Area Substation Research Articles

Predicting Power Outage at Low-Lying Area Substations During Storm Surge Disasters Using Multi-Grained Cascaded Forest

Predicting Power Outage at Low-Lying Area Substations During Storm Surge Disasters Using Multi-Grained Cascaded Forest

On the influence of decommissioning an area thermal substation in a district heating system on heat consumption and costs in buildings – Long term field research

Modernization of the existing district heating systems is a necessary activity to improve their energy efficiency in the field of generation, distribution and use of the heat. This paper presents the results of several years of field research carried out for 13 multi-family buildings supplied from the district heating network. The benefits associated with the decommissioning of a bifunctional area substation and the use of compact heat exchanger thermal stations with weather automation in each analyzed building were demonstrated. The use of a weather controller in the area substation contributed to a reduction in the corrected heat consumption in a heating system by 23.6% the following year. As a result of the reconstruction of the area substation into individual stations in the buildings, the actual heat consumption for domestic hot water demand decreased by an average of 29% over 10 years, and the annual unit heat consumption for this purpose decreased by an average of 0.13 GJm−3. Considering the influence of the district heating system modernization on the corrected annual heat consumption for space heating, a reduction of heat consumption by 17.8% in the building B4, 20.4% in the building B7 and 23% in the building B13 was obtained.

Power system resilience to floods: Modeling, impact assessment, and mid-term mitigation strategies

This article presents a methodology aimed at improving mid-term power system resilience at transmission substations in areas potentially affected by floods, combining hardening strategies and quantitative metrics. It takes into account flood forecasts from a hydrological model and the location of electrical equipment to perform impact assessment “as is” and with resilience planning strategies. Thus, the impact of floods on the grid is evaluated over a range of realistic flood scenarios, based on the accumulated cost and load energy unserved as metrics together with future transmission system expansion capacity projections. The mixed-integer linear programming formulation is aimed at minimizing accumulated cost and load energy unserved with optimal hardening of substations, assuming that any non-hardened substation disabled by flooding must be repaired. Furthermore, the methodology is demonstrated in the coastal area of Texas with simulations of floods based on the rainfall of Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Ultimately, the choice of the most appropriate mitigation strategies shall optimize resilience metrics and/or cost indicators with robustness over a range of scenarios.

A Real Time Nobel Approach of Aggregations of Generators and Loads into Virtual Power Plant

Due to fulfillment of huge demand of industrial power and residential power, we are increasing generation day by day by CHP (Combined Heat power) which is increasing pollution of environment by increasing green houses gases due to reduction of high quality fossil fuel(mainly coal). To sustainable of our environment we should focus green energy generation. But our huge demand of power never is fulfill by non conventional power due to low efficiency and synchronising of problems. So we cannot focus bulk power generation from renewable energy due to uneconomic, for that reason distributed generation is most important in smart grid technologies. To increase of power flow we mainly focus on distributed generation on load side by using Virtual Power plant (VPP) method. VPP is today’s demand and widely used in distributed platform in load side. VPP can be used islanding or combination or hybrid methods. VPP can give power in existing grid or can work alone also, efficiency is also high due to reduction of transmission loss and length. But main difficulties of VPP is only proper aggregations of generators and loads. So in this paper we are mainly focused about this difficulties and give a solution idea by software analysis by optimal algorithm with proper coordination of compensation, and renewable generation and give a conclusion idea for better design. Every research will be fulfill if we apply our concept in real system and checked his behaviour characteristic and compare with real analysis, if we see that our test system is give a optimise result then our algorithm will be correct. For that reason we apply our algorithm in a real 220KV/132KV/66KV/11KV/415 V CSEC Budge Budge area Substation with real data in demo version (Single line diagram) and proved that if we use distributed generation in demand side it will be better control of power system and reduced all the cost, drops and improved efficiency by reducing reactive power generation, improve voltage, short-circuit criteria and also improved transient stability. So overall efficiency much more improved compare the normal method. This paper is highlighting of a chapter of my PHD research topic of smart grid-smarter way. This paper was analysed in ETAP software.

Several Typical Indexes Assessment for City Area Substation Power Quality

With the development of frequency converter, lots of electrical equipments are using the technology to save energy, but by using this technology, the harmonic voltage and harmonic current is increasing much more quickly than before. In this article, a deep research about the characteristics in power supply of city area substation is implemented. At last, a new power quality evaluation method for city area substation is put forward, which is based on the typical power quality parameters in city. This method is established by four elements, which are: harmonic voltage, harmonic current, voltage change and power. All these elements constitute a new method to evaluate the power quality of city area substation.

Grounding System Adequacy of HV/MV Substations in Areas With Reduced Accessibility

The adequacy of grounding systems has to be periodically verified in operational time. With urban development and building growth adjacent to power systems as high-voltage/medium-voltage substations, it is very rare to have an area around with sufficient accessibility for installing potential and current electrodes. This paper discusses a safety criterion to verify the effectiveness of a grounding system. This criterion suggests conservative tests for both ground potential rise and touch and step voltages that allow to verify the grounding systems' effectiveness in areas with reduced accessibility and to monitor its evolution in time.

A Surface Strain Monitoring Technique for Slope of Mountainous Area Substation Based on FBG Sensor

Geological structure health in mountainous area substation is complex, and the climate is changeable, it is easy to appear the geological disasters like landslide and subsidence in substation, Aiming at the strong electromagnetic interference in substation and other factors, to monitor of slope surface strain of mountainous area substation with FBG strain sensor, in order to reflect the stability of the slope. Combined with the actual situation of slope of Yunnan 220kV mountainous area substation, the surface type FBG strian sensors are installed on the surface of upstream and downstream slope of mountainous area substation, the lower reaches of the substation, the serial network forms a quasi distributed optical fiber sensing network. they form a quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing network through the serial networking methods.When the slope surface occurs deformation due to the soil sliding, it will drive the FBG strain sensor and transfer the equal strain to the FBG strain sensor. By measuring the center wavelength shift of the FBG strian sensor, the strian value of slope surface at each point can be reflected. The monitoring results show that, the period from May 9th to June 6th, the maximum strain of upstream slope is 171uɛ, it appears at the location of marked as US4 FBG strain sensor, the maximum strain of downstream slope is 112uɛ,it appears at the location of marked as DS1 FBG strain sensor.

Chapter VIII: THE COSMOPOLITAN PERIOD: SINCE 1898

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An Area Substation Load Model in the Presence of Harmonics

A computer program is described which simulates the effects of harmonics introduced at the distribution level (13.8 kV/120 or 277 V) by nonlinear loads and which can be integrated into existing load flow codes. Each device is represented by a table of harmonics (amplitude and phase) of the current when energized by a sinusoidal voltage. For simplicity, it is assumed that the current waveform remains unchanged when the applied voltage becomes "slightly" distorted by the harmonic components of the current. An estimate is made of the error caused by this assumption.

An area substation load model in the presence of harmonics

A computer program is described which simulates the effects of harmonics introduced at the distribution level (13.8 kV/120 or 277 V) by nonlinear loads and which can be integrated into existing load flow codes. Each device is represented by a table of harmonics (amplitude and phase) of the current when energized by a sinusoidal voltage. For simplicity, it is assumed that the current waveform remains unchanged when the applied voltage becomes "slightly" distorted by the harmonic components of the current. An estimate is made of the error caused by this assumption.

Radio interference and transient field from gas-insulated substations

Gas-insulated substations (GIS), owing to their compact nature, offer an attractive alternative to conventional substations in areas where space is limited such as in urban areas. Consequently, it is important to address the issue of environmental conditions within the substation and in the surrounding areas. This paper reports the results of radio interference (RI) and transient field measurements at two GIS in Ontario, Canada. For comparison with RI levels taken at the GIS, RI levels outside two hospitals in the Toronto area were also measured. The transient field study covers electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels generated during switching operations, and includes measurements inside and outside the GIS. Measurements show that RI levels from the GIS were either below background levels, or contributed little to the background. RI levels outside the GIS and the hospitals were similar. Peak transient field values up to 580 V/m were measured inside the station building, and dropped to background values of 10 V/m at about 120 m from the station. The transient field (E) dropped off at a rate of 3/2 power with distance (d) from the air-insulated 115 kV bus, i.e. E/spl prop/d/sup -1.5/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Steady State Load-Voltage Characteristic Field Tests at Area Substations and Fluorescent Lighting Component Characteristics

Steady State Load-Voltage Characteristic Field Tests at Area Substations and Fluorescent Lighting Component Characteristics

Steady State Load-Voltage Characteristic Field Tests at Area Substations and Fluorescent Lighting Component Characteristics

Measurements of real and reactive power supplied to a network as a function of distribution bus voltage levels were carried out at three area substations operated by the Consolidated Edison C; ompany. A regression based model was utilized to derive a best fitting equation for the data. In addition, laboratory tests on lumped fluorescent lighting load versus service voltage levels were carried out, and exponential or polynomial equations were used to obtain the best fit for these data points. A constant system frequency of 60 Hz ±0.2% was maintained.

750-mva metal-clad switchgear

Metal-clad SWITCHGEAR using magnetic-type power circuit breakers has had a top limit of 500 mva (megavolt-amperes) interrupting capacity for some time. However, studies begun in the early 1950's indicated that the loads to be expected in the foreseeable future required area substations with mva ratings about 50 to 65% larger than those obtainable with the 13.8-kv 500-mva breaker equipment. A 750-mva equipment will permit an increase in substation size within this range.