Area Size Research Articles

Amur Softshell Turtle (Pelodiscus maackii) Population Size, Structure, and Spatial Distribution

Freshwater turtle species preservation relies on understanding their population dynamics and geographical distribution. Amur softshell turtles (ASTs [Pelodiscus maackii]) are poorly protected due to insufficient awareness and the population in Northeastern China has experienced a steep decline compared to previous years. This study aims to investigate the population density and structure of ASTs in the Jewellery Island area of the Ussuri River in Northeast China using continuous-time capture–recapture methods in closed populations. A three-month mark–recapture study was conducted in 2022, resulting in 35 juvenile captures, including 12 recaptures from 23 marked individuals. The estimated population size in the study area was 40.79 ± 9.75 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 27–65), translating to 0.663 ± 0.158 turtles/ha (95% CI = 0.44–1.06 individuals/ha). Approximately 35.4–85.2% of the estimated population was marked. Additionally, we explored the influence of environmental variables on turtle distribution by dividing the surveyed sites into seven sections based on their natural characteristics. The ASTs distribution inferred from trapping successes was considerably different among sections, with most turtles (91%) captured at the vegetated shoreline and in water channel 2. This research offers essential baseline data to support future assessments of ASTs population on a larger scale and to inform the development of conservation strategies.

Full-rank Imaging Detection of Multi-frames of Ultrasonic-guided Waves in Welded Structural Plate Based on Arc Sparse Array

Abstract The utilization of ultrasonic-guided wave array imaging in the detection of weld structural plates holds significant importance. This study presents a novel approach for full-rank imaging of shear horizontal (SH)-guided wave arc sparse arrays in welding structure imaging detection, The paper discusses the mechanism behind the ultrasonic-guided wave arc sparse array, specifically focusing on its full-rank imaging of multi-frames (FRIMR) capabilities in the presence of weld scattering. The receiving aperture of the arc sparse array is analyzed and discussed using the amplitude matrix and time-transition matrix. Both synthetic aperture and FRIMR of the arc sparse array are examined. The research findings demonstrate that FRIMR detection using ultrasonic-guided wave arc sparse array effectively captures scattering information equivalent to the wavelength size in the imaging detection area. This results in an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement of 39.2% in full-frame imaging compared to multi-frames imaging. The imaging experiment validates the feasibility of the proposed imaging principle, highlighting its potential for imaging detection of welded structures. The research presented in this paper serves as a crucial foundation for future studies and applications of array imaging detection using ultrasonic-guided waves in welded structural plates.

SOLVING CUTTING STOCK PROBLEM USING PATTERN GENERATION METHOD ON 2-DIMENSIONAL STOCK

This article discusses the solution of the 2-dimensional stock cutting problem using the Branch and Bound modified pattern generation method. The pattern generation method will produce a feasible cutting pattern matrix which is then converted into a mathematical model with a linear program equation with an objective function to minimize the use of initial stock materials. The research is a case study located at the Handal Karya Buana Store which is engaged in cutting glass of different sizes, thicknesses and types of glass. In this case, 3 types of initial stock will be used with the same thickness, and type but have different area sizes, and one of the consumer demand data will be used, namely 3 types of requests with different sizes and many requests. By using the pattern generator method, 10 cutting patterns are generated with each different cutting residue. By using the simplex method, the optimal solution is obtained for the amount of initial stock needed, the pattern used and the remaining cuts produced. So using the pattern generator method can produce a feasible cutting pattern, and can be used as an alternative to solve the stock cutting problem.

Sol-Gel Synthesis of TiO2 from TiOSO4 (Part 2): Kinetics and Photocatalytic Efficiency of Methylene Blue Degradation Under UV Irradiation

The sol-gel process was used to create titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, a nanocrystalline semiconductor. How several synthesis factors, such as titanium precursor concentration, annealing temperature, and peptization temperature, affected the structural and morphological properties of TiO2 nanoparticles were thoroughly explored. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), measurements of the specific surface area and pore size using the BET method, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were all used in this investigation. The specific surface area determined by BET analysis decreased with increasing calcination temperature. The XRD analysis showed that a composite sample consisting mainly of anatase with minor brookite phases was obtained when the titanium precursor concentration ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 M, whereas a concentration of 0.5 M resulted in the formation of pure anatase. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized TiO2 powders under different operational parameters was evaluated for the common commercial textile dye, i.e., methylene blue (MB). It was experimented that the model pollutant decoloration follows the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L-H) model. In view of this detailed research work, it was observed that the TiO2 produced with a titanium precursor concentration of 0.3 M, a pH value of 5 during the peptization step, and an annealing temperature of 600 °C were found to be the best conditions for this catalytic degradation process. When used in conjunction with a TiO2 concentration of 0.04 g/L and a reactor suspension pH value of 6.0, the TiO2 catalyst produced a stunning 98% degradation of methylene blue under these circumstances.

Biochar from orange waste as a filter medium for domestic effluent treatment aimed at agricultural reuse

Brazil is the world's leading orange grower, and this agro-industrial sector produces a sizable amount of by-products. Because biochar has the potential to be used as a filtering medium in wastewater treatment systems, it can be advantageous to produce biochar from orange trash as an efficient way to use these resources. The purpose of this study was to assess how temperature affects the synthesis of biochar and to describe the adsorptive qualities of the material for use in filtration systems for agricultural reuse. The produced material was examined for its chemical composition, crystalline structure, morphological changes brought about by the conversion of biomass into biochar, surface area, and average pore size. The pyrolysis temperatures used to produce biochar ranged from 350 to 650°C for 60 minutes. Based on the advantageous physicochemical characteristics for usage as an adsorbent, 550°C was determined to be the ideal temperature. The orange biochar system outperformed the gravel system in terms of macronutrient removal, according to the filtration results using septic tank effluent. The elimination of magnesium (62.09%) and total phosphorus (31.58%) was noteworthy. These findings indicate a promising and long-term wastewater treatment option by indicating that the treated effluent may be suitable for use in some crops. Keywords: biochar, horizontal flow, sewage treatment, wastewater.

Bifunctional adsorbents based on hyper-cross-linked polymers containing carbonyl and amine species for the efficient removal of diclofenac from water in a broad pH range.

Development of new adsorbents for the efficient removal of organic pollutants from water is one of the most emerging environmental issues. Current studies in this field focus on improving the adsorption capacity of various materials and/or broadening the pH range in which the adsorbents can efficiently remove target pollutants. In this study, we designed bifunctional hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs) containing both carbonyl and amine species to investigate the effect of amine functional groups on the efficiency of adsorptive removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from water. We revealed that post-synthesis functionalization of carbonyl-rich HCPs with amine species does not have a significant impact on the adsorption capacity of these polymers under strongly acidic conditions (pH < 4; qe ∼ 544 mg/g), but significantly extends the pH range in which bifunctional polymers can adsorb diclofenac. For example, at native pH (pH ∼ 6), bifunctional HCP-based adsorbents exhibited an adsorption capacity approximately 8 times higher than that of pristine materials (qe = 191 vs. 24 mg/g, respectively). Furthermore, it was revealed that the adsorbents designed in this study can efficiently remove diclofenac from complex water matrices and exhibit high stability in several adsorption-desorption cycles. Moreover, we demonstrated that selecting a cross-linker with a longer chain results in a polymer with a lower surface area and smaller average pore size, while enabling higher efficiency in amine incorporation via post-synthesis functionalization. This latter feature was crucial for ensuring the high adsorption capacity of HCP-based adsorbents in the removal of NSAID at neutral pH.

Utility of single-source surface energy balance models in estimation of daily actual evapotranspiration in arid regions

Single-source surface energy balance (SS-SEB) models estimate daily actual evapotranspiration (ETa eb) in arid and semi-arid regions. A meta-analysis explored the impact of model types, upscaling methods, satellite data selection, topography, and validation methods on ETa eb accuracy. SEBAL outperformed other SS-SEB models, especially in arid areas. Clear-sky models were more precise than continuous ones. For SEBAL, the Constant Reference Evaporative Fraction (ETrF) method was best for upscaling, while Constant Evaporative Fraction (EF) was optimal for METRIC, SEBS, and S-SEBI. Multi-source remote sensing data enhanced SS-SEB model performance compared to single-source data, particularly with higher spatial resolution. Study area size didn’t affect accuracy, but SEBAL struggled in higher altitudes and complex terrains. Lysimeter or FAO-56 validation yielded the best results. Recommendations include developing continuous SS-SEB models using appropriate methods and considering SSEB/SSEBop as alternatives to SEBAL and METRIC in data-scarce regions.

Agent-based model for forecasting the impact of the population life quality on migration movement in the context of the Russian Federation federal districts.

The Russian Federation is characterized by an extremely uneven distribution of the population across the country, which contributes to the asymmetry of economic and socio-demographic development of the regions, a shortage of qualified specialists for the development of the resources of Siberia and the Far East, and an increase in global risks in general. In this regard, the use of modern management technologies, in particular, multi-agent simulation modeling, to support decision-making on managing migration processes becomes relevant. Since the main incentive for active citizens to change their place of residence is investing in the development of the region and providing the necessary conditions for a comfortable life, the purpose of the study is to develop an agent-based model for forecasting the impact of the population life quality on migration flows between the federal districts of the Russian Federation. One of the tasks solved using the model is to track the direction of migrant movement relative to the Republic of Bashkortostan when changing the controlled parameters. The simulation model was designed using modern CASE tools; UML diagrams and a mnemonic diagram of the decision-making support process for managing the demographic development of the region were built in the course of the work. Scenario experiments were conducted to predict changes in the population size in the study areas. Within the framework of the research, the authors applied the object-oriented methodology of simulation model design, agent-based approach for its implementation, as well as an agent-oriented approach for its implementation and statistical analysis methods when setting up experiments. The toolkit developed as a result of the study can be used by the representatives of executive authorities and government officials to develop a balanced resettlement policy, assess the possibility and conditions for developing regions of the Russian Federation with low population density.

Bronchial vessel density is correlated with airway smooth muscle cell proliferation in horses with mild and moderate asthma.

In severe equine asthma, structural remodeling of the airways ultimately leads to bronchial wall thickening and airflow obstruction. Increased bronchial vascularization has been described in horses affected by the severe form of the disease, but whether it contributes to bronchial remodeling in milder forms of asthma remains to be determined. In a blinded, retrospective case-control study, we evaluated the presence of bronchial angiogenesis in horses with mild and moderate equine asthma (MEA) and its correlation to airway smooth muscle remodeling. Endobronchial biopsies from the Equine Respiratory Tissue Biobank collected between August 14, 2014, and May 31, 2019, from 9 horses with MEA and 7 healthy controls were studied. The vascular basement membrane was identified by immunohistochemistry, allowing the measurement of the number of bronchial vessels, vascular area, and mean vessel size by histomorphometry. The correlations between angiogenic parameters, airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling features, and airway neutrophilia were studied. No differences between groups were observed for the angiogenic parameters evaluated. The number of vessels was correlated to ASM cell proliferation in MEA horses (Spearman r = 0.73) but not in controls. Airway neutrophilia correlated negatively with mean vessel size in horses with MEA (Pearson r = -0.83) but not in control horses. Major changes in bronchial vascularization do not occur in central airways in MEA. Contrary to previous findings in horses with severe equine asthma, angiogenesis is not a prominent feature of MEA, but it might be associated with ASM remodeling.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial application of carrageenan/TiO2 composite materials.

In this study, a highly crystalline anatase/rutile mixed phase carrageenan/TiO2 nanocomposite with a larger surface area was synthesized via the sol-gel process and calcined at 450 °C and 650 °C. The synthesized composite materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, BET and TGA. FTIR confirms the presence of C-Ti-O bond formation in composite. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both rutile and anatase phases of titanium dioxide in the composite materials. SEM revealed a morphologically porous surface, and EDX confirmed the presence of titanium, oxygen, and carbon elements in the composite materials calcined at 450 °C and 650 °C. The carrageenan/TiO2 composite material calcined at 650 °C demonstrated exceptional antibacterial activities, as it inhibited about 93 % and 82 % for the E. coli and S. aureus bacteria respectively. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial activities of composite is influenced by their crystalline nature, porosity, surface area and small size. Overall study reveals the potential application of carrageenan/TiO2 composite material as a food additive in the food industry to inhibit the growth of bacteria and enhance the self-life of food.

Inferring atmospheric sources of gaseous organophosphate esters from spatial patterns

Abstract Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants, with concentrations often exceeding those of traditional flame retardants and plasticizers by orders of magnitude. Here, we present concentrations of OPEs in the atmospheric gas phase collected using passive air samplers deployed in the coastal regions of Quebec and British Columbia in Southern Canada. Four OPEs, ie, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2‑chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPhP) were reliably and ubiquitously detected, with TCPP showing the highest level, followed by TBP. Concentration levels of TCPP and TCEP are correlated with each other and with population, possibly indicating emission from consumer products. Spatial patterns of TBP and TPhP are more indicative of industrial usage, with airports possibly being a major source for TBP. The positive relationships between atmospheric OPEs and population are influenced by ambient temperature, whereby the size of the populated area around a sampling site influencing the air concentration appears to be decreasing at higher temperatures.

Mucosal injuries from indwelling catheters: A scoping review.

There is currently a lack of clarity concerning the types and frequency of mucosa injuries occurring in urine bladders among patients with indwelling urine catheters that are of modern design and material. The aim of the study was to identify and present the available information regarding mucosa injuries in urine bladders among adult patients with indwelling urine catheters. The research question was: What is known about mucosa injuries in urine bladders among patients with indwelling urine catheters? A scoping review applying the patient, exposure, and outcome framework. A preliminary search was made to identify the keywords, and the selection process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis flow diagram. The final search across five databases retrieved a total of 8,883 records. Eight studies from three countries were included and the studies used two main methods for collecting data. Eleven concepts to describe the injuries were identified, with a range from one to five studies using the same concept. Mucosa injuries, of which polypoid cystitis was most frequently reported, occurred in all studies, and ranged from 41% to 100% per study. The size of injured area varied between 0.5 to 2.5 cm. The posterior wall of the bladder was the most common area where injuries were found. This scoping review sheds light on the limited understanding of mucosal injuries in urine bladders among adult patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Moving forward, concerted efforts are warranted to bridge existing knowledge gaps to enhance our understanding of mucosal injuries and improve clinical outcomes for adult patients with indwelling urinary catheters. The lack of a robust scientific base for the impact of indwelling urine catheters on the urine bladder mucosa warrants future studies.

Ultrasonication-Assisted Synthesis of Morphology-Controlled Gallium Oxide Nanoparticles for High-Performance Photoelectronic Device Applications

Gallium oxide (GaOOH and Ga2O3) nanomaterials, with their exceptional physical properties such as wide bandgap, high specific surface area, enhanced reactivity, quantum and small size effects, have found broad applications...

Engineering iodine decorated azo-bridged porous organic polymer: A brilliant catalyst for the preparation of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines

Iodine catalysis in organic transformations affords detailed coverage of recent advances in iodine chemistry. In this direction, the azo-bridged porous organic polymer bearing triazine and phloroglucinol moieties (Azo-POP1) was constructed via interfacial azo-coupling polymerization in water at room temperature. Considering its high specific surface area (153 m2.g-1) and pore size of 2.2 nm, karyotype-like morphology and considerable surface wettability, Azo-POP1 was successfully used as an adsorbent of I2. The adsorption kinetics studies show that the adsorption reaches equilibrium within one hour and increases with temperature. To our delight, this system (I2@Azo-POP1) was used as an irreplaceable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines via condensation reaction of diverse ketones with benzylamine and the following cyclization and cooperative vinylogous anomeric based oxidation. All the products were prepared in good yields under mild reaction conditions. Also, this attitude benefits from the environmentally friendly and recyclability of described catalyst.

Persistent Toughness and Heat Triggered Plasticization in Polylactide Modified with Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(butylene oxide).

Poly(lactide) (PLA) is a promising biodegradable polymer with potential applications in single-use packaging. However, its use is limited by brittleness, and its biodegradability is restricted to industrial compost conditions due in part to an elevated glass transition temperature (Tg). We previously showed that addition of a poly(ethylene-oxide)-block-poly(butylene oxide) diblock copolymer (PEO-PBO) forms macrophase-separated rubbery domains in PLA that can impart significant toughness at only 5 wt %. This work demonstrates that PEO-PBO/PLA blends exhibit substantial toughness for at least nine months, beyond the average lifetime of single-use packaging, even amidst oxidative degradation of PEO-PBO into oligomeric products. Due to the glassy nature of the PLA matrix, these degradation products are confined to macrophase-separated domains, and the blend morphology is preserved. However, modest thermal annealing (∼60 °C) causes these domains to rapidly reduce in area fraction and size from migration and solubilization of the PEO-PBO degradation products into PLA, which plasticizes PLA and reduces the blend Tg. As a result, aged PEO-PBO/PLA blends degrade in just under half the time of similarly aged neat PLA when submerged in artificial seawater at 50 °C. This surprising combination of properties addresses two of PLA's most significant limitations with a single additive by (1) toughening the PLA during its useful lifetime and then (2) accelerating its degradation rate by heat-triggered plasticization when exposed to elevated temperatures at end-of-life, such as those of industrial (or even home) compost.

Fast synthesis of Cu@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) derived Cu/ZnO catalysts via a facile mechanical grinding method for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Direct conversion of CO2 with renewable H2 to produce methanol provides a promising way for CO2 utilization and H2 storage. Cu/ZnO catalysts are active, but their activities depend on the preparation methods. Here, we reported a facile mechanical grinding method for the fast synthesis of Cu@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) derived Cu/ZnO catalysts applied in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The confinement in ZIF-8 cages led to the formation of metal oxide particles with controlled crystallite sizes after pyrolysis in air. ZnO derived from ZIF-8 with ultrahigh specific surface area offered high CuO dispersion, obtaining higher Cu0 surface area and smaller Cu crystallite size after reduction. The effects of the Cu/(Cu + Zn) molar ratio and alcohol types during catalyst preparation on the textural properties of final catalysts were systemically studied. The resultant catalyst exhibited high activity with STY of methanol up to 128.7 g kgcat -1 h-1 at 200 °C, much higher than that of catalysts prepared by the conventional impregnation and coprecipitation methods and commercial Cu/ZnO. The present work offers an efficient method for optimizing Cu/ZnO catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Computational study on adsorption and separation of H2/CH4/CO2 in double-walled metal-dipyrazole frameworks

The density functional theory (DFT) and molecular simulation techniques were employed to comprehensively study the structural characteristics and adsorption and separation properties of H2/CH4/CO2 in six novel double-walled dipyrazole metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), BUT-53 to BUT-58 (BUT: Beijing University of Technology). The six new MOFs were characterized using numerical Monte Carlo methods, based on crystal structures optimized through DFT calculations. The results reveal that six MOFs exhibit large specific surface area (1068 – 1780 cm2·g-1), high porosity (0.27 – 0.44 cm3·g-1), and suitable pore size (4.34 – 8.15Å), which are advantageous for gas adsorption and separation. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation was implemented to study gas adsorption and separation properties at both 77 and 298K. The simulation results demonstrate that BUT-57 possesses the highest storage capacity for pure component gas, while BUT-53 owns the best separation properties for binary mixture gases. Meanwhile, we propose an approach to enhance the selectivity for CO2 by augmenting the availability of nitrogen sites in porous MOFs, thereby offering some insights for related experimental investigations.

2D Embeddings of Multi-dimensional Partitionings.

Partitionings (or segmentations) divide a given domain into disjoint connected regions whose union forms again the entire domain. Multi-dimensional partitionings occur, for example, when analyzing parameter spaces of simulation models, where each segment of the partitioning represents a region of similar model behavior. Having computed a partitioning, one is commonly interested in understanding how large the segments are and which segments lie next to each other. While visual representations of 2D domain partitionings that reveal sizes and neighborhoods are straightforward, this is no longer the case when considering multi-dimensional domains of three or more dimensions. We propose an algorithm for computing 2D embeddings of multi-dimensional partitionings. The embedding shall have the following properties: It shall maintain the topology of the partitioning and optimize the area sizes and joint boundary lengths of the embedded segments to match the respective sizes and lengths in the multi-dimensional domain. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by applying it to different use cases, including the visual exploration of 3D spatial domain segmentations and multi-dimensional parameter space partitionings of simulation ensembles. We numerically evaluate our algorithm with respect to how well sizes and lengths are preserved depending on the dimensionality of the domain and the number of segments.

The Origin of Synergetic Effect in Mixed Mn-Co Oxide with Spinel Structure for Catalytic Oxidation of CO

In this work, the origin of the synergetic effect in mixed MnxCo3-xO4 oxides with the spinel structure in the CO oxidation reaction was tested. A series of MnxCo3-x oxide catalysts were synthesized by the coprecipitation method with further calcination at 600 °C and varying manganese content from x = 0 to x = 3. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption, TPR, EXAFS, and XPS. The catalytic activity of MnxCo3-x oxide catalysts was tested in CO oxidation reactions. The addition of manganese to cobalt oxide results in the formation of mixed Mn-Co oxides based on a cubic or tetragonal spinel structure, a change in microstructural properties, such as surface area and crystal size, as well as local distortions and a decrease in the surface concentration of Co ions and Co in the octahedral sites in spinel structure; it also decreases catalyst reducibility. For all catalysts, the activity of CO oxidation decreases as follows: Mn0.1Co2.9 &gt; Co3O4~Mn0.3Co2.7 &gt; Mn0.5Co2.5 &gt; MnOx &gt; Mn0.7Co2.3 &gt; Mn0.9Co2.1~Mn1.1Co1.9~Mn2.5Co0.5 &gt; Mn2.9Co0.1 &gt; Mn1.7Co1.3 &gt; Mn2.1Co0.9 &gt; Mn1.3Co1.7~Mn1.5Co1.5~Mn2.3Co0.7. The Mn0.1Co2.9 catalyst displays the best catalytic activity, which is attributed to its small crystal size and the maximum surface ratio between Co3+ and Co2+. A further increase in the manganese content (x &gt; 0.3) provokes drastic changes in the catalytic properties due to a decrease in the cobalt content on the surface and in the volume of mixed oxide, changes in the oxidation states of cations, and structure transformation.

Pectin/alginate biocomposite film embedded with surfactant-modified microalgal biomass for efficient removal of methyl orange from aqueous solutions

Microalgae, with their rapid growth and broad availability, offer significant potential as biosorbents for wastewater dye removal. This study develops a novel biocomposite film combining pectin, alginate, and surfactant-modified Chlorella vulgaris biomass to help methyl orange (MO), an anionic azo dye that is widely used in industry, adsorb to the film. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) was used to prepare the biomass, and calcium chloride cross-linking was used to embed it in a biopolymer matrix. Characterization reveals an increase in surface area and pore size due to encapsulation, while adsorption was driven by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Batch experiments examined the effects of pH (2–10), dye concentration (50–300 mg/L), contact time (up to 1440 min), and temperature (30–50 °C) on adsorption. Optimal conditions included pH 8.0, 420 min of contact time, and 30 °C, achieving a maximum MO uptake of 112.06 ± 1.18 mg/g. Morphological analysis showed that the biocomposite’s surface had a powdery residue left over after the dye was adsorbed. This residue had higher levels of carbon and oxygen, which was consistent with the dye’s composition. The biocomposite exhibited two points of zero charge at pH 4.0 and 11.9. Adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order equation, and thermodynamic analysis confirmed the exothermic and spontaneous nature of the process. The finding highlights the potential of this economical biocomposite film for efficient MO removal, presenting a sustainable approach to wastewater treatment.