± 0.789% and 13.550 ± 0.120% of ash free dry weight). I. galbana Parke, strain HP has the highest content of docosahexanenoic acid (DHA), up to 14.7% of total fatty acid and maximal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) values at the early stationary phase in f/2 medium. The n-3 and n-6 PUFA ratio (n-3/n-6) of strain HP was from 4.50 to 5.69 at different phases of growth curve. These results suggest that biomass of this strain can be used as live feed in aquaculture.

TECHNOGENESIS ON THE SANDY SHORELANDS OF THE INLAND SEAS (PAPER 2. THE IMPACT OF THE HARBOUR PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ON THE MORPHOLITHODYNAMICS OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN BALTIC SHORELANDS)

The protective harbour constructions have an essential impact on morpholithodynamics of the adjacent area of coastal zone. Being artificial capes, port piers make for secondary breaking up of coastal line and, as a consequence, reduce the longitudinal proportion of deposit transport in coastal zone and increase the transverse one.

Parallel and Distributed Spatial Outlier Mining in Grid: Algorithm, Design and Application

There is an increasing interest in the field of parallel and distributed data mining in grid environment over the past decade. As an important branch of spatial data mining, spatial outlier mining can be used to find out some interesting and unexpected spatial patterns in many applications. In this paper, a new parallel & distributed spatial outlier mining algorithm (PD-SOM) is proposed to simultaneously detect global and local outliers in a grid environment. PD-SOM is a Delaunay triangulation (D-TIN) based approach, which was encapsulated and deployed in a distributed platform to provide parallel and distributed spatial outlier mining service. Subsequently, a distributed system framework for PD-SOM is designed on top of a geographical knowledge service grid (GeoKSGrid) developed by our research group, a two-step strategy for spatial outlier detection is put forward to support the encapsulation and distributed deployment of the geographical knowledge service, and two key techniques of the geographical knowledge service: parallel and distributed computing of Delaunay triangulation and the implementation of PD-SOM algorithm are discussed. Finally, the efficiency of the spatial outlier mining service is analyzed in theory, the practicality is confirmed by a demonstrative application on the abnormality analyzing of soil geochemical investigation samples from Fujian eastern coastal zone area in China, and the effectiveness and superiority of PD-SOM in a balanced, scalable grid environment are verified through the comparison with the popular spatial outlier mining algorithm SLOM, for the involvement of large amount of computing cores.

Investigating shoreline development along of Marsa Matrouh coastal zone area

Investigating shoreline development along of Marsa Matrouh coastal zone area

Climate Change and Land Use Change in the Eastern Coastal Belt of Bangladesh, Elucidated by Analyzing Rice Production Area in the Past and Future

Climate change is an important issue now-a-days. Global warming i.e. climate change causes sea level rise and that affect the coastal agricultural areas of Bangladesh. The net-cropped area of eastern coastal zone in Bangladesh has been decreasing over the years due to various purposes and the most common one is the land inundation and salinity intrusion by tidal water. The main aims of the study is to assess the change in climatic conditions particularly temperature, rainfall and agricultural land use change in the past and future. Past rainfall, temperature and salinity data have been used to assess the climatic and salinity conditions of the area under investigation. Normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and False Color Composite (FCC) of digital Land sat images have been used to identify land use pattern and Boro rice coverage area. During last 31 years (1978 -2009) 31% rice production land has converted to shrimp culture and salt farming. Salinity intrusion is one of the major causes of agricultural land use change. Salinity level has increased dramatically in dry season during last decade due to increase of temperature, low rainfall pattern, high evaporation rate and low water discharge to the river systems. Future landuse has been projected for 2039 by Markov Model. Result shows that rice production area will decrease rapidly due to salinity intrusion as well as climate change which may threat for food security of Bangladesh. Hereafter, the Government of Bangladesh, national and international institutions will have to work together for minimizing the effect of climate change for food security. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v8i0.20151 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 8: 83-91, 2013

Environmental hazards and distribution of radioactive black sand along the Rosetta coastal zone in Egypt using airborne spectrometric and remote sensing data

High-resolution airborne gamma ray spectrometry, conducted in 2003, was used to estimate radioactive elements spatial abundance along the Rosetta coastal zone area. It was noticed that both Uranium and Thorium are concentrated in the black sand deposits along the beach. In contrary, Potassium was observed in high level abundance at the cultivated Nile Delta lands due to the accumulated usage of fertilizers. Exposure Rate (ER), Absorbed Dose Rate (ADR) and Annual Effective Dose Rate (AEDR) were calculated to evaluate the radiation background influence in human. Results indicated that the human body in the study sites is subjected to radiation hazards exceeds the accepted limit for long duration exposure. In addition, the areas covered by the highest concentration of Uranium and Thorium show the highest level of radiogenic heat production. Detection the environmental hazards of the radioactive black sands in the study site encouraged this research to monitor the spatial and temporal distribution of these sediments. The Landsat Thematic Mapper images acquired in 1990, 2003 and 2013 were analyzed using remote sensing image processing techniques. Image enhancements, classification and changes detection indicated a positive significant relationship between the patterns of coastline changes and distribution of the radioactive black sand in the study sites. The radioactive black sands are usually concentrated in the eroded areas. Therefore, in 1990 high concentration of the radioactive black sands were observed along the eastern and western flanks of the Rosetta promontory. Distribution of these sediments decreased due to the construction of the protective sea walls. Most of the radioactive black sands are transported toward the east in Abu Khashaba bay under the effect of the longshore currents and toward the west in Alexandria and Abu Quir bay under the action of the seasonal reverse currents.

Oil Spill Preparedness &amp; Response Compliance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and Reducing Action Agency Exposure to Future Litigation

The Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Interior's U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Services (FWS), and the National Oceanographic &amp; Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) have partnered since 2001 through the Interagency Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7 consultations. Under the authority of the National Contingency Plan, coastal and inland zone area committees, Coast Guard FOSCs &amp; EPA OSCs fill a vital role in determining if certain proposed actions affect listed threatened and endangered (T&amp;E) species or designated critical habitats (CH) and have a responsibility to initiate and coordinate either an informal, emergency, or formal consultation between the FWS &amp; NFMS, also known as the “Services.” One of the best practices learned by the Coast Guard and EPA after the recent lawsuit and subsequent 2013 settlement with the Center for Biological Diversity on the use of pre-authorized use of dispersants in California is that Coast Guard FOSCs and EPA OSCs in concert with their respective area committees should make all efforts to engage the Services in the consultation process when there is a possibility of an action that could affect T&amp;E species or designated CH. The norm in the past has been to delay the consultation process until the emergency response phase, often necessitating an emergency consultation during an actual spill or release that could affect T&amp;E species or designated CHs. In the future, area committees, FOSCs, and OSCs at the start of each area contingency plan's quadrennial review and update, should engage the consultation evaluation process. This poster is about the ESA Section 7 consultation process to proactively mitigate and avoid potentially adverse affects to ESA-listed species and designated CH using the consultation process associated with complying with the Act, avoiding jeopardy, and reducing future Coast Guard and EPA exposure to future litigation.

Effect of High-Resolution Meteorological Forcing on Nearshore Wave and Current Model Performance

Abstract Accurate representation of wind forcing and mean sea level pressure is important for modeling waves and surges. This is especially important for complex coastal zone areas. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been run at 12-, 4-, and 1.33-km resolution for a storm event over the Irish Sea. The outputs were used to force the coupled hydrodynamic and the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modeling System (POLCOMS)–Wave Model (WAM) and the effect on storm surge and waves has been assessed. An improvement was observed in the WRF model pressure and wind speed when moving from 12- to 4-km resolution with errors in wind speed decreasing more than 10% on average. When moving from 4 to 1.33 km no further significant improvement was observed. The atmospheric model results at 12 and 4 km were then applied to the ocean model. Wave direction was seen to improve with increased ocean model resolution, and higher-resolution forcing was found to generally increase the wave height over the Irish Sea by up to 40 cm in places. Improved clustering of wave direction was observed when 4-km meteorological forcing was used. Large differences were seen in the coastal zone because of the improved representation of the coastline and, in turn, the atmospheric boundary layer. The combination of high-resolution atmospheric forcing and a coupled wave–surge model gave the best result.

海岸带区域综合承载力评估指标体系的构建与应用——以南通市为例

As an indispensable homestead of human activity,the ecosystem witnesses a large number of human activities.Undoubtedly,the development of socio-economic consumes a variety of natural resources,which places tremendous pressure on the ecosystem. Nevertheless,socio-economic development is the foundation to the human society. Especially,only when the ecosystem is under-loading state,the human economic activities will development sustainably. The coastal zone is not only an important area of Chinese economic in the future,but also a complex compound ecosystem of natural,social and economic. The complexity requires us to realize the coastal ecosystem by using compound ecosystem theory. The Integrated Carrying Capacity( ICC) refers to a comprehensive capacity,in a given period and space resources,to support the regional long-term sustainable development. Therefore the assessment of coastal ICC is essentially important for the coordinated and sustainable development from both economic and ecological aspects.Through the conceptual model of the "driving force-pressure-state-response-control "( D-PSR-C) and the data accessibility,this paper constructs an assessment indices system and an standard of ICC through a case study of Nantong coastal area,Jiangsu province,China. Based on the analysis of the data collected in this region in 2005,2008 and 2009, the result shows that:( 1) the ICC of land,beach,marine,and regional of its five counties are not exceeded,but some are fully loaded. In 2008 the highest one is Qidong regional ICC,which is 2. 679 and under-loading. The lowest one is Haian marine ICC,which is 0. 171 and over-loading;( 2) from 2005 to 2009,the ICC of beach,marine and regional are on an upward trend,in which the marine and regional ICC of Haimen is increased by 124. 61% and 142. 98%. One the other hand,the land is on downward; for example,Rudong is decreased by 22. 42%;( 3) based on the contribution rate analysis of secondary indicator carrying capacity,the key factors of affecting ICC are the rate of the pollutants and energy consumption,the level of regional economic development,and the environmental pressure. In this paper,the indices system consists of three layers: first-class indicator,second-class indicator,and third-class indicator. The third can also be adjusted by the data availability. In the meantime,the study area of coastal zone is divided into land,shoal,marine,and regional. The assessment model of coastal ICC can be proposed a new research method to assess the coastal carrying capacity. With the regional development stage coefficient theory,the standard of ICC ideal value is adjusted. That can improve the faultiness of traditional method. Moreover by using the contribution ratio analysis of second-class indicator,the key indicator of can be found to support the regional socio-economic development planning. The assessment of ICC will be a fundamental basis for long-term economic sustainable development.

MORPHOLOGY CHANGE CAUSED BY THE 2011 GREAT TOHOKU TSUNAMI WAVE - MECHANISM OF RECENT CLOSURE AND BREACHING OF THE NANAKITA RIVER MOUTH

The 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami in March had caused a lot of damages to people and infrastructure in Japan. With a giant tsunami height plus the subsidence due to earthquakes have destroyed most o f the nearshore constructions and coastal zone areas. According to measured data from the survey group (Mori et al. 2011); maximum &#x0D; tsunami wave height measured at the Nanakita area is about 14m. This Tsunami made the topography of this region changed drastically. Many breaching places occurred along the coast and river mouth. This study will focus on investigating the mechanisms of sediment transport and hydrodynamics leading to the river mouth was closed in about five months after the event and then breached in a different location during the river flood.

Meteorological Model Evaluation for CalNex 2010

Abstract The performance of mesoscale meteorological models is evaluated for the coastal zone and Los Angeles area of Southern California, and for the San Joaquin Valley. Several configurations of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with differing grid spacing, initialization, planetary boundary layer (PBL) physics, and land surface models are compared. One configuration of the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model is also included, providing results from an independent development and process flow. Specific phenomena of interest for air quality studies are examined. All model configurations are biased toward higher wind speeds than observed. The diurnal cycle of wind direction and speed (land–sea-breeze cycle) as modeled and observed by a wind profiler at Los Angeles International Airport is examined. Each of the models shows different flaws in the cycle. Soundings from San Nicolas Island, a case study involving the Research Vessel (R/V) Atlantis and the NOAA P3 aircraft, and satellite images are used to evaluate simulation performance for cloudy boundary layers. In a case study, the boundary layer structure over the water is poorly simulated by all of the WRF configurations except one with the total energy–mass flux boundary layer scheme and ECMWF reanalysis. The original WRF configuration had a substantial bias toward low PBL heights in the San Joaquin Valley, which are improved in the final configuration. WRF runs with 12-km grids have larger errors in wind speed and direction than those present in the 4-km grid runs.

Morphological analysis of the Slovenian coast with data from lidar and sonar ranging

The coastal zone, the land and sea area bordering the shoreline, is an area with unique intertwining features. This article reveals a new study of the coastal zone as an inseparable whole in three-dimensional (3D) space. The starting points of the study were data from lidar and sonar ranging gathered in a 3D space of an approximately 1-kilometer-long coastal zone of Koprsko primorje. According to these data spatial analyses were made: height or depth analysis, slope and exposure analysis, and classification of land and sea interaction. Special attention was devoted to cliffs, abrasion platforms and underwater stone platforms. Spatial analyses gave a new vision of the coastal zone and revealed new features.

Sensitivity of Coastal Flood Risk Assessments to Digital Elevation Models

Most coastal flood risk studies make use of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in addition to a projected flood water level in order to estimate the flood inundation and associated damages to property and livelihoods. The resolution and accuracy of a DEM are critical in a flood risk assessment, as land elevation largely determines whether a location will be flooded or will remain dry during a flood event. Especially in low lying deltaic areas, the land elevation variation is usually in the order of only a few decimeters, and an offset of various decimeters in the elevation data has a significant impact on the accuracy of the risk assessment. Publicly available DEMs are often used in studies for coastal flood risk assessments. The accuracy of these datasets is relatively low, in the order of meters, and is especially low in comparison to the level of accuracy required for a flood risk assessment in a deltaic area. For a coastal zone area in Nigeria (Lagos State) an accurate LiDAR DEM dataset was adopted as ground truth concerning terrain elevation. In the case study, the LiDAR DEM was compared to various publicly available DEMs. The coastal flood risk assessment using various publicly available DEMs was compared to a flood risk assessment using LiDAR DEMs. It can be concluded that the publicly available DEMs do not meet the accuracy requirement of coastal flood risk assessments, especially in coastal and deltaic areas. For this particular case study, the publically available DEMs highly overestimated the land elevation Z-values and thereby underestimated the coastal flood risk for the Lagos State area. The findings are of interest when selecting data sets for coastal flood risk assessments in low-lying deltaic areas.

Sea level rise impacts in coastal zones: Soft measures to cope with it

Normal 0 Sea level rise impacts are projected to cause multiple negative consequences in coastal zones such as coastal erosion, flooding, flood-related health problems, property damage and social-economic impacts. Thus, it is imperative to assess adaptation measures to minimize these devastating projections. Several responsive strategies to sea level rise (i.e. Retreat, Accommodate, Protect) have been developed. Within the Protect Responsive Strategy, ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ adaptation options have been widely implemented in coastal zones. This paper examines several ‘soft’ adaptation options (beach nourishment, dune restoration, afforestation and reforestation, and marine soft engineering technology), which provide interesting alternatives to address sea level rise in coastal zones. Advantages and disadvantages of these soft options are analyzed from an ecological and socio-economic perspective. The paper concludes with some proposed recommendations that could support soft structure approaches in coastal zone areas. Normal 0