Coastal Water Areas Research Articles

MICROALGAE FROM THE COASTAL WATERS OF TYULENY ISLAND IN THE CASPIAN SEA

Aim. In this work, we set out to study the composition of a phytoplankton community in an important fishery area, the coastal water area of Tyuleny Island in the Caspian Sea.Methods. We present the results of seasonal observations (2016) on the state of phytoplankton in the coastal waters of Tyuleny Island in the Caspian Sea. In total, 120 phytoplankton samples were collected at four stations from the water surface layer (May–October) using the Nansen bottle and subsequent fixation by Lugolʹs solution. Sedimentation and concentration were carried out using standard procedures. The samples were processed in the Nageotte chamber with a volume of 0.1 ml under a light microscope.Results. According to the research results (2016), 103 species and varieties of microalgae were found in the phytoplankton samples collected from the water area of Tyuleny Island. The microalgae were represented by four divisions: Bacillariophyta – 49 species, Cyano‐ phyta – 24 species, Chlorophyta – 23 species and Pyrrophyta – 7 species. The greatest species diversity of phytoplankton in the studied water area was noted during the autumn period (61 spe‐ cies). In general, phytoplankton was found to be distributed homogeneously throughout the coastal area of the island, with the biomass concentration not reaching 1 g/m3.Conclusion. In 2016, favorable hydrological and hydrochemical conditions for the development of microalgae were observed. The desalinated water around Tyuleny Island, which is well warmed in the summer and does not freeze in the winter, contributed to the development of rich flora. Although bi‐ omass values were not high due to the prevalence of small‐celled microalgae in phytoplankton, in general, it should have a positive effect on the development of subsequent links in a trophic chain, as well as promote an increase in the productivity of waters of the Northern Caspian Sea.

Method of Interpreting the High Resolution Seismic Profiles: Principle and Application in Coastal Shallow Water Area of Red River Delta

Abstract: Establishing a process of interpreting the high-resolution seismic profile according to a sedimentary geological point of view is a very urgent task. The explanation process can be divided into the following steps: (1) Boundary demarcation of sequences based on unconformable surfaces showing signs of erosion of the river bed; (2) Analysis of lithofacies and lithofacies association according to time and to space in relation to global sea level change; (3) Demarcation of systems tract: low stand systems tract (LST), Transgressive systems tract (TST) and Highstand systems tract (HST). On that basis, Tran Nghi (2012) established an integrated general formula between lithofacies and systems tract: (1) Li LST = arLST + amrLST; (2) LiTST = atTST + amtTST + mtTST; (3) LiHST = ahHST + amhTST
 Where, Li - Lithofacies; ar - Alluvial facies of lowstand systems tract; at - Alluvial facies of transgressive systems tract; ah - Deltaic facies of lowstand systems tract; amr - Deltaic facies of highstand systems tract; amt- Coastal facies of transgressive systems tract; mt - Shallow sea facies of maximum transgressive systems tract; 
 The results have determined the exact location of the ancient river channels and their’s change history in the shallow coastal area of ​​the Red River Delta. Before 1787, the ancient Red River channel had the largest scale flowing to the sea through Ha Lan mouth (T22-1), while the river channel flowing into Ba Lat mouth was only a tributary of the Red River (T12). The seismic section of line T22-1 (Ha Lan mouth) allows the determination of the ancient Red River channel and line T12 (Ba Lat mouth) has identified the tributary channel of the Red River. The boundary between lithofacies complexes in vertical seismic section (bottom up) is determined as follows: arLSTQ13b à atTSTQ21 à amt1TSTQ21-2 à amt2TSTQ21-2 à mtTSTQ22 à amhHSTQ23.
 Keywords: Lithofacies, lithfacies association, seismic wave field, systems tract, transgressive alluvial lithofacies (atTST).

Assessment of Satellite-Based Chlorophyll-a Algorithms in Eutrophic Korean Coastal Waters: Jinhae Bay Case Study

Jinhae Bay, one of the most important aquaculture areas in Korean coastal waters, has suffered from serious environmental problems due to intensive anthropogenic activities since the 1970s. Determining the response of coastal ecosystems in Korea to anthropogenic activities requires understanding the characteristics of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), and the high spatiotemporal resolution of the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) can aid these efforts. However, producing reliable satellite-based Chl-a estimates is challenging in optically complex coastal waters and the Chl-a estimation algorithms must be assessed regionally. Based on in situ Chl-a measurements collected in Jinhae Bay between 2011 and 2016, we evaluated GOCI-derived Chl-a estimates obtained using six ocean color Chl-a algorithms: two standard open ocean algorithms, one GOCI-standard algorithm, and three Tassan’s algorithms regionally modified for Korean waters. All of the algorithms tended to underestimate high Chl-a values >0.9 mg m–3. The Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Ocean Color Project (YOC) algorithm, one of the modified Tassan’s algorithms, provided the best fit to the in situ Chl-a measurements in Jinhae Bay (r=0.51 , p<0.05 ), including appropriate representations of the spatial and temporal variation. Therefore, this algorithm can be considered a baseline approach for satellite-based long-term coastal monitoring systems in Jinhae Bay.

High abundance of Amphidomataceae (Dinophyceae) during the 2015 spring bloom of the Argentinean Shelf and a new, non-toxigenic ribotype of Azadinium spinosum

Azaspiracids (AZA) are the most recently discovered group of lipophilic marine biotoxins of microalgal origin, and associated with human incidents of shellfish poisoning. They are produced by a few species of Amphidomataceae, but diversity and occurrence of the small-sized dinophytes remain poorly explored for many regions of the world. In order to analyze the presence and importance of Amphidomataceae in a highly productive area of Argentinean coastal waters (El Rincón area, SW Atlantic), a scientific cruise was performed in 2015 to sample the early spring bloom. In a multi-method approach, light microscopy was combined with real-time PCR molecular detection of Amphidomataceae, with chemical analysis of AZA, and with the establishment and characterization of amphidomatacean strains. Both light microscopy and PCR revealed that Amphidomataceae were widely present in spring plankton communities along the El Rincón area. They were particularly abundant offshore at the shelf front, reaching peak densities of 2.8 × 105 cells L−1, but no AZA were detected in field samples. In total, 31 new strains were determined as Az. dalianense and Az. spinosum, respectively. All Az. dalianense were non-toxigenic and shared the same rRNA sequences. The large majority of the new Az. spinosum strains revealed for the first time the presence of a non-toxigenic ribotype of this species, which is otherwise the most important AZA producer in European waters. One of the new Az. spinosum strains, with a particular slender shape and some other morphological peculiarities, clustered with toxigenic strains of Az. spinosum from Norway and, exceptionally for the species, produced only AZA-2 but not AZA-1. Results indicate a wide diversity within Az. spinosum, both in terms of sequence data and toxin profiles, which also will affect the qualitative and quantitative performance of the specific qPCR assay for this species. Overall, the new data provide a more differentiated perspective of diversity, toxin productivity and occurrence of Amphidomataceae in a poorly explored region of the global ocean.

MODERN CONDITION AND PECULIARITIES OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE ZOOPLANKTON OF THE COASTAL AQUATORIA OF THE MANAS-OZEN OF THE CASPIAN SEA

The article presents the research data on the biological diversity and dynamics of the zooplankton complexes structure of the Manas-ozen of the Daghestan coastal water area of the Caspian Sea in modern conditions. It is noted that the formation of the zooplankton complex of the studied area is seasonal. The positive role of Acartia tonsa Dana in maintaining the biological productivity of the studied area under the conditions of Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz introduction is also noticed.

Lead (Pb) in the tissues of Anatidae, Ardeidae, Sternidae and Laridae of the Northern Hemisphere: a review of environmental studies

Due to the ability of birds to travel long distances in the air, the potential feeding area of each individual is much larger than that of typical terrestrial animals. This makes birds a convenient indicator of environmental lead (Pb) pollution over large areas, in particular areas of inland and coastal waters. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of Pb in various organs of water birds from a variety of locations. The focus was on ducks, geese and swans (Anatidae); herons and egrets (Ardeidae); terns (Sternidae); and gulls (Laridae). This article describes the level of lead in the most commonly studied tissue types: feathers, bones and the liver. The study also presents data concerning the concentration of lead in the eggs of water birds. The highest levels of lead pollution can be observed in China and Korea, related to their high level of industrialization. In Iran too, environmental lead pollution is high, likely due to the developed petrochemical industry. Lead pollution in Japan, as well as in Western European countries (Spain, France, Italy), seems to be much lower than in China, India or Iran. Nevertheless, the level of pollution in Europe is higher than satisfactory, despite the introduction of a number of bans related to, for example, the use of leaded petrol or lead-containing paints. Finally, the USA and Canada appear to be the areas with the lowest lead pollution, possibly due to their low population densities.

Митилидное обрастание отдельных гидротехнических сооружений в прибрежных акваториях Севастополя (Крым, Черное море)

The conditions assessment of hydrobiont`s settlements in a various water area is of great theoretical and practical importance. This issue is particularly relevant for organisms that create abundant settlements on the artificial substrates in a coastal water areas. The evaluation of the modern (2015) condition of mytilidae fouling of some hydraulic structures of various coastal waters of Sevastopol was made. Based on these data, the calculation of the biofilters capacity formed by mussels and mytilasters in the surface horizon of hydraulic structures was made. It was assigned that on the underwater part of the embankment of the Sevastopol Bay, a biofilter 3 times exceled in those in the water area Kruglaya bay and park Pobedy. The assessment of the current state metilenovoj fouling of some hydraulic structures for various coastal water areas of the Sevastopol found that the investigated structures mytilaster was prevalent. The number of mussels ranged from 403 to 14726 specimens∙m–2. The number of mytilaster ranged from 5690 to 33802 ind.∙m–2.

Хлорорганические соединения в ерше Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758 в акватории Севастополя (Чёрное море): пространственное распределение и биологический отклик на уровень накопления загрязнителей

Несмотря на запрет применения хлорорганических соединений (ХОС), они до настоящего времени аккумулируются в различных абиотических и биотических компонентах экосистемы Чёрного моря, в том числе в рыбах, вызывая негативные изменения в их метаболизме. Как район активного хозяйственного использования, севастопольская морская акватория подвергается значительному антропогенному воздействию. Уровень содержания ХОС в тканях морского ерша (скорпены) Scorpaena porcus Linnaeus, 1758, ведущего оседлый образ жизни и массово распространённого в прибрежных сообществах, может служить показателем степени загрязнения акватории данным поллютантом, а вид ― удобным индикатором. Газохроматографическим методом с использованием микродетектора электронного захвата определены качественный состав и концентрация хлорорганических пестицидов (п,п’-ДДТ и его метаболитов) и шести индикаторных конгенеров полихлорированных бифенилов в 58 пробах белых мышц, гонад и печени морского ерша, отловленного в 2016–2017 гг. в различных по степени загрязнённости бухтах региона Севастополя (Александровская, Казачья, Стрелецкая, Балаклавская, Ласпи), а также в открытой прибрежной акватории. Для определения отклика организма на уровень загрязнения в печени ерша исследовали комплекс биохимических маркеров: активность аланинаминотрансферазы, аспартатаминотрансферазы и каталазы, содержание альбумина, уровень окислительной модификации белков и концентрацию малонового диальдегида. Содержание ХОС в рыбах зависело от загрязнённости места их обитания. Наибольший уровень ХОС зафиксирован в органах ершей из бухт закрытого типа с затруднённым водообменом (Александровская, Стрелецкая и Балаклавская), наименьший ― в открытой бухте Ласпи. Накопление ХОС в органах ершей зависело от содержания липидов в исследованных тканях. Максимальные концентрации ХОС обнаружены в печени скорпен из всех изученных акваторий, минимальные ― в гонадах рыб из бухт и в белых мышцах особей из открытых районов. Полученные соотношения между содержанием ХОС в печени ерша и показателями комплекса биохимических маркеров свидетельствуют об ослаблении антиоксидантной защиты и о развитии окислительного стресса у рыб в результате накопления ксенобиотиков.

A Study of the Properties of the Multi-Step Recurrent Models for the Interannual Dynamics of Epiphytic Diatom Communities

Communities of epiphytic diatoms develop seasonally. On macroalgae, they reach the highest density in the middle of summer and decline to a minimum value in winter. This discrete pattern makes it possible to use the tool of difference (recurrent) equations for testing the concept of density regulation on the interannual dynamics of the number of epiphytic diatoms. The properties of the obtained multi-step recurrent models for the interannual dynamics of the number of diatoms in the epiphyton of the macroalga Ulva lactuca Linnaeus collected from three areas of coastal waters in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan (Amur Bay, Ussuri Bay, and Stark Strait), are considered. The proposed multi-step recurrent models do not contradict the primary data of observations. Each of the obtained descriptions for different water areas is characterized by its specific pattern of dynamics. The reproductive capacity of epiphytic diatom community is the lowest in the Stark Strait; the highest reproductive capacity is observed in Amur Bay. According to the models, the epiphytic diatom communities in different parts of Peter the Great Bay exhibit generally complex, pseudochaotic, dynamics of their number.

Monitoring Anthropogenic Impact on Some Coastal Water Areas of the Black Sea Using Multispectral Satellite Imagery

The results of comprehensive monitoring of anthropogenic impact on some coastal water areas of the Black Sea are presented. Multispectral satellite imagery and sea truth hydrooptical and hydroacoustical data acquired aboard research vessels are used as the main information sources. In the course of monitoring, more than 300 multispectral Resurs-P, GeoEye, WorldView, Landsat, Sentinel-2 and other satellite images of water areas near the cities of Sevastopol and Gelendzhik were systematized and analyzed. For processing the multispectral satellite imagery, we use an approach based on the calculation and analysis of distributions of relative variability characteristics of the backscattering signal in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (“color indices”). The sea truth measurements, which were carried out using a SIPO9 light attenuation index spectral meter and an ADCP acoustic Doppler profilometer, allowed us to detect submerged pollutant plumes and validate the results of satellite data processing. By using the suggested methods, we found and quantified the characteristics of intensive anthropogenic impacts due to submerged outfalls in the coastal waters near Sevastopol and Gelendzhik. Processing the multispectral satellite imagery and sea-truth data revealed several disruptions in the outfall collectors located in these coastal waters.

Selective accumulation of plastic debris at the breaking wave area of coastal waters

Over the last decades, plastic debris has been identified and quantified in the marine environment. Coastal and riverine input have been recognized as sources of plastic debris, whereas oceanic gyres and sediments are understood to be sinks. However, we have a limited understanding of the fate of plastic debris in the nearshore environment. To investigate the movement and distribution of plastic debris in the nearshore environment, we collected samples at three distinct locations: below the high tide line, the turbulent zone created by the combination of breaking wave and backflush (defined as the boundary), and the outer nearshore. We estimated the abundance and physical characteristics (e.g. density, hardness, etc.) of macroplastic and microplastics. Four times and 15 times more macroplastics and microplastics are observed, respectively, at the boundary than in the outer nearshore waters, which suggests an accumulation driven by the physical properties of the plastic particles such as density, buoyancy and surface area. We further report that highly energetic conditions characteristic of the boundary area promote the long-term suspension and/or degradation of low density, highly buoyant or large surface area plastic debris, leading to their preferential accumulation at the boundary. Contrastingly, denser and low surface area plastic pieces were transported to the outer nearshore. These results emphasize the role of selective plastic movement at the nearshore driven by physical properties, but also by the combined effects of several hydrodynamics forces like wave action, wind or tide in the resuspension, as well as degradation and transport of plastic debris out of the nearshore environment.

A checklist of tintinnids (loricate ciliates) from the coastal zone of India.

We report here a checklist of tintinnids (loricate ciliates) for the coastal zone of India. Based on available literature (1978 to 2017), a total of 25 stations were studied from 5 distinct areas of Indian coastal waters. A total of 151 species of 33 genera belonging to 14 families of tintinnids were documented. Diversity patterns of tintinnids were recorded higher along the west coast (30 genera and 106 species) than the east coast of India (20 genera and 93 species). Among tintinnids families, the Codonellidae (2 genera and 52 species, 20%) and the Tintinnidae (8 genera and 21 species, 19%) are the major contributors to the total tintinnids diversity in the Indian coastal zone.

Seabed Mapping in Coastal Shallow Waters Using High Resolution Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imagery

Coastal ecosystems experience multiple anthropogenic and climate change pressures. To monitor the variability of the benthic habitats in shallow waters, the implementation of effective strategies is required to support coastal planning. In this context, high-resolution remote sensing data can be of fundamental importance to generate precise seabed maps in coastal shallow water areas. In this work, satellite and airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imagery were used to map benthic habitats in a complex ecosystem. In it, submerged green aquatic vegetation meadows have low density, are located at depths up to 20 m, and the sea surface is regularly affected by persistent local winds. A robust mapping methodology has been identified after a comprehensive analysis of different corrections, feature extraction, and classification approaches. In particular, atmospheric, sunglint, and water column corrections were tested. In addition, to increase the mapping accuracy, we assessed the use of derived information from rotation transforms, texture parameters, and abundance maps produced by linear unmixing algorithms. Finally, maximum likelihood (ML), spectral angle mapper (SAM), and support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithms were considered at the pixel and object levels. In summary, a complete processing methodology was implemented, and results demonstrate the better performance of SVM but the higher robustness of ML to the nature of information and the number of bands considered. Hyperspectral data increases the overall accuracy with respect to the multispectral bands (4.7% for ML and 9.5% for SVM) but the inclusion of additional features, in general, did not significantly improve the seabed map quality.

Assessment of arsenic and heavy metal pollution and ecological risk in inshore sediments of the Yellow River estuary, China

In order to investigate the pollution levels, sources and ecological risks of arsenic (As) and heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) in inshore sediments of the Yellow River estuary, the surface sediment in areas of inshore coastal waters were sampled in October 2014 as the flow-sediment regulation project (FSRP) was implemented for 13 years. Results showed that the concentrations of As and heavy metals in inshore sediments of the Yellow River estuary were in the order of Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Cd. Higher levels of As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb generally occurred in fine-grained sediments of the Yellow River estuary and the southeast region, which was consistent with the spatial distribution of clay. In contrast, higher concentrations of Cd were generally observed in northwest area of the Yellow River estuary and near the Qingshuigou estuary, which showed similarly spatial distribution with that of sand. The sediment quality guidelines (SQGS) and geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) indicated that the inshore sediments were polluted by Cu, Cd, As, Pb and Zn, and, among them, Cd pollution was more serious. Ecological risk indices (E ) demonstrated low risks for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and As, and high potential toxicity by Cd. The integrated ecological risk index implied that 6.8% of stations presented moderate risk, 4.5% of stations exhibited disastrous risk, and 88.7% of stations demonstrated considerable risk. Principal component analysis indicated that Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and As might originate from common pollution sources, while Cr and Cd might share another similar sources. With the continuous implementation of FSRP, As and heavy metal levels in inshore sediments of the Yellow River estuary could be classified as stage I (2002–2010) and stage II (2010–2014). In the stage I, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb levels fluctuated but decreased significantly, whereas Cd concentrations showed little variation. In the stage II, As and heavy metal levels significantly increased although some little fluctuations occurred. The continuous accumulation of As and heavy metals (especially for Cd) in inshore sediments of the Yellow River estuary would occur again as the FSRP was implemented for 9 years (since 2010). The ecotoxicological risk of Cd, As, Ni and Cu in inshore sediments might be more serious since the accumulation of the four elements would be continuously occurred in future years. Next step, there will be long-term potential consequences for marine organism if effective measures are not taken to control the loadings of metal pollutants into estuary.

Applicability of Earth Observation chlorophyll-a data in assessment of water status via MERIS — With implications for the use of OLCI sensors

Earth Observation (EO) offers spatially and temporally unique data for generating information required under various environmental regulations for assessing the status of surface waters. These requirements, which are laid down in, for example, European Union directives and the Clean Water Act in the United States, share two core elements with respect to status assessments: 1) the status assessment is done using discrete classes, typically for water bodies, sub-areas or critical sites representative for certain area of interest, and 2) phytoplankton chlorophyll a (chl-a) is one of the main variables considered. We analysed the benefits of using chl-a concentrations derived from EO data for the status assessments specified in the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Our study focused especially on EO observations' ability to capture extreme and transient events (such as instances of cyanobacteria blooms) more frequently than the monitoring-station data conventionally employs. The accuracy of EO-based chl-a assessment was studied for, in all, 129 Finnish water bodies in the area of the Baltic Sea, in Northern Europe. Natural conditions in this coastal area – particularly its multitude of small bays, numerous estuaries, and mosaic of islands – impose exceptionally strict requirements for an EO instrument's spatial resolution. The analysis revealed that an instrument with a 300 m resolution, such as the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) or Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), can be used to estimate the water quality in 62% of these water bodies. Processing of MERIS data into chl-a concentrations by means of a FUB inversion model demonstrated good accuracy relative to monitoring stations' measurements for the open-water season in 2003–2011. This extensive dataset showed a 23% difference in modal values between EO- and station-sampling-based chl-a concentrations. The bias in EO chl-a estimates was found to increase with low Secchi disk depth, elevated turbidity, and the presence of intensive phytoplankton blooms. The monitoring-station and EO data showed similar distributions of chl-a observations for a given day and location, a finding that supports the comprehensive use of EO-derived chl-a concentrations in assessment. For determination of a water body's status, the EO data required but also allowed for statistical analysis that differs from what has typically been utilised with sparse measurements from monitoring-station data. The geometric mean or the mode of the EO observations was found to represent the main bulk of the chl-a concentrations well statistically. In contrast, the arithmetic mean of EO observations yields chl-a concentrations that are roughly 1.1–1.6 μg/l higher and hence can lead to over-estimation in the associated status assessment. This paper also presents a new approach applicable for evaluating the validity of EO-based algorithms for any coastal water area requiring assessment. With this quality-grade (QG) method, the EO chl-a estimation accuracy is rated in terms of three grades, with water bodies taken as the evaluation units. For this, the method utilises statistical differences between EO and station-sampling chl-a concentrations and applies background information on optical properties obtained from measurements at routine-monitoring stations. The QG method showed the EO-based chl-a accuracy to suffice for assessing the status of 65% of the coastal water bodies examined. At concentrations representing the threshold for the target of “good status” under the WFD, the EO approach produced 0.6 μg/l higher chl-a values than the stations' sampling did. The MERIS results point to clear benefits of using OLCI-based status assessment throughout the Sentinel-3 era.

Analysis of Positioning Accuracy of PPP, VRS, DGPS in Coast and Inland Water Area of South Korea

Jang, W.S.; Park, H.S, and Park, S.G., 2018. Analysis of Positioning Accuracy of PPP, VRS, DGPS in Coast and Inland Water Area of South Korea. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1276–1280. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Various research activities are being conducted every year in the coastal and inland water areas of Korea. Among them, location accuracy is very important for coastline change survey, depth survey, and coastal route analysis. VRS and DGPS are commonly used in coastal and inland areas. VRS is a type of Network RTK that offers high location accuracy and ease of use. However, due to the limitations of the Network RTK method, VRS is not able to significantly degrade or use its location accuracy unless the survey area is located within the network. On the other hand, DGPS has a position accuracy of about 1m, which is lower than that of VRS. However, DGPS is widely used for location measurement in the coastal area due to its wide service range. PPP is the most recently developed satellite positioning method. PPP can be used anywhere in Korea, like DGPS, while providing accuracy similar to VRS's positioning accuracy. However, PPP is still an early stage positioning technology and has a long convergence time to show high positioning accuracy and high complexity of use. Therefore, it is not used for research activities in actual coastal and inland water. In this paper, we present our PPP positioning system and analyze the results of PPP using our PPP positioning system, VRS and DGPS positioning presented in coastal and inland areas of Korea. In this paper, we compare and analyze the accuracy of three positioning methods and present the results.

Rapid Estimation of the Ecological State of Coastal Water Areas Based on Shipboard Passive Remote Optical Sensing of the Water Surface

The study of the ecological state of coastal areas often requires rapid acquisition of detailed data. In this work, sea radiance coefficient spectra are analyzed, which were measured with a new three-channel passive optical complex for ecological monitoring of marine aquatoria (EMMA), developed by us, which operates semiautomatically on board a moving ship. The measurements were carried out near the Brazilian coast at the Rio Grande river mouth. The spectra are processed using an original technique which is based on intrinsic properties of the pure sea water absorption spectrum (WASM – water absorption step method) and has been modified for eutrophic Case II waters. This enables us to estimate the absorption indices of the suspended matter and colored organic matter. The comparison of these remote estimates with the estimates made from water samples taken at special stations shows their high correlation. The distributions of the suspended matter and colored organic matter are retrieved from remote measurement data and compared to the satellite imagery for the water area under study.

Hydrothermal mode of the flow­through reservoir­cooler with respect to its morphometric changes

We carried out hydrothermal investigations of the flow-through reservoir-cooler with running water of the thermal power plant. The purpose of the study was to investigate a degree of silting of the flow-through reservoir-cooler of TPP for the operation period and an effect of morphometric changes of RC on its temperature and temperature of circulating water. The peculiarity of the circulating water supply of this thermal power plant is that two channels carry out the discharge of circulating water into the reservoir ‒ to the tail part of it and to the head part, near the water discharge facility. The volume of silting of the Dobrotvir reservoir during the operation period is 0.88 million m 3 , the total volume decreased by 9.6 %. The depths up to 2 m increased by 28 %. The area of the reservoir decreased by 1.56 km 2 as a result of silting and overgrowth of coastal water area. Circulating water in the near water area of its discharge into the reservoir cools by 3‒4 о С, that is, by ≈50 % of the total value. Over the operation period, the near water area became shallow, but this did not affect temperature performance of the reservoir. We recommended the formula for forecasting a temperature of water discharged from flow-through reservoir to a river, which is important for the summer period. The discharge of circulating water for cooling by two channels ‒ to the upper and to the catchment water area of the flow-through reservoir-cooler increases its active area. It is possible to provide sanitary norms regarding the thermal pollution of the river below the reservoir-cooler by regulation of the discharge of deep layers of water by discharge facility in summer. The results of research can be useful for operation of reversible systems of technical water supply with reservoirs-coolers. They are important for regulation of redistribution of circulating water of a thermal power plant to a water area of a reservoir-cooler, as well as for operation of their discharge facilities in flow-through reservoirs.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION OF TROPICAL DIATOM &lt;em&gt;Thalassiosira&lt;/em&gt; spp. FROM TELUK BAHANG, PENANG

This study describes the morphological structure of Thalassiosira spp. found in coastal water and intertidal area of Teluk Bahang, Penang. Examination of the samples collected from January 2015 to June 2016 showed that these species were the common genera in both benthic and surface seawater at Teluk Bahang. To obtain phytoplankton samples, five liters of seawater were filtered through the plankton net (35 µm). While for benthic samples, the samples were collected at sediment surface of 1 mm depth. Samples of Thalassiosira spp. were obtained from both phytoplankton and benthic samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the morphology of Thalassiosira spp. Results from the SEM showed distinct differences in areolae pattern, sizes, position and number of processes among Thalassiosira spp. (Thalassiosira nanolineata, Thalassiosira densannula, and Thalassiosira gravida). Thalassiosira densannula and Thalassiosira nanolineata were found in both habitats, coastal and benthic area while Thalassiosira gravida was found only in coastal water. Thalassiosira spp. contribute approximately 15% of the total benthic community and approximately 35% of the total phytoplankton community.

Patterns and Tidal Characteristics of East Coast of Bintan Island, Riau Archipelago Province

Tide is one of the important factors that affect the oceanographic processes around widely as waters flow. Tides also give significant effects against the dynamic of coastal area. This research was conducted considering the importance roles of tides data against all oceanographic phenomenon that gives the effects on activities around the area of coastal waters. This research was conducted around the area of east coast of Bintan Island Riau Archipelago Province in December 2017. Tidal data is retrieved from the global tidal modelling uses MIKE 21. The results of the analysis show the range of tidal height on the east coast of Bintan Island during 2007-2017 is 0.70-3.50 m of height range with the average of mean sea level (MSL) is 2.20-2.60 m.&#x0D; Generally, tidal fluctuations on east coast of Bintan Island form an asymmetric pattern which is a common pattern occurring in any waters. The tidal type of the east coast of Bintan Island is mixed predominantly semi diurnal with the value of formzahl number in each station respectively is 1.19-1.44. The interesting phenomenon obtained from this research is during 2007-2017 the maximum of sea level height in each station tends to decrease, this is considered attractive because over the past 20 years earth surface temperature have tended to increase so that melting of ice in polar has implications for increasing of sea water volume.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Tide, harmonics component, oceanography, east coast of Bintan Island