Coastal Water Areas Research Articles

Long-Term Monitoring of Pollution of the Coastal Water Area of Ussuri Bay with Metals: A Case Study of “Green” Oysters Magallana gigas (= Crassostrea gigas) (Thunberg, 1793)

Long-Term Monitoring of Pollution of the Coastal Water Area of Ussuri Bay with Metals: A Case Study of “Green” Oysters Magallana gigas (= Crassostrea gigas) (Thunberg, 1793)

Study of Compatibility Level of Waters in The Bay of Sabang for The Development of Marine Cultivation

Marine cultivation is an activity in a certain area in coastal waters. The development of marine aquaculture in Indonesia in the future is very important for the development of the fisheries sub-sector, and is one of the priorities that is expected to be a driver of economic growth. Selection of the right location is an important factor in determining the feasibility of a cultivation business to analyze the characteristics of the water conditions of Sabang Bay, espesially regarding its feasibiity as a location for marine aquaculture. Data collection was carried out on a secondary and primary basis. The waters of Sabang Bay have water quality indicators that support the life of fishery commodities. The bay are in Sabang has the potensial for seaweed cultivation and floating net cage cultivation, such as Tilapia, Grouper, Snapper, and Lobster. Based on the analysis of the quality of the waters and the bottom substrate of the waters in The Sabang Bay, they are categorized as suitable and very suitable

Numerical Modelling of Free Surface Agitation in a Coastal Lagoon by Roadway Path Influence

The development and construction of highway infrastructure are essential in developing countries, whereas its layout and construction sometimes interact with the coastal environment. One problem to attend to is that the outline and geometry designs impact as little as possible on the hydrodynamic circulation of coastal bodies in order to alter the associated ecosystem as little as possible. The study area is located in the north of Colombia, and is made up of a continental coastal zone (Mallorquín Lagoon) and a marine zone (Caribbean Sea), in which a highway is projected that provides communication between two locations. This study presents the application of a numerical model previously developed and modified by the Berkhoff equation, which is developed in a finite difference scheme and has been validated and applied in different works in coastal and fluvial shallow water areas. The application of the model was carried out in a hydrodynamic circulation research project for a one-way highway through a coastal lagoon, where the knowledge of the magnitude of the incident wave height in the structure of the road body is necessary for the design, protection elements, and road geometry. Two numerical simulation scenarios were carried out, specifying normal conditions and extraordinary wave conditions in the month of November with a simulation time of 15 days, obtaining the velocity field associated with coastal currents, waves, and wave modification phenomena, such as refraction, diffraction, and reflection, which provide the height of the incident wave on the highway and the recirculation patterns in the coastal lagoon to identify alterations in the ecosystem. The results of the wave height in each scenario and the velocity field provide values to be used in the design, type of armor, and dimensions of the protection works required for the proper functioning of the road structure.

А FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN THE STUDY OF NEARSHORE WAVE PROCESSES

The paper suggests that the only feasible method for implementing adequate nearshore wave dynamics models under conditions of extreme complexity is numerical methods with computational experiments on powerful computers. When the fundamental laws of continuum mechanics are roughly written for a finite element (FE) with an emphasis on the ensuing numerical solution, the finite element method (FEM) offers great opportunities in this regard. The FEM has the benefit of allowing for the well-approximation of coastal water areas by a collection of irregular triangles, and their boundaries can typically be curvilinear. The FEM has the advantage that its grid equations typically are independent of the type of grid and its topology, setting it apart from other grid methods. The generalized solutions to the original problems are divided into grid-like equations for the FEM, which are derived on the basis of integral relations. The fundamental integral laws are thus automatically maintained for grid equations. For the study of the coastal wave regime in a non-stationary three-dimensional formulation, grid equations of the FEM are constructed in this work. The generalized solutions to the original problems are divided into grid-like equations for the FEM, which are derived on the basis of integral relations. The fundamental integral laws are thus automatically maintained for grid equations. For the study of the coastal wave regime in a non-stationary three-dimensional formulation, grid equations of the FEM are constructed in this work.

Unmanned Electric Tugboat Formation Multi-Agent Energy-Aware Control System Concept

The topic of reducing exhaust gas emissions from internal combustion engines in the areas of port and coastal waters is in line with the assumptions of the climate policy. The publication presents a proposal to reduce the energy associated with the movement of port vessels through the use of a specific pattern (shape and size) of their movement. In addition to controlling the formation of tugboats, the authors propose the use of a multi-agent system offering elements of autonomous control of the vessels, which adjusts the parameters of the formation depending on the tasks performed. The results of tests for four tugboats with a hull length of 32 m and a maximum speed of 13 knots, moving in formations of eight different configurations, were analyzed. Studies conducted on the basis of a simulated exit and return to port scenario at a distance of 11.4 nm showed the possibility of reducing energy consumption required for movement by 5.8% to even 57.6% for tugboats moving one after another, at a certain distance. In addition, in order to completely eliminate exhaust gas emissions from the engines, it is proposed to use tugboats with electric drive together with an appropriate energy storage charging infrastructure.

BAJO’S LIVING LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION TO SUPPORT ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT

Bajo is a tribe that has a uniqueness, they settled in coastal or shallow water areas. The uniqueness of the settlements and the natural conditions of the Bajo people can be a tourism potential to improve the economic conditions of the Bajo people. Tourism requires preserved environmental conditions. The Bajo has a 'living law' related to the preservation of coastal and marine areas, such as the prohibition of throwing garbage and household waste into the sea, the prohibition of killing turtles, the prohibition of destroying corals, and the prohibition of going to sea during the spawning period of fish. Bajo's 'living law' is in the form of unwritten law, so it has several weaknesses. First, because the unwritten form is feared to shift and could be lost, second, the implementation could not be enforced by the official because it is not official law. A good official law is one that is in accordance with the 'living law', so it would be better to adopt the 'living law' of Bajo in the official law, for the sake of preserving the environment, and support economic improvement through tourism.

On Theoretical Foundations of Aerolimnology: Study of Fresh Water Bodies and Coastal Territories Using Air Robot Equipment

The integration of the methodological basis of several different sciences in interdisciplinary research is a characteristic feature of new mechanisms for solving modern applied problems. The emerging theoretical foundations of aerolimnology, as a new scientific direction, are considered from the point of view of the contribution of three key sciences to it: limnology, informatics and robotics. Classifications of methods and approaches of limnological research, airborne robotic means, and information technologies that are promising for solving problems in the field of aerolimnology are given. The task of the scientific direction of aerolimnology is formulated as the study of the possibilities and limitations of combined methods of remote sensory measurement, robotic sampling and analytical study of the parameters of freshwater ecosystems to monitor and predict the dynamics of their development. Among the main areas of aerolimnological research, the following are distinguished: the construction of orthophotomaps and photogrammetric spatial models of the bottom topography and individual elements of the bottom landscape and coastal zone of various scales; geological and geophysical mapping of the underwater part of the coastal zone; the study of phytoplankton, in particular, the "bloom" of water caused by cyanobacteria; study of distribution and migration of large representatives of hydrofauna; study of temperature fields and processes of redistribution of water masses. The limitations imposed on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in sampling and monitoring coastal water areas are discussed, primarily weather-climatic, temporal, spatial, and technical. The advantage of using unmanned aerial vehicles in aerolimnology is justified by an increase in the speed of data acquisition, the possibility of approaching hard-to-reach and territorially remote objects, and a decrease in the influence of the human factor. The scientific novelty of the presented research consists in an attempt to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge when using unmanned aerial vehicles and processing the obtained data based on artificial intelligence technologies in the study of limnological objects and processes. The important role of geoinformation systems is noted and examples of maps of shore typification and geomorphology of Lake Ladoga are given, posted on the website of the Center for the Collective Use of Scientific Equipment "North-Western Center for Monitoring and Forecasting the Development of Territories" of the St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main stages of the methodology for conducting aerolimnological studies using interdisciplinary approaches based on limnology, informatics and robotic tools operating in different environments are considered.

US objectives with NOMEC: Enabling contributions to Seabed 2030

Building on Seabed 2030 momentum, in 2020, the United States (US) debuted the National Strategy for Mapping, Exploring, and Characterizing the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (NOMEC Strategy). Both initiatives make comprehensive ocean mapping a priority this decade. The goals of Seabed 2030 and NOMEC are similar, but NOMEC goes further. Through NOMEC, the U.S coordinates and amplifies mapping efforts, but also explores and characterizes priority areas of coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes waters, advancing understanding of the marine environment. This note highlights key accomplishments of NOMEC over the last two years and presents domestic and international opportunities to progress collaboratively.

Copper Induced DNA Damage in the Gills of the Mussel Mytilus trossulus and Reversibility after Depuration

The pollution of coastal water areas by heavy metals is constantly growing; therefore, the study of the mechanisms of impact of these toxicants on the organisms of hydrobionts is a topical direction of toxicology. Particularly pertinent are questions about the state of the reparation system in the aquatic organisms, which make it possible to assess the resistance, survival of hydrobionts, and the probability of remote consequences under the impact of heavy metals. Therefore, in this work, we investigated genome integrity and DNA repair ability in the gill cells of Mytilus trossulus, under conditions of copper (Cu2+) accumulation, and in the process of tissue depuration from this metal. Although the biochemical detoxification system was functioning, it is noted that destructive processes developed, including the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and DNA damage. It was also found that in all of the experimental groups of Mytilus trossulus, in the process of depuration from Cu2+ for 24 h, the levels of DNA damage and MDA content were markedly reduced, and further reduction was less intense.

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ АНАЭРОБНЫХ БАКТЕРИЙ В ДОННЫХ ОСАДКАХ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНО-ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЙ И ГЛУБИНЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРИБРЕЖНОЙ АКВАТОРИИ СЕВАСТОПОЛЯ, КРЫМ, ЧЁРНОЕ МОРЕ)

The present work covers a distribution of thionic (TB), denitrifying (DNB) and sulfate reducing (SRB) groups of bacteria inhabiting the bottom sediments of the coastal water area of Sevastopol (Black Sea), depending on the redox conditions and depth. Sampling and subsequent treatment of the material were conducted using standard methods of hydrobiology and general microbiology. The studied groups of bacteria are isolated from bottom sediments with different indicators of redox potential (ORP) Eh: from 
 + 356 to -189 (mV). A negative correlation was found between the ORP value and the number of bacteria analyzed. The correlation coefficient for SRB was r = - 0.5, for TB and DNB, respectively, r = - 0.47 and -0.51 (P <0.05). There is no reliable relationship between the pH values of the medium and the number of microorganisms observed. A high number of thionic and sulfate reducing bacteria was detected at the designated depth range: from 1 to 20 m. The greatest number of denitrifying bacteria was more often observed at depths from 1 to 10 m. It is determined that the restorative environmental conditions characterizing the majority of bottom sediments in the water area under consideration contribute to the development of the analyzed groups of bacteria, and their number increases with decreasing depth.

Diurnal Coastal Trapped Waves and Associated Deep‐Ocean Mixing Near the Head of Suruga Trough

AbstractCoastal submarine canyons are expected to be sites of enhanced turbulent mixing which create productive fishing areas in coastal waters. Recent studies suggested the potential role of diurnal coastal trapped waves (CTWs) in inducing significant turbulent mixing in coastal submarine canyons poleward of 30° where the diurnal tide becomes subinertial. Nevertheless, the detailed physical processes responsible for the generation and dissipation of CTWs in such submarine canyons have hardly been investigated so far. In the present study, to investigate the turbulent mixing processes associated with diurnal CTWs in submarine canyons, we carry out high‐resolution (Δx, Δy = 1/240°) non‐hydrostatic three‐dimensional numerical experiments focusing on Suruga Bay located at the north end of Suruga Trough, Japan. The numerical experiments show that diurnal (subinertial) tidal currents over the Izu Ridge generate CTWs which propagate cyclonically along the coast of Suruga Bay. In the middle of Suruga Bay, bottom‐intensified flow due to the diurnal CTWs interacts with rough seafloor topography to excite upward propagating internal lee waves, which create mixing hotspots extending high above the seafloor. The resulting diurnal (subinertial) tidal energy dissipation in Suruga Bay is found to be much larger than that associated with semidiurnal (superinertial) internal tides. Furthermore, it is found that baroclinic energy flux based on a simple barotropic‐baroclinic decomposition severely underestimates the wave energy flux in areas with high CTW activity. These results strongly indicate that the existence of CTWs might be a key factor to clarify the dissipation/mixing processes in submarine canyons.

Forecasting and controlling the quality of water in a yachting harbour

The paper uses mathematical modelling and experiments to study the quality of water in semi-enclosed areas. The new approaches used focus on estimating the limitations of the low dimension water quality models. The paper presents a method based on the numerical modeling of the processes used to forecast and protect the sea water quality during the design of coastal constructions, i.e. ports, recreation, and shore protection. The enclosed coastal water areas are subject to intensive pollution while their water exchange with the main basin is limited. Maintaining the quality of water in the yachting ports is a very urgent issue because the water quality is both an environmental and a consumer property of the marinas. The authors studied a simulation of an emergency marine spill and its further dynamics for the the “Grand-Marina Sochi” yachting port, which is to be located at seaport Sochi, Russian Black Sea coast.

Gathering new knowledge from existing monitoring dataset of Campania marine coastal area (Southern Italy).

In this study we propose, a multi-step strategy of selection and characterization of long-term dataset of contaminant concentrations in different environmental matrices (i.e., water and sediment). Starting from a high quality and homogeneous dataset of chemical parameters, a selection of a usable refined dataset followed by statistical characterization and hazard assessment was performed. The database of chemical contamination data from monitoring activities in the coastal marine water area of the Campania Region (Italy) produced by the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Campania (ARPAC) between 2013 and 2019 was utilized. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were applied to the extracted data subset to describe spatial variability and to investigate the relationships between matrices and contaminants. In addition, the impact on the sediment matrix was considered using the contamination factor (Cf), the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), and the probability of exceedance (PoE) of given thresholds for metals and organic compounds. The results highlighted the main anthropogenic pressures between the Gulf of Pozzuoli and the Gulf of Napoli, and the potential hazard posed in particular by metals (i.e., Pb, C, and Hg), TBT, and PAHs. A wide range of As concentration along the Campania coastline and Ni occurrence in the southern part of the region, mainly attributable to geogenic origin, was also evidenced. This approach allows extracting new knowledge from large dataset systematically collected by ARPAC monitoring activity, to support possible actions of contamination control and mitigation.

Biological Characteristics of the Polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) from Mass Settlements in the Coastal Water Area of the Kerch Strait (Black Sea)

Biological Characteristics of the Polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) from Mass Settlements in the Coastal Water Area of the Kerch Strait (Black Sea)

BLUE LINES AS TOWN-BUILDING LIMITATIONS OF COASTAL WATER AREA

The characteristics and problems of coastal water areas and coastal territories are considered. The use of coastal areas for economic, residential, and industrial buildings led to their degradation and gave rise to a number of legal, ecological, technical, and urban planning problems. Coastal water areas and territories are important natural and urban planning complexes in the planning structure of the city, because they enrich the urban fabric with public and recreational space, coastal flora and fauna, a picturesque landscape, and improve the microclimate of the urban environment. Professional organization, beautification, preservation and protection of coastal water areas and their coastal territories is one of the dominant urban planning tasks due to the fact that coastal territories are extremely vulnerable, the most exploited and investment-attractive zones. Preservation of the natural balance between the water area and the coastal area in the conditions of an urbanized environment is an urgent task of city planners. The advantages of the organization of the coastal man-made system have been proven. The urban planning organization of the coastal territory of the river is a set of measures for engineering preparation and improvement of the territory, which include the definition and measurements of the site, the identification of its natural features, the determination of the borders of the coastal territory, zoning with the definition of restrictions (water protection zone, coastal protective strip, green lines), project development, technical support of architectural and landscape improvement under the condition of maintaining and preserving the natural balance of the river ecosystem. The importance of establishing the Blue Lines of urban planning restrictions of coastal water areas is substantiated. Green and Blue lines should become tools for limiting the urbanized load on the natural component of cities and settlements, protecting and safeguarding the purity of the water body, the balance of the ecotone component, the river biocenosis, and the paradynamic connections of the river ecosystem during its urban development. The blue lines of urban planning restrictions – the boundaries of the water area cut – will contribute to the preservation of the maximum allowable sizes of coastal water areas, a tool for preserving the natural component in the urbanized environment, which will help solve the problem of balanced, rational and harmonious use of coastal water areas and territories. In addition to the obvious advantages of improving the microclimate of the urban environment, the appearance of recreational and pedestrian zones, the organization of public space (city friendly for people), the return of historical and cultural significance, professional urban planning organization and the revitalization of river ecosystems will have long-term economic profit – the coastal areas of revived water areas will become promising objects for investments.

GERAKAN BERSIH PANTAI BERSAMA SEBAGAI PENDUKUNG PARIWISATA HALAL DI PESISIR PANTAI TELUK KECAMATAN LABUAN

According to Presidential Regulation No. 83 of 2018 on Handling Marine Waste, Marine Waste is garbage that comes from land, water, and coastal bodies that flow into the sea or garbage that comes from activities in the sea. While plastic waste is garbage that contains polymer compounds. This plastic waste has become the largest component of marine debris. Marine debris is found in all marine habitats, ranging from densely populated areas to remote locations that are untouched by humans; from coastal and shallow water areas to deep sea troughs. The density of marine debris varies from location to location, influenced by human activities, aquatic or weather conditions, the structure and behavior of the Earth's surface, the entry point, and physical characteristics of the waste material. Halal lifestyle has become a trend of need in the world. Halal tourism is part of the tourism industry that provides tourism services. By referring to islamic rules, in addition to the trend of halal tourism the majority of Muslims around the coastal village of Labuan subdistrict bay make an important factor that must be considered in the halal lifestyle by a Muslim. This research aims to invite the community around TPI Bay and Labuan Subdistrict Batako to participate in the Garbage Collection Movement to be used as Halal Tourism on the Coast of Labuan District Bay in 2021.

Using Stakeholders’ Perception to Evaluate the Prospects of Establishing Marine Protected Areas in the Niger Delta Coastal Ecosystem

This study assesses the Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Legal, and Environmental (PESTLE) factors for establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Niger Delta coastal waters. Interview and questionnaire methods were used to collect the needed information from locals and environmental experts. The locals include fishermen from four (4) coastal locations in the Niger Delta while experts include relevant government institutions, researchers, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Data collected from the survey were analyzed and used to determine the state of 18 PESTLE sub-criteria, and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used to find the sub-criteria weights (importance). The stakeholder’s perceptions on potential MPAs were analyzed and compared with Relative Importance Index (RII). Results show stakeholders agree more on the prioritization of MPA implementation criteria and expected benefits but agree less on the MPA objectives and beneficiaries. Environmental prospects for MPAs in the Niger Delta have the highest performance score and vice versa for the political and technical capacity for MPA implementation and management. The study concludes Niger Delta has potentials for MPAs which can be achieved through addressing the identified weaknesses and threats.

Mesoscale cycling of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea biotic and abiotic environment: A WRF-CMAQ modeling

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the eastern seaboard region of China enhance the widespread use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). The present study set up a coupled WRF-CMAQ-SMOKE and multi-compartment exchange modeling framework to assess the environmental fate and cycling of OPFRs and their contamination in the Bohai and Yellow Seas' marine food web. The framework predicts meteorological conditions, optimized air emissions, and concentrations of OPFRs in air, seawaters, marine sediment, and the food web. The model was implemented to simulate the temporal and spatial fluctuations of Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), the most dominant congener of OPFRs in China, in the Bohai and the Yellow Sea ecosystems on a spatial resolution of 10 km. Results revealed the effects of source proximity, atmospheric transport and deposition, and the changes in meteorology on TCPP's temporal-spatial distribution across different areas of coastal waters. The model also captures TCPP levels in commercial fish species in the Bohai Sea. The detailed temporal-spatial characteristics of TCPP with the mesoscale resolution provide useful information and a new tool for the environmental and health consequences of mariculture, urban and industrial emission mitigation in coastal regions for emerging chemicals, and fishery industry development.

СИНАНТРОПИЗАЦИЯ СИВУЧА (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS, SCHREBER, 1776) НА КАМЧАТКЕ В ЧЕРТЕ Г. ПЕТРОПАВЛОВСКА-КАМЧАТСКОГО (ИТОГИ 20-ЛЕТНЕГО МОНИТОРИНГА)

The problem of adaptation of the Steller's northern sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus, Schreber, 1776) to the coastal water area adjacent to the town of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is presented in the article. There are two stages in the sea lion synanthropization. The first stage is associated with rookeries formation, foraging near vessels and in the bay in area, in the usual habitat of these animals, in seawater. The second stage is connected with pioneering a new habitat and feeding on land. During sea lion adaptation to new conditions over a 20-year peri-od, the fear of humans noticeably decreased in animals, new behavioural traits such as cadging appeared. The group of sea lions wintering in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky during the 20-year period was characterized by sta-tistically significant fluctuations in numbers by year and season. The further coexistence of wintering animals depends on the dynamics of the influence of both natural and anthropogenic factors.

ФАУНА И НАСЕЛЕНИЕ МОРСКИХ ПТИЦ У ПОБЕРЕЖЬЯ ЮЖНО-КАМЧАТСКОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКА В ЛЕТНИЙ СЕЗОН

The study was conducted in June – July 2016 and 2021 on the southeastern coast of Kamchatka. Birds on line transects and on routes along the coastline were taken into account from the side of a small vessel (boat) and on a motor boat. We recorded 32 bird species, mainly alcids (34.4% of the species composition), larids (15.6%) and anatids (12.5%). The density of bird distribution in the water area was 25.5 individuals/km2 on average. In terms of numbers, the tubenoses and alcids (42.9% each) occupied the dominant position on the accounting transects remote from the land, and on the routes close to the shore – larids (61.5%) and alcids (23.0%). The total number of birds within the boundaries of the coastal water area of 1 280 km2 is approximately 40 thousand individuals. The basis of the population (about 60%) consists of eight species nesting in this area, each of which has more than 1 000 individuals (mainly tufted puffins and murres). The remaining 40% are species from other regions (short-tailed shearwaters migrating from the southern hemisphere, northern fulmars nesting on the neighboring territories and phalaropes during postnesting migrations).