South Area Research Articles

Governing housing megaprojects in a South African metropolitan area: the case of Mangaung

ABSTRACT Decades of colonial and apartheid urban spatial planning have left South Africa’s cities socially segregated and physically fragmented, with poor households confined to the outskirts. These urban realities remain a challenge to most local authorities three decades after the demise of apartheid. Using project data and a set of 30 qualitative interviews, we examined Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality’s approach to megaprojects, also known as ‘catalytic’ projects, implemented through South Africa’s Integrated Residential Development Programme, whose vision is to restructure the city to ensure spatial integration and private sector involvement. We use evolutionary governance theory to show goal dependency, path dependency and interdependencies in South Africa’s housing policy, and we evaluate our findings against the literature on megaprojects. Our findings point to the shortcomings of this vision: the small scale of the projects, problems with the devolution of the housing function from provincial to local government and power play, difficulties in keeping to project plans, and problems with the implementation to ensure diverse housing options and increased densities, and reduced attention to informal settlement upgrading.

Spatio-temporal variability of mesozooplankton distribution along the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem: a regional perspective.

The Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME), extending from Cape Spartel in Morocco to Guinea-Bissau, supports high primary and fisheries productivity driven by permanent or seasonal upwelling activity. During the current study, mesozooplankton and hydrographic sampling were conducted across the CCLME in the spring/summer of 2017 and the autumn/winter of 2019. The total mesozooplankton abundance and dry weight were found to be higher in 2017, partly due to the summer reproduction cycle of diplostracans. A prominent latitudinal gradient was observed in both the mesozooplankton standing stock and assemblage structure closely linked to a significant shift in oceanographic regimes at Cape Blanc (21°N). The area south of Cape Blanc, sampled during the upwelling relaxation in both years, was occupied by warmer South Atlantic Central Waters showing elevated mesozooplankton stock with a tropical assemblage structure. In contrast, cooler and more saline waters north of Cape Blanc, a result of the upwelling regime in that area, explained part of the observed variation in mesozooplankton composition among subregions and sampling periods. Our findings indicate that aside from the upwelling activity, spatiotemporal variation of mesoscale processes and topographical features at a subregional level may also shape mesozooplankton stock and assemblage structure in the CCLME.

Predicting the Number of Passengers in Public Transportation Areas Using the Deep Learning Model LSTM

Accurate predictions of the number of public transport passengers on buses in each region are crucial for operations. They are required by the planning and management authority for bus public transport. A deep learning-based LSTM prediction model is proposed to predict the number of passengers in 4 bus public transportation areas (central, north, south, and west), evaluated by MSLE, MAPE, and SMAPE with dropout, neuron, and train-test variations. The CSV dataset obtained from Auckland Transport(AT) New Zealand metro patronage report on bus performance(1/01/2019-31/07/2023) is used for evaluation. The best prediction model was obtained from the lowest evaluation value and relatively fast time with a dropout of 0.2, 32 neurons, and train-test 80-20. The prediction model on training and testing data improves with the suitability of tuning for four predictions for the next 12 months with mutual fluctuations. The strong negative correlation is central-south, while the strong positive correlation is north-west. Predictions are less closely interconnected and dependent, namely central-south. With its potential to significantly impact policy-making, this prediction model can increase public transport mobility in each region, leading to a more efficient and accessible public transport system and ultimately enhancing the public's daily lives. This research has practical implications for public transport authorities, as it can guide them in making informed decisions about service planning and resource allocation.

Enhancing the Competency of Facilitators and Accelerating Halal Certificate Registration

The primary focus of this community service initiative is to improve the abilities of Halal Product Process facilitators (P3H) and to expedite halal certification acquisition for stakeholders in South Kalimantan through the self-declaration scheme. The methods used are mentoring and workshops, which are then carried out by holding a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The number of P3H who participated in this event was 100 participants. The findings and outcomes of the event can be described through the enhancement of facilitators' competency, which has an impact on increasing the number of halal certificates issued in the South Kalimantan area. In 2022, 893 halal certificates have been issued, followed by 1,588 certificates from January 1st to July 14th, 2023. This number increased significantly to 3,286 certificates issued from July 15th to December 31st, 2023, after the implementation of community service. As a result, this community service has proven effective in accelerating halal certification for MSMEs.

Distribution and environmental drivers of macrofaunal nematode communities across gradients of methane seepage at cold seeps on Hikurangi Margin (New Zealand) and potential implications of disturbance from gas hydrate extraction

Cold seeps are areas characterised by specialized biological communities that rely on chemosynthesis for their nutrition. To date, research conducted on New Zealand’s Hikurangi Margin seep communities has focused on communities at 650-1200 m water depth. Here, we characterize the macrofaunal nematode communities of New Zealand cold seeps for the first time, and at deeper (> 1200 m) seep locations (Maungaroa, Glendhu and Urutī South). There were no significant difference in nematode abundance, species richness, diversity and evenness among the seep areas, which may reflect the lack of difference in most sediment variables. However, a consistent spatial pattern in nematode abundance was observed within all the seep areas on the Hikurangi Margin: abundance was highest at or near the seep centre, decreased steeply away from the centre and was low in the periphery. These spatially consistent patterns reflect the influence of methane seepage, which appears limited to the inner 150-200 m radius of each area, on nematode abundance via input of chemosynthetic food sources. We found significant differences in nematode community structure among all three areas, with most of the heterogeneity in community structure between the shallow Urutī South area and deeper Maungaroa and Glendhu areas, and differences among nematode communities of high, medium and low abundance associated with site-specific gradients in methane seepage. Within area variability in nematode community structure was mainly correlated with food availability and sediment grain size. Consistent with previous investigations of seep nematodes, we did not find evidence of seep endemics. Although deposit feeders were generally the most abundant feeding group, there were differences in the relative abundances of different feeding groups such as microvores and epigrowth feeders among the seep areas, and as a function of distance from the centre of the seep areas. Impact on seep communities from gas hydrate extraction processes may occur via reduction or potentially cessation of free-gas methane supply to the seafloor, ‘sand’ production at the seafloor due to the physical degradation of the substrate structure, or alteration of the structural integrity of the seafloor substrate. Any spatial management options considered for managing these impacts should reflect the differences in benthic community structure between depths and locations on the Hikurangi Margin.

The world’s most venomous spider is a species complex: systematics of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atracidae: Atrax robustus)

The Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 is an iconic Australian species and considered among the most dangerously venomous spiders for humans. Originally described in 1877 from a single specimen collected in “New Holland”, this spider has a complex taxonomic history. The most recent morphological revision of funnel-web spiders (Atracidae) lists this species as both widespread and common in the Sydney Basin bioregion and beyond, roughly 250 km from the Newcastle area south to the Illawarra, and extending inland across the Blue Mountains. Morphological variability and venom diversity in this species appear to be unusually high, raising questions about species concepts and diversity in these spiders. In this study, we use a combination of molecular phylogenetics, divergence time analyses and morphology to establish the Sydney funnel-web spider as a complex of three species. The “real” Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus is relatively widespread in the Sydney metropolitan region. A second species, Atrax montanus (Rainbow, 1914), which is revalidated here, overlaps but mainly occurs further south and west, and a third larger species, Atrax christenseni sp. nov., is found in a small area surrounding Newcastle to the north. The revised taxonomy for funnel-web spiders may have practical implications for antivenom production and biochemical studies on spider venoms. Although no human fatalities have occurred since the development of antivenom in the 1980s, antivenom for Sydney funnel-web spiders might be optimized by considering biological differentiation at the species level.

The Disappearance of the Msane Chiefdom, 1820s to 1890s

ABSTRACT This articles examines the Msane chieftaincy, a small polity located in the vicinity of the White and Black Mfolozi Rivers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This article makes two contributions. One, it presents a coherent narrative of the history of the Msane chiefdom in south-eastern Africa. It does so by looking at how it was challenged, then disintegrated and migrated, and finally assimilated itself into other groups over the course of the nineteenth century. Two, it contributes to the ongoing conversation about the historiography of groups in southern Africa, especially as regards the question of how to reconstruct precolonial (and colonial) histories that were dismissed in the accounts about Zulu nation-building accounts and swept under the carpet in written accounts in the mid- and late nineteenth century. The article discusses developments in the broad area south of Delagoa Bay and how these led to the rise of the paramount kingdoms such as the Ndwandwe under Zwide, Mthethwa under the Dingiswayo and the Zulu Kingdom. Amongst the chiefdoms that were affected by these developments was the Msane chiefdom.

Comparison of conventional and organic paddy cropping systems in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

<p><span>Rice is the food source for the community, including in the South Sulawesi area. Consequently, proper management is needed to support optimal production results. Several farmers are currently starting to develop organic farming systems due to the shortcomings of the conventional farming system such as the use of chemical inputs, land degradation, and decreased production. This study aims to compare the organic farming developed by farmers with conventional farming systems in terms of land ownership, input, soil quality, and productivity. This research used a simple random sampling method to collect land and production data from 130 farmers (90 conventional, 40 organic).In general, in South Sulawesi, the organic farming system is better than conventional farming systems. The inputs in the conventional are certified seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, which will affect costs and have an effect in the long term. Meanwhile, in an organic farming system, seed needs are met independently by farmers, using organic materials (manure, compost, bokashi) and biopesticides. Productivity also shows that the organic farming system increases production than conventional farming. In the future, farmers can start to develop an organic farming system by adding various organic ingredients to support their field performance</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span></p>

Cladistic analysis and redefinition of the Dasybasis Macquart s. str. (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Neotropical region

BACKGROUND The works of Lutz & Neiva, published 115 years ago in the Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, are pioneering for the study of Neotropical Tabanidae. These studies emphasised the importance of biological collections and the description of species from the exploration of South American areas. Dasybasis Macquart, 1847 has traditionally been considered a large genus of tabanids restricted to the Australasian, Neotropical, and Andean regions. Dasybasis species exhibit a high degree of morphological similarity, making specific differentiation challenging. Moreover, some of these features are also present in other taxa, suggesting that they may not be homologous characters and should not be used to define the genus. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the monophyly of Dasybasis and establish its major monophyletic groups. METHODS We conducted an implied weighting analysis using morphological characters, and wing landmarks from 91 terminal species. FINDINGS For the total evidence analyses, aligning with either Tabanus Linnaeus or Dasybasis appendiculata Macquart yielded slightly different trees. Classical morphology and total evidence topology aligned with D. appendiculata are the same, while differing from the total evidence topology aligned with Tabanus in two nodes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Dasybasis was not a monophyletic group, and that this name should be restricted to species with a distribution in Australasia; while Neotropical Dasybasis species are recovered in different clades. The genera Archiplatius, Pseudoselasoma, and Stypommia are revalidated. This study provides a revised phylogenetic framework for “Dasybasis” and related taxa, highlighting the need for a more nuanced understanding of morphological character evolution within the tribe Diachlorini.

Trends of acute myocardial infarction-related deaths in US patients from 1999 to 2020

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to analyze the temporal trends and demographic/geographical disparities in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-related mortality among individuals aged 15 and older across the United Sates (US).Material and methodsWe evaluated death records from 1999 to 2020 that were obtained from the CDC WONDER database. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons and annual percent changes (APC) were computed, with stratification by year, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region.ResultsBetween 1999 and 2020, 3,016,546 AMI-related deaths were reported in the United States. The overall AAMR was 51.9 per 100,000 (95% CI: 51.8–52.0). Over the course of the study, the crude mortality rate (CMR) increased with age. Males exhibited a consistently higher overall annual AAMR (67.4, 95% CI: 67.3, 67.5) than females (39.5, 95% CI: 39.4, 39.6). In comparison to other races, Black (or African American) people had the highest death rates, with an AAMR of 58.9 (95% CI: 58.7, 59.1). The South region mortality rate (AAMR = 57.7; 95% CI: 57.6, 57.8) was higher than that of the Northeast, Midwest, and West. Specifically, Kentucky had the highest death rate (87.7, 95% CI: 87.0, 88.3), followed by Missouri (80.3, 95% CI: 79.8, 80.8) and Mississippi (85.6, 95% CI: 85.0, 86.6).ConclusionsDuring the period from 1999 to 2020, males, Black/African American adults and those living in the South and other nonmetropolitan areas of the country typically had the highest AAMRs.

Location of the Sinhala in Regional Linguistic Historicity and the Identity of Sinhala Language

The purpose of this study is to locate the Sinhala language in the South Asian linguistic area and the Indo-Aryan subgroup and to examine the concepts and ideas related to the origin and evolution of the Sinhala language. The data were collected using document analysis and analysed using content analysis. Building the relevant rationale by analysing and synthesising the results of previous studies is the study path followed here. According to the findings, it is evident that the identity of the Sinhala language is the result of a different evolutionary path than other languages belonging to the Indo-Aryan sub-group of the Indo-European language family. Since Sinhala began to exhibit its independent aspect before the beginning of the 'Modern Indo-Aryan languages', it is justified to consider the Sinhala language as a modern language that emerged from the contact of a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect with the Old Indo-Aryan languages and the languages belong to other language families such as Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan. Although Sanskrit and the language known as 'Pali' are recognised as the 'mother languages' of Sinhala, there is no evidence that Sinhala was initiated as a dialect of either Sanskrit or 'Pali'. According to the historical analysis, several Prakrit vernaculars led to the source of the Vedic language, which was developed and modified as Sanskrit during 5c. B.C. was isolated from the original mainland and developed independently on this island. The mixing of Prakrit dialects on this island and the contact with the languages of the early inhabitants of the island was the first step in the independent aspect of the Sinhala and the contact with the colloquial languages of other nations arrived here due to various socio-economic, political, and cultural relationships led to the preparation of the new face of Sinhala. The origin and evolution of the Sinhala language took place through admixture with other non-Dravidian languages - mainly Tamil, the primary language of the Dravidian language family. The reasons for finding a vocabulary similar to Sanskrit and Pali languages - which are considered to have evolved from them - are that the Prakrit verículars based on those languages are rooted in the source of Sinhala and the development of Sinhala language due to socio-cultural (educational and religious etc.) reasons similar to Sanskrit and Pali languages. It is clear that the use of loan words and a derived vocabulary and the influence of the grammatical features of those languages.

Detection and Identification of Avian Orthoavulovirus-1 in Broiler Chickens in Mid and South Areas of Iraq

Detection and Identification of Avian Orthoavulovirus-1 in Broiler Chickens in Mid and South Areas of Iraq

Applying 224Ra and 223Ra to Trace Lateral Groundwater Discharge into Lake Qinghai, China

AbstractQuantifying lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) is important for understanding the dynamics of lake ecosystems and their expansion. This study focuses on Lake Qinghai, employing radium isotope models to evaluate the contributions of both shallow and deep groundwater. The data indicate that the activity of 223Ra and 224Ra demonstrates a pronounced gradient, decreasing from the shoreline to the center of Lake Qinghai. Additionally, vertical stratification characteristics were observed. The spatial distribution of radium isotope activity suggests that there is discharge of both shallow and deep groundwater into the lake. Deep groundwater migrates slowly and its apparent age reflects the time elapsed since the water became enriched in Ra and was isolated from the source, in the study system this age is estimated to be 10.1 d. In contrast, shallow groundwater displayed varied apparent ages in different regions: 7.9 d in the north, 13.1 d in the south, and 7.4 d in the southeastern area of the lake. The LGDs of shallow groundwater discharge in the north, south, and southeast areas of Lake Qinghai were estimated by 224Ra as 1.89 × 106 to 2.69 × 106 m3/d, 3.25 × 106 to 3.99 × 106 m3/d, and 4.51 × 106 to 6.33 × 106 m3/d, respectively. For deep groundwater, the LGD was 0.16 × 106 to 0.29 × 106 m3/d. Annually, the total LGD fluxes of shallow and deep groundwater are 27.86 × 108 to 37.59 × 108 m3/year and 0.58 × 108 to 1.06 × 108 m3/year, respectively. This study is the first to evaluate shallow and deep groundwater discharge around the lake. Understanding these discharge dynamics is essential for developing effective management strategies to preserve lake environments.

Chilean National Sports Talent Detection System: Influence of Biological Age, Sex, and Geographic Area.

The standing broad jump (SBJ), medicine ball chest throw (MBCT), thirty-meter running sprint (RS-30), Agility-T (T-test), and height were analyzed in 3060 schoolchildren from Chile, grouped by sex, age, geographical area (north, central and south) and maturity status at peak height velocity (PHV) in pre-, circa- and post-PHV. Superior differences were found in boys for all age ranges in SBJ, RS-30, T-test, and MBCT (p < 0.05). Girls were taller than boys until the age of 12 years (p < 0.01) with a reversal of this trend after 13 years old (p < 0.001). In geographical grouping, higher scores in SBJ, RS-30, and T-test were found in the central zone for boys and girls (p < 0.05). In both sexes, higher scores for the northern zone in MBCT (p < 0.01) and height (p < 0.05) are observed. Among selected talents, when comparing post-PHV vs. pre-PHV the differences are superior in all tests for post-PHV in girls and for MBCT and height (p < 0.05) in boys. In circa-PHV vs. post-PHV in MBCT, T-test, and RS-30 only girls (p < 0.05) were superior in post-PHV. For pre-PHV vs. circa-PHV, RS-30, and height (p < 0.05), both sexes were superior in circa-PHV. There are differences between talents selected by physical tests and technical aspects (p < 0.05). The results show variations in physical and anthropometric tests in schoolchildren by age, sex, geography, and maturity status that should be considered for talent selection.

Diversity and Composition of the Airborne Fungal Community in Mexico City with a Metagenomic Approach.

Airborne fungi are widely distributed in the environment and originate from various sources like soil, plants, decaying organic matter, and even indoor environments. Exposure to airborne fungal spores can cause allergic reactions, asthma, and respiratory infections. Certain fungi can cause serious infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. An aerobiological study was conducted to detect airborne fungi using metagenomics in three areas of Mexico City, each representing different degrees of urbanization, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2017. Seasonality showed a significant role in the composition of airborne fungi. Ascomycota predominated in the three areas sampled during dry and rainy seasons, with the genera Cladosporium and Penicillium presenting the highest relative abundances across seasons. The Agaromycetes showed an increase during the rainy season. Regarding the areas, the north and center sites showed similar meteorological conditions and fungal community composition patterns. According to the Shannon and Simpson indices, the south area showed a greater species diversity during the dry season. These insights into the interactions between urbanization, seasonality, and airborne microbial communities could contribute to more effective urban management, reduced health risks, and the promotion of sustainable development.

Inovasi Layanan Khusus Akhir Pekan (LAKSA) dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan Publik di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I Non TPI Tangerang

This study examines the implementation of Weekend Special Service (LAKSA) innovation at the Tangerang Class I Non-TPI Immigration Office, which still faces challenges in scheduling and accessibility of Immigration Introduction Letters—using a descriptive qualitative method through observation, interviews, and literature study with purposive informant selection technique and data analysis using Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) model. The results show that LAKSA implementation still needs to be optimal. The relative advantage aspect shows an acceleration in passport services. The compatibility aspect runs well according to applicants' needs and regulations. However, the complexity aspect is still constrained by service accessibility in South Tangerang and Tangerang Regency areas. The liability aspect could be more optimal as no official trials involving the community have been conducted. The observability aspect is evident through social media socialization. It is recommended that the Immigration Office conduct a unique LAKSA satisfaction survey and expand its implementation.

ИЗМЕЂУ ФЕСА И ШЕШИРА: ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ МУСЛИМАНИ И АТАТУРКОВЕ РЕФОРМЕ

The paper shows how Yugoslav Muslims and representatives of the Yugoslav authorities faced the reforms implemented in various social fields in the years after the First World War, under the leadership of the strong personality of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. The abolition of the Sultanate, Sharia and religious schools, the ban on wearing the traditional Muslim clothing such as the fez and ferace, the replacement of the Arabic script with Latin, and particularly the abolition of the caliphate, an institution headed by Ottoman sultans over the earlier four centuries, caused astonishment and disbelief among different Muslim peoples in the world. The Muslims of the South Slavic area, who from 1918 lived within the new state union – the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia – were no exception. Divided over visions of their own future and the status in the new Yugoslav state, they continued to be divided on the issue of reforms in Turkish society into proponents of modernisation, primarily in the fields of law, education, and the social position of women, and opponents of Kemalist reforms who considered them dangerous for the Islamic faith and tradition. The paper is based primarily on the reports of Yugoslav diplomats in Constantinople about events in Turkey, as well as reports from the field when it came to the Yugoslav Muslim public.

Moral distress, professional value, and vocational choice among senior nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

During clinical placement, nursing students may experience unease and moral distress, which negatively impacts their professional values and vocational choices. However, no instrument exists to measure moral distress in nursing students. Thus, this study constructs measurement items for moral distress and explores the factors that influence the vocational choices of nursing students. The participants were recruited from three universities in South Korea Between September and October 2021. This study was adopted with a convenience sample of 270 Korean fourth-year nursing students who completed their clinical practice at tertiary general hospitals in three provinces in the North, Middle, and South areas of South Korea. Data were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. The study developed the items and subscales of the Moral Distress Scale using multistep methods following the recommendations of the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instrument. The study constructed 22 items of the three factors of Moral Distress Scale. The three factors of the Moral Distress Scale were "moral distress by low quality of care," "moral distress by a heavy workload and an insufficient workforce," and "unfair and distrust." The factors influencing the vocational choice of the nursing students were high professional values, intention not to choose nursing as a future career, lacking vision for choosing nursing, democratic family climate, and having at least one parent who was a medical professional. Moral distress in undergraduate nursing students may not influence their intention to choose the nursing profession. Fostering the professionalism and professional values of nursing students through university education curricula may help maintain their professional identity.

Risk Analysis for Invasion of the Forest Pest Paropsisterna bimaculata Present in Tasmania to Areas of the World.

Paropsisterna bimaculata is an essential pest of eucalyptus species. The insect is consistently associated with severe defoliation in large crop plantations in Tasmania. Its attack causes a reduction in the volume of wood produced and, in severe cases, the death of trees. Eucalyptus is the most important species in the global forestry sector and is economically significant in many countries. The extensive insect fauna associated with these species demonstrates the need for increasingly effective control and prevention methods, especially for those regulated as quarantine pests. This study aimed to develop an ecoclimatic index model for P. bimaculata using the CLIMEX software, highlighting the potential distribution of P. bimaculata in the world and the areas at risk of introducing the insect into planted forest crops. The potential distribution of P. bimaculata showed high suitability in regions of Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, and America, with greater probability in countries in Europe and South America. The results are mainly associated with regions with temperate climates. Furthermore, an area in Brazil's South and Southeast regions also showed an adequate distribution for the species. The model's results presented here can assist in developing strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of P. bimaculata in eucalyptus crops worldwide.

The coupling effect and ecological risk assessment of iron, manganese, and arsenic in the water environment of the central Yangtze River Basin, China.

Excessive heavy metal in drinking water are harmful to human body. Groundwater was still the drinking water resource in most of rural areas in the central of the Yangtze River Basin. Heavy metals of Fe, Mn, and As in the low plain region of the Yangtze River Basin significantly exceeded the standard, resulting in 16.67% and 5.00% of water samples in the area reaching moderate and severe heavy metal pollution states. However, the coupling effect and ecological risks of iron, manganese, and arsenic in the water environment are unknown. This paper found that the dissolution of iron-bearing and manganese-bearing minerals into groundwater affected each other, when the burial depth of groundwater was less than 20m. Conversely, the dissolution of minerals containing iron and arsenic into the groundwater interacted with each other when the groundwater depth was greater than 20m. The precipitation of siderite (FeCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) may control the dissolved Fe and Mn in groundwater. The area between Yangtze River and Han River was more affected by industrial activities, and the south area of the Yangtze River was more affected by agricultural activities. This paper not only strengthened the understanding of the risk of heavy metal pollution in local groundwater, but also provided important scientific basis for the protection of regional groundwater ecological environment.