Areal Parameters Research Articles

Robust methods for the decomposition and interpretation of compound dunes applied to a complex hydromorphological setting

AbstractUnderwater dunes are a morphological feature that are explored by marine scientists and coastal engineers alike. This study presents new methodologies in order to simplify bedform identification and morphodynamic analyses. Specifically, subaqueous compound dunes are decomposed with a simple yet extensive tracking algorithm, which relies on a repeated evaluation of unfiltered bed elevation profiles according to five predefined length classes. In a second step, morphological trends are assessed in the form of bed migration rates, bed slope asymmetries and net sediment changes, in which all parameters are referred to equidistant sections of the examined fairway stretch. This integrated approach not only avoids the challenges in weighting the varying size and abundance of dunes of different scales but also ensures comparability between dune‐specific and areal parameters, which significantly improves the interpretation of the morphological setting as a whole. The developed methods are applied to the Outer Jade fairway, an anthropogenically influenced and regularly maintained waterway in the German Bight, and allow scrutiny of spatio‐temporal trends in this region.Based on a unique data set of 100 sequential high‐quality echo‐sounding surveys, various types of bedforms are identified, comprising large‐scale primary as well as superimposing secondary dunes that are assumed to interfere with each other. Temporal trends show a long‐term rise of the troughs of major bedforms and constant maximum crest elevations near the official maintenance depth, which matches the observed long‐term aggradation of sediments. The spatial distribution of integrated morphodynamic parameters reflects a previously described zone of primary dune convergence and facilitates the precise localization of this geophysical singularity. The presented findings both confirm the robustness of the proposed methodologies and, in return, enhance the understanding of morphological processes in the Outer Jade. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Morphometric Analysis of Parvati Basin, NW Himalaya: A Remote Sensing and GIS Based Approach

Abstract Morphometry is a quantitative approach of analysing linear, areal and relief parameters to understand the role of neotectonic activity in geomorphologic evolution of a river basin. In the present study multi-disciplinary integrated approach using morphometric parameters along with remote sensing and GIS technique have been applied for determining the quantitative parameters indicative of neotectonic activity in the Parvati basin, Higher Himalaya. The lineament pattern observed in the basin shows major trend in NE-SW followed by NW-SE and NNE-SSW directions. The basin is a 6th order drainage basin with dominating dendratic – trellis drainage pattern having very strong structural/tectonic control and is in its late youth stage of geomorphic development. Parvati basin shows coarse drainage density with fine texture suggesting more surface runoff and less infiltration in the area. The basin is highly elongated in shape tapering towards the south-west with high susceptibility to erosion with lower peak flow for longer duration. The above observations clearly indicate a tectonic and lithological control over the evolution of drainage pattern of Parvati basin.

Optimal characterisation of profile features

Segmentation of profile features is mainly described in two standards: ISO 4287 for profile elements, used to calculate RSm and Rc, and ISO 12085 for profile motifs, used to calculate R&W parameters. These methods are commonly criticised for their unstability, although they provide valuable results when used in an adequate context [25]. A new profile segmentation based on watersheds is now introduced in ISO 21920-2 and ISO 16610-45, adapted from areal segmentation [ISO 25178-2, [22]. The areal feature parameters, chap. 3 in Characterisation of Areal Surface Texture, Leach Ed. Springer], with the hope to solve most of the existing problems. However, there are very few comparisons between these methods and almost no recommendations for the configuration of the watershed segmentation. This paper discusses the validity of applying segmentation methods on certain profiles and proposes a validity criterion. It then investigates algorithmic differences between the watershed segmentation and the classical Motifs method, compares the results between the two methods, and suggests guidelines and good practices to obtain significant correlations.

The Influence of the Choice of a Gaussian Filter on the Determination of Areal Surface Texture Parameters

The areal Gaussian filtering is the current standardized approach for the separation of roughness and waviness components of a surface topography for areal surface measurements and analysis. Although the technical specifications (ISO 25178) recommend а certain nesting index for areal Gaussian filters, the use of standard values is not possible in some cases, particularly when the recommended value exceeds the range of the measurement software. Therefore, it is necessary to find an appropriate nesting index value other than that recommended by the standard. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Gaussian filter selection on areal surface texture parameter determination for structured surfaces. The results suggest that the nesting index of a Gaussian filter for areal surface parameter determination and analysis should be at least three times the scale of the coarsest surface structure.

Evaporative self-assembly of the binary mixture of soft colloids.

We have reported experimental studies on the self-assembly and degree of ordering of a binary mixture of soft colloids in monolayer deposits obtained by controlled evaporation. A sessile drop containing soft colloids is evaporated on a solid surface to achieve a loosely-packed two-dimensional deposit with a hexagonal arrangement. The soft microgel particles possess a hard core with a compliant corona, which plays a crucial role in retaining the crystallinity of the binary particle monolayer. The ordered arrangement of the binary mixture is observed even when the bulk diameter of one type of particle is 25% higher than the other, irrespective of their mixing ratio (1 : 3, 1 : 1, and 3 : 1). The microgel particles of both sizes are found to be homogeneously distributed throughout the deposit, completely suppressing the size-dependent particle segregation. Furthermore, in contrast to the self-assembly of bidisperse hard colloids, wherein the lattice distorts to accommodate particles of disparate sizes, in soft colloids, the particles deform at the interface to preserve the crystalline lattice. Moreover, unlike the gradual order-to-disorder transition observed in the deposits consisting of monodisperse microgel particles, the deposits of a binary mixture of microgels exhibit no noticeable trend. The areal disorder parameter, pair correlation function and the shape factor which quantifies the local ordering of particles in the deposit indicate the absence of a distinct order-to-disorder transition for the binary mixtures.

Laser Surface Texturing of Eutectic Al-Si Alloy

Relative movement between piston and cylinder of an IC engine contributes to more than 60% of the friction experienced by the engine - in turn contributing to the wear of the piston and hence loss in its operational performance and efficiency. It is pertinent to explore technological solutions to overcome this situation. Texturing of surfaces appears to be an useful technique to enhance the tribological performance of the piston and cylinder assembly and information about the same are available in published literature. Laser surface texturing of a typical piston material such as an eutectic Al-Si alloy employing high power CO2-CW laser, firstly to examine the magnitudes of optimum laser processing conditions to realize surfaces which can retain oil and secondly to carry out characteristic analysis of the surface quality of the test material subjected to laser texturing, constitute the main thrust of this work. Measurements and analysis of the areal roughness parameters on the laser textured surfaces of the samples on a con-focal microscope reveal their capacity for enhanced oil retention, in turn ensuring reduced chances of scuffing of the sliding surfaces in comparison with non-textured samples, examined under similar test conditions.

The crack surface morphology investigation of S355J2 steel after bending-torsion fatigue

The paper describes the analysis of crack surface morphology of S355J2 steel specimens after bending-torsion fatigue. These experimental investigations of the surface topography were carried out using the focus variation microscope, an optical 3D measurement device. Selected results of measured fracture surfaces for S355J2 steel were analysed according to the surface texture ISO 25178 standard. Differences in roughness values for different loadings were demonstrated. For profile Rx and areal Sx parameters, characteristic relationships of fracture zones have been demonstrated. It has been shown that roughness profile Ra for the rupture area is higher than for the propagation area, as well as increases after both the LCF and HCF tests and increases with the torsional loading level. However, Sa in the propagation area increases and the rupture area decreases.

GIS Based Morphometric Analysis of Gudina Wacho Watershed, Western Ethiopia: Suggestion for Surface Irrigation Development

Morphometric analysis of watershed has a vigorous protagonist in predicting site for surface irrigation development. Morphometric analysis is the measurement and mathematical examination of the arrangement of the earth’s surface, shape and dimension of its landform. The present study was analyzed the morphometric parameters (liner, areal and relief parameters) of Gudina Wacho watershed for surface irrigation development using GIS. SRTM DEM with 20-meter spatial resolution of the study area was used for the morphometric parameters analysis. The results revealed that the stream orders of the watershed varies from first order to sixth order with a total of 1266 stream numbers measured a total length of 408.98 Kms. It is also elongated in shape, contains high value of bifurcation ratio, high value of drainage density, higher stream frequency, have moderate slopes with moderate gravity flow of water, moderate infiltration and higher soil moisture content. These results revealed the rainwater will reach the main channel more rapidly and thus a high response to runoff. Also indicates it is simple to harvest rainwater / runoff water for surface irrigation development and implies as good category for surface irrigation. Over all of the morphometric analysis reflects the watershed is favorable for surface irrigation development and it can benefit the local community to meet the food demand. For more proper evaluation of the watershed for surface irrigation development, further investigation on the physical land suitability analysis of the watershed is needed.

Modest Changes in Sex Hormones During Early and Middle Adulthood Affect Bone Mass and Size in Healthy Men: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Bone metabolism in men is in part determined by sex steroid exposure. This is especially clear during puberty and senescence but it remains to be established whether declines in sex steroid levels during young and middle adulthood are associated with changes in bone mass and size. This study investigated changes in bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), volumetric BMD (vBMD), and bone size in relation to sex steroid levels in 999 young adult men (age 24-46 years) of whom 676 were re-evaluated after a mean period of 12 years. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured using immunoassay, testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and free fractions were calculated (cFT and cFE2, respectively). Areal bone parameters and BMC were measured at the hip and lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Radial and tibial vBMD and bone size were determined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. With aging, we observed decreases in almost all bone mass and density indices, whereas changes in bone geometry resulted in larger bones with thinner cortices. These changes in bone mass and size appeared related to sex steroid levels. Specifically, decreases in cFT (but not total T) levels were associated with larger decreases in lumbar spine BMC and especially with geometric changes in cortical bone at the tibia. Similarly, decreases in total E2 and cFE2 were associated with larger decreases in bone mass (all sites) and also with some geometric changes. Also increases in SHBG were independently associated with aging-related changes in bone mass and size in these men. In summary, even small changes in T, E2, and SHBG levels during young and middle adulthood in healthy men are associated with changes in bone mass and size. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Parametrically designed surface topography on CAD models of additively manufactured lattice structures for improved design validation

Additively Manufactured (AM) lattice structures of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process generally have different surface geometries depending on the overhang angle and location. This means that the design validation stage is often challenging, considering it is based on an ideal Computer Aided Design (CAD) model that is not truly representative, since the AM part will be different in terms of dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Previous studies have relied on the design of surface textures that are independent of the overhang angle, or techniques based on directly using X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) data. In this paper, a new technique for designing surface texture on the CAD of lattices has been investigated and correlated with areal surface roughness parameters. After extracting areal surface parameters from the XCT data of the lattice, the method allowed for the design of this surface texture on the part CAD taking in consideration if its up skin or down skin, without using XCT data as the main input. By applying this method, it is possible to obtain a lattice CAD model with a designed surface texture and geometry that is more representative of the actual AM lattice. The mean deviation between the CAD model with the designed surface and the XCT was a third of the one between the XCT and the initial CAD. The proposed method allows for designing and replicating LPBF AM surfaces on the CAD of a lattice, taking into consideration the dimensional deviation caused by AM surfaces, especially on overhangs. Assuming that an LPBF AM process is stable and produces approximately the same AM surface, this method can be used to predict the geometry of a lattice, providing a cost-effective and efficient methodology that minimizes the time needed for design validation.

Analyzing urban watersheds morphometric in arid and semiarid regions using the complementarity of RST and GIS

Water is the lifeblood, and additionally is a vital significant strategic resource for human life. However, it has become a rare element menacing human lives at its present state as well as its future eras. The disparity of water distribution leads to a water surplus in several regions and a deficit in others. Therefore, water resources have a precious element that needs to be managed wisely due to benefits for humanity. This study employed the digital elevation model (DEM) of the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) for analyzing the Riyadh metropolitan area morphometric parameters (MPs). Generally, the present work covered the various morphometric analysis aspects, which involve linear, areal, and relief parameters. The morphometric analysis (MORA) findings exposed that the main basin delineated into 40 watersheds and has an eighth order with total area 8500 km2. The statistical analysis revealed that there is a negative relationship between stream order and stream number with a coefficient of determination (R2 = 99%). Meanwhile, there is a direct relationship between stream order and cumulative stream length with the same R2 value. Furthermore, most watersheds have a high bifurcation ratio, referring to have impermeable rocks with a steeper slope. Thus, the bifurcation ratio value is in conformity with a high drainage density value of the main basin (1.57 km/km2) and confirm the subsurface material impermeability and mountainous relief. The main basin hypsometric integral (HI) is 38%, while the erosion integral (EI) value is 62%, where both values indicate that the basin is at a mature stage.

Characterization of Surface Topographies Generated using Circular- and Cylindrical-Face EDT

Large area texturing using EDT is challenging due to surface damage resulted from inefficient discharges, such as arcs and short-circuits. Also, three-dimensional analyses of surface topography generated during electrical discharge texturing (EDT) are scarcely performed in the available literature. Therefore, in this work, two modes of EDT were developed for large area texturing based on the mode of electrode movement resulting in texture generation on work surfaces: circular-face EDT (CirEDT) and cylindrical-face EDT (CylEDT), and the generated surface topographies are characterized in terms of topography images, areal texture parameters, and scanning electron microscopy images. Parametric analyses are also performed to study the influences of the operating parameters, such as discharge current, pulse on-time, and peripheral velocity, on different areal texture parameters. Topography analyses reveal that these surfaces have a characteristic stochastic distribution of microstructures in shape, size, and location. Height parameter analyses reveal that CylEDT surfaces are twice positively skewed and have a higher kurtosis as compared to the CirEDT surfaces. Spatial parameter analyses reveal that both surfaces display dominance of isotropic nature and non-directional structures. CirEDT surfaces have higher lubricant retention capacity, but lesser wear volume available for running-in period as compared to CylEDT surfaces, as per volume parameter analyses. Discharge current and pulse on-time are identified as the significant parameters influencing the majority of the areal texture parameters analyzed. SEM analysis revealed that CylEDT results in a textured surface with sea-wave-like structures, whereas CirEDT results in a textured surface with lunar-craters-like structures.

Non-Equilibrium Ignition Criterion for p-11B Advanced Fuel in Magnetized Target Fusion

This paper investigates an analytical illustration of ignition conditions for the aneutronic reaction of proton-boron plasma in the presence of the magnetic field for fusion. In particular, the criterion for this plasma target is derived through two-temperature Lindl–Widner diagrams. Since the heating and cooling terms in the energy balance equation are affected by inequality between ions and electrons temperature combined with the impact of the magnetic field, the reduction of energy loss as well as the areal density parameter will increase the fusion rate. It will also relax the requirements of ignition conditions. Therefore, numerical derivations of ignition conditions at stagnation are performed involving the energy balance equation. The additional parameter applied other than electron and ion temperature as well as areal density is the magnetic field dependent B/ρ. It is shown that as B/ρ develops the required areal density decreases. For ions temperature of T$_{i}$ < 1000 keV and electrons temperature of T$_{e}$ < 110 keV, the equation has real solutions for the areal density of ρR < 6 g/cm$^{2}$. Furthermore, it is shown that the B/ρ parameter can be set at approximately 10$^{6}$ G cm$^{3}$/g value. It shows the magnetic field has more effect than DT case and can reduce the driver requirements significantly. A comparison of this model with DT magnetized case shows that this model of p$^{11}$B fuel is intermediate between experimental results of p$^{11}$B non-magnetized and DT magnetized in the two-temperature model.

Towards intelligent CFRP composite machining: Surface analysis methods and statistical data analysis of machined fibre laminate surfaces

Many carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite parts need to be edged trimmed before use to ensure both geometry and mechanical performance of the part edge matches the design intent. Measurement and control of machining induced surface damage of composite material is key to ensuring the part retains its strength and fatigue properties. Typically, the overall surface roughness of the machined face is taken to be an indicator of the amount of damage to the surface, and it is important that the measurement and prediction of surface roughness is completed reliably. It is known that the surface damage is heavily dependent on the fibre orientation of the composite and cutting tool edge condition. This research has developed a new ply-by-ply surface roughness measurement methods using optical focus variation surface analysis and image segmentation for calculating areal surface roughness parameters of a machined carbon fibre composite laminate. Machining experiments have been completed using a polycrystalline diamond edge trimming tool at increasing levels of cutting edge radius. Optical surface measurement and µ-CT scanning have been used to assess machining induced surface and sub-surface defects on individual fibre orientations. Statistical analysis has been used to assess the significance of machining parameters on Sa (arithmetic mean height of area) and Sv (areal magnitude of maximum valley depth) areal roughness parameters, on both overall roughness and ply-by-ply fibre orientations. Empirical models have been developed to predict surface roughness parameters using statistical methods. It has been shown that cutting edge degradation, fibre orientation and feed rate will significantly affect the cutting mechanism, machining induced surface defects and surface roughness parameters.

Surface characteristics and wettability of superhydrophobic silanized inorganic glass coating surfaces textured with a picosecond laser

In this study, picosecond laser texturing was applied to enamel (an inorganic glass material) with micro-features that were then covalently absorbed with fluorosilane agents to produce superhydrophobic coatings. The resultant surfaces showed multiscaled structures of broccoli-like and cone-shaped pillars that resulted in excellent water-repelling properties with a water contact angle approaching 180°. The results proposed a surface area index to obtain the Cassie-Baxter hydrophobic state. The study also discussed the correlation of surface areal parameters to the Cassie-Baxter non-wetting state of the silanized samples. Most laser textured samples of ultrahigh water contact angles had similar surface metrological characteristics to natural leaves like alocasia odora and agave. The sample hierarchical surface structures had waviness constituents of platykurtic distribution, which were decorated with nano-submicron remelted enamel debris, which had leptokurtic distribution. The study has demonstrated the significant roles of surface metrology in the production of hierarchical morphologies to achieve the stable Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobicity.

Quantitative assessment of the drainage morphometric characteristics of Chaohu Lake Basin from SRTM DEM Data: a GIS-based approach

ABSTRACT This study is focused on the morphometric evaluation of some hydrological parameters of the streams/rivers in Chaohu Lake Basin and its influence on land-use changes in the basin. The hydrological parameters considered here include drainage network, linear morphometric, areal, and relief parameters as well as the focal statistics of the stream variables in the Chaohu Lake catchment. Morphometric analyses and assessments of the basin were carried out (in ESRI©ArcGIS 10.6.3) utilizing the remotely sensed georeferenced Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) while the land-use change analyses (executed in ESRI© ArcGIS) was based on Maximum Likelihood supervised Classification (MLC) of subsets of Landsat MSS and OLI/TIRS images acquired in 1979 and 2015. Linear morphometric results from the analyses include river and stream length (18.22 km), stream order (1–4), mean stream length (0.01 km), bifurcation ratio (2.11–4.34) and mean bifurcation ration (2.15) respectively. The areal morphometric attributes extracted include drainage density (670.85 km2), basin perimeter (789.3 km), basin area (13,350 km2), Circularity ratio (Rc, 0.0059) and relief aspects with the highest value at 1.282 m and the lowest elevation at −7 m. The drainage system here is designated as the fourth-order stream of a majorly dendritic pattern which may be a result of the structural and geomorphological influence on the stream system. In this study, the analyses and understanding of the dynamics of the different streams in the basin are shown to indicate the easy accessibility to the abundant freshwater systems in the basin which has contributed to the changes in land-use patterns over the last five decades in the basin. The notable changes include the increase of agricultural lands from 29.8% in 1979 to 45.2% in 2015; and the built-up (urban) areas from 3.5% in 1979 to 25.1% in 2015, respectively.

Analysis of Surface Microgeometry Created by Electric Discharge Machining.

The objective of this work is to study the geometric properties of surface topographies of hot-work tool steel created by electric discharge machining (EDM) using motif and multiscale analysis. The richness of these analyses is tested through calculating the strengths of the correlations between discharge energies and resulting surface characterization parameters, focusing on the most representative surface features—craters, and how they change with scale. Surfaces were created by EDM using estimated energies from 150 to 9468 µJ and measured by focus variation microscope. The measured topographies consist of overlapping microcraters, of which the geometry was characterized using three different analysis: conventional with ISO parameters, and motif and multiscale curvature tensor analysis. Motif analysis uses watershed segmentation which allows extraction and geometrically characterization of each crater. Curvature tensor analysis focuses on the characterization of principal curvatures and their function and their evolution with scale. Strong correlations (R2 > 0.9) were observed between craters height, diameter, area and curvature using linear and logarithmic regressions. Conventional areal parameter related to heights dispersion were found to correlate stronger using logarithmic regression. Geometric characterization of process-specific topographic formations is considered to be a natural and intuitive way of analyzing the complexity of studied surfaces. The presented approach allows extraction of information directly relating to the shape and size of topographic features of interest. In the tested conditions, the surface finish is mostly affected and potentially controlled by discharge energy at larger scales which is associated with sizes of fabricated craters.

MODELS TO PREDICT SLOPE LENGTH FROM OTHER WATERSHED ATTRIBUTES

Soil erosion by water is an extensive and increasing problem worldwide. Albeit, this problem has been recognized as a significant hazard in Iraq, yet the number of studies on this topic is very limited. Most of the models used for estimating soil erosion contain parameters for slope length factor (LS). A major constraint is the difficulty in extracting the LS factor. Accordingly, the current study was initiated with the main objective of deriving models to predict the slope length from relatively easy to measure basin characteristics with a reasonable accuracy. To achieve the above objective, standard methodologies were employed to describe 30 main basins with the upper part of Iraq in terms linear, areal and relief morphometric parameters. The majority of the delineated watersheds were characterized by having high slope lengths indicating lower drainage density and higher erosion rate. Linear and non-linear least squares techniques were applied to predict the slope length from other basin characteristics. Different indicators were used to test the performance of the proposed models and the approach was validated using K-fold procedure at independent basins. The results indicated that the 4-parameter regression model outperformed the remaining models of watershed slope length. The regressors of this model are bifurcation ratio, perimeter, and basin length and slope gradient.

Geomorphometric Characterization and Analysis of the Bued Watershed Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer – Global Digital Elevation Model V3 through Geospatial Techniques

The present study analyzed and quantified the linear, areal, and relief geomorphometric aspects of the Bued Watershed in Benguet, Philippines using a 30-m spatial resolution digital elevation model. The study was carried out using geospatial techniques to describe the hydrogeological processes acting on the watershed including its landforms, geologic structure, and terrain features that are relevant in watershed conservation and natural resources management. The study site has a total area of 146.46 km² and a basin length of 23.38 km. Based on the linear parameters, it has four stream orders generated using a 1.5-ha critical source area (CSA). Stream order three, with a total of three stream segments, contributes much higher sediment loads to the Bued River. These stream segments are also controlled by geologic structures with a high possibility of flash floods during a high rainfall intensity. For the areal parameters, the study area was categorized as medium-watershed and less elongated. It has a low drainage density value (1.16 km/km²), which is characterized by a good vegetative cover. The study site has permeable subsurface material and lower relief, which turns out to have a more infiltration capacity. Whereas the drainage texture and form factor values (0.812 km and 0.27, respectively) described the study area with a lower peak flow of longer duration, these values indicate that the flood flows are easier to control. The linear parameters showed that most of the Bued Watershed area (44%) is located at an elevation of &gt; 1000 masl with moderate to steep slopes, which make it more susceptible to erosions and landslides. This is consistent with the relief ratio and relative relief results (0.08 and 0.03, respectively), which suggest that the area is vulnerable to erosion.

Profile and Areal Surface Parameters for Fatigue Fracture Characterisation.

Post-mortem characterisation is a pivotal tool to trace back to the origin of structural failures in modern engineering analyses. This work compared both the crack propagation and rupture roughness profiles based on areal parameters for total fracture area. Notched and smooth samples made of weather-resistant structural steel (10HNAP), popular S355J2 structural steel and aluminium alloy AW-2017A under bending, torsion and combined bending–torsion were investigated. After the fatigue tests, fatigue fractures were measured with an optical profilometer, and the relevant surface parameters were critically compared. The results showed a great impact of the loading scenario on both the local profiles and total fracture areas. Both approaches (local and total fracture zones) for specimens with different geometries were investigated. For all specimens, measured texture parameters decreased in the following order: total area, rupture area and propagation area.